{"id":10559,"date":"2021-12-28T19:24:48","date_gmt":"2021-12-28T19:24:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/watchmannews.kinsta.cloud\/?p=10559"},"modified":"2022-04-19T05:49:45","modified_gmt":"2022-04-19T05:49:45","slug":"read-book-origin-of-our-western-heritage-chapter-6-the-westward-movement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/watchman.news\/uk\/2021\/12\/read-book-origin-of-our-western-heritage-chapter-6-the-westward-movement\/","title":{"rendered":"Read book “Origin of Our Western Heritage” Chapter 6 The Westward Movement"},"content":{"rendered":"

Chapter Six<\/strong><\/h1>\n

The Westward Movement<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Modern scholars have not appreciated the scope of travel and colonization in the ancient world.\u00a0Archaeologists, for generations, have held the belief that only navigation techniques introduced into Europe during the fifteenth century made it possible for Europeans to cross the Atlantic (Fell, 1976, 17).\u00a0Sir Flinders Petrie uncovered gold works in Gaza that were made in Ireland.\u00a0 Trade between Palestine and the British Isles had been established as early as 1600\u00a0BC.\u00a0 (Bible Research Handbook<\/em>, serial 49c).\u00a0Shortly after the Flood, or before 2000\u00a0BC, something of the riches of Western Europe was known.\u00a0The early cultures there were motivated by the search for certain forms of material wealth.\u00a0 It appears Western Europe was exploited for its riches for at least 1,000 years.\u00a0 But early colonies in Spain were abandoned due to the intrusion of a bronze-using people from central Europe (MacKenzie, 99, 102, 106).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chapter two of this work demonstrated that the Ph\u0153ncians were well-known seafarers and traders.\u00a0 The term Ph\u0153nician applied to a confederation made up of the Israelite tribes of Dan, Asher, probably Zebulun, as well as Ph\u0153nicans proper, and other Canaanites (Hannay, 21).\u00a0 Both Solomon and Hiram of Tyre maintained eastern and western navies (1 Kings 10:11, 22, 2 Chron. 8:18; 9:10, 21).\u00a0Extensive Canaanite settlements were maintained in North Africa, southwest Europe, and along the coasts and islands of the Mediterranean (Hannay, 24).\u00a0 The Byzantine historian, Procopius of Caesarea, said that in his day there was at Tigisis (Tangiers) two columns of white stone with the following inscription:\u00a0 “We are they who fled before the face of Joshua, the robber, the son of Nun” (Bible Research Handbook<\/em>, serial 9).\u00a0 Spanish and British colonies carried on regular trade in tin and lead with the ships of Tarshish.\u00a0 Ancient writers held that Tarshish was located at the mouth of the Guadalquivir in Andalusia.\u00a0 The Bible indicates that extensive mining and trading in gold was extant in early times. Solomon received 12,066 talents of gold annually (2 Chron. 9:13).\u00a0 An ancient inscription, found in Spain, commemorated an official of King Solomon by the name of Adoniram, sent to collect tribute (Hannay, 26\u201327).\u00a0 What is interesting is that the Ph\u0153nician historian, Sanchoniathon, who is believed to have lived before the Trojan War, recorded that the ancestor of the Phoenicians was\u00a0Kronos<\/em>, that is\u00a0Saturn<\/em>, whom the Phoenicians called Israel.\u00a0 Kronos (Israel) had a son named\u00a0Ieoud<\/em>, that is Judah (Bible Research Handbook<\/em>, serial 41a).\u00a0 This statement makes sense when we realize that the tribes of Dan, Asher, and Zebulun were an integral part of the Ph\u0153nician league.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 No language was more widely known and spoken throughout antiquity than Ph\u0153nician, with the exception of Greek and Latin.\u00a0 The decline of the Ph\u0153nician language corresponded to the rise of Aramaic, which appeared in the eighth century\u00a0BC\u00a0and coincides with the deportation of the Beth-Sak or Khumri by the Assyrians (Hannay, 6).\u00a0 The oldest colony in Spain\u2014Gades (Cadiz)\u2014is regarded to have been founded in 1100\u00a0BC, and likely reached its zenith during the reign of Solomon; Carthage was founded in 813\u00a0BC, when the golden age of Ph\u0153nicia had passed.\u00a0 The golden age of Ph\u0153nicia disintegrated and collapsed with the disappearance of the Beth-Sak.\u00a0 During the time of Solomon and Hiram the Hebrews achieved their highest and most brilliant expression.\u00a0 The Ph\u0153nician confederacy with the Beth-Sak was made up of explorers, mariners, colonists, miners, and merchants (Hannay, 45\u201346, 20, 28\u201334).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 British ores were shipped to Spain and Carthage, but after the Greek mariner Pytheas visited Britain, an overland route to Marseilles was established.\u00a0 Mining shifted to Cornwall after surface supplies ran out elsewhere.\u00a0 The Celts had an exclusive monopoly on trade with Britain, having acquired shipbuilding skills and navigation from the east.\u00a0 The mounting evidence is that many years before Rome was built, Britain had inherited a high degree of metalworking and technical skills from ancient civilizations.\u00a0 Celtic culture was veined with Aegean and Asiatic influences, and a gold coinage system was established before the Roman occupation (MacKenzie, 223).\u00a0 The indication of ancient travel is seen by the fact that coins from Carthage have been found in Kansas, Connecticut, Arkansas, and Alabama.\u00a0 These coins came by routes known by Plutarch, the Greek biographer and essayist, and served as currency for distant colonies or gifts to hospitable Indian chiefs (Fell, 1983, 3).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 By the middle of the second millennium\u00a0BC, settlements had begun in Scotland.\u00a0 They were located in the Hebrides, Orkneys, Shetland Islands, and the North Sea areas of Inverness.\u00a0 Within the first quarter of the second century\u00a0BC, immigrants from between the Elbe and Rhine rivers were establishing themselves in eastern England and Scotland (Wainwright, 54\u201355).\u00a0 Jews deported out of Judea by Nebuchadnezzar had established themselves north of the Caucasus, and in Spain.\u00a0 Hellenized communities, along with synagogues, were found in the Balkans and along the shores of the Black Sea (Bible Research Handbook<\/em>, serial 58b).\u00a0 The fact is:\u00a0 The achievements of the Bronze Age people have been greatly underrated.\u00a0\u00a0 Ancient shipwrights made sound vessels, which were sailed across the ocean.\u00a0\u00a0 Nordic seamen employed northern routes to America, while Mediterranean mariners were traveling routes that were later used by Columbus.\u00a0 A long warm period during the middle of the Bronze Age made the northern route to America quite comfortable, but later when the climate cooled, the northern route became ice-bound and traveling became too dangerous.\u00a0 Not until about\u00a0AD\u00a0700 did the weather improve sufficiently for the Vikings to employ the northern route.\u00a0 During the cold period the routes were closed and forgotten until Columbus awakened interest again.\u00a0 During the Bronze Age Europeans were literate and educated.\u00a0 Teutonic and Celtic inscriptions attest to that fact in alphabets which have survived to this day.\u00a0 However, Latin replaced them as a result of Roman dominance (Fell, 1982, 288\u2013289, 11).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The first people to arrive in Britain spoke Hebrew, a fact demonstrated by ancient Hebrew inscriptions found in many places in Britain and Ireland.\u00a0 Adam Rutherford shows that from a book by Jacob Tomlin, entitled, “A Comparative Vocabulary of Forty-Eight Languages, Comprising One Hundred and Forty-Six Common English Words, with Their Cognates in Other Languages Showing Their Affinities with the English and Hebrew<\/em>,” the early literature of Britain was largely a modified Hebrew.\u00a0 The Welsh language, even today, closely resembles Hebrew.\u00a0 According to Rutherford, it is difficult to adduce a single article or form of construction in Hebrew grammar, but that the same can be found in Welsh.\u00a0 Many whole sentences of the two languages have exactly the same words. Rutherford notes that Dr. Davies, the author of a Welsh grammar book, says almost every page of the Welsh translation of the Bible is replete with Hebraisms in the time, sense, and spirit of the original.\u00a0 The Welsh is so close to Hebrew that the same syntax might serve both (Rutherford, 40).\u00a0 Historians place the arrival of the Hebrews in Ireland prior to the Exodus (ibid, 32\u201333, fn).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Food shortages and overpopulation are the main reasons people migrate.\u00a0 Large-scale migrations take place when a large area becomes arid.\u00a0 It is true that social, political, or religious factors have led to migrations, but the main reason is geographical conditions.\u00a0 The evidence now shows that various regions of the earth have undergone slow climatic changes.\u00a0 A profound effect on both the history of Asia and Europe occurred when central Asia became very dry (Haddon, 1\u20135).\u00a0 Central Asia has not always been what it is today.\u00a0 At one time it was inhabited largely by a virile white race\u2014the Saghs and Persians\u2014progenitors of the enlightened and progressive nations of Europe (Hannay, 428\u2013429).\u00a0 The protracted drought in central Asia was the principal cause of the destruction of the Roman Empire.\u00a0 One nomadic horde after another hurled itself against the sedentary regions of the west (Weyl and Possony, 65).\u00a0 A number of loan words from the southeast are found in northern European languages.\u00a0 These words came by way of a trade route through the Dnieper to the Black Sea (Taylor, 143).\u00a0 The Danube basin itself had been the center of industry and art for the Celtic Iron Age culture.\u00a0 There is an association between Nordic skulls and Iron Age artifacts, as grave diggings show (Baker, 248).\u00a0 So now it is widely accepted that extensive migrations from Asia into Europe took place between the seventh century\u00a0BC\u00a0and\u00a0AD\u00a0400 (Bible Research Handbook<\/em>, serial 70a).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 With the exception of a few languages such as Finnic, Basque, Magyar, and Turkish, it is now accepted that all the languages of Europe are derived from a common source (Ripley, 477).\u00a0 The German linguist, Franz Bopp, proved the existence of a group of languages called Indo-European because they included most of the languages of Europe, India, and central and western Asia.\u00a0 The similarities in vocabulary and form are astonishing.\u00a0 Take for example the English word\u00a0father<\/em>, the German\u00a0Vater<\/em>, French\u00a0p\u00e8re<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0padre<\/em>, Latin\u00a0pater<\/em>, Greek\u00a0pat\u0113r<\/em>, Old Irish\u00a0athir<\/em>, Gothic\u00a0fadar<\/em>, Sanskrit\u00a0pitar<\/em>, and Tocharian\u00a0pacar<\/em>\u00a0(an extinct central Asian language).\u00a0 The older the language, the closer is the agreement.\u00a0 Regardless of how they differ today, related or cognate languages come from a common source.\u00a0 The original home of the Indo-Europeans is believed to have been between south Russia and central Europe (Marek, 77).\u00a0 Every geographer will probably agree that the home of the Indo-Europeans was on both slopes of the Caucasus (Peshel, 507).\u00a0 The fact is:\u00a0 Whatever the location, the present people of western Europe owe their language and much of their culture to groups who migrated from central Asia.\u00a0 Ancient sources note that the Indo-European language originated with the Nordics (Speiser, 10).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The prevalent view has been that central Asia was the home of Mongoloid peoples, but skeletal remains show that the people who originally lived in this area belonged to the white race (McGovern, 28).\u00a0 Nordics became a populous nation in central Asia, especially in western Turkestan (Kephart, 167).\u00a0Turkestan is the region between Iran and Siberia, now divided between Russia, China, and Afghanistan.\u00a0In Scandinavia archaic objects came from southeastern Europe, along the northern coast of the Black Sea, from the middle and lower Danube, and from Corinthia in Greece (Olson, 61).\u00a0 Asia was the chief location for the main development and differentiation of man, not Europe (Grant, 11).\u00a0 An explosive expansion of what is called the Kurgan culture (a burial-mound culture) took place from the Ukraine into the Caucasus, Asia Minor, the Balkans, and central and northern Europe.\u00a0 It is not difficult to understand why such names as Cimmerii, Cymrian, Cimbri, and Cymry, as well as Danaan, Danube, Danzig, and Denmark, have been found across Europe, Wales, and Ireland, all originating from the Ukraine and Aegean regions.\u00a0 These were all the names of the ancient invaders from southwestern Asia (Kephart, 371).\u00a0 Professor Linus Brunner, noted similarities between Europe and the east when, in 1981, he stated that the newly discovered Rh\u00e6tic language of ancient Switzerland contained a Semitic vocabulary (Fell, 1982, 290).\u00a0 Another example is that of the Milesian Scots.\u00a0 The penalty for willful murder and contract violations compared to that of the ancient Hebrews is quite marked (Kephart, 388).\u00a0 According to L. A. Waddell, about 50 percent of the most common English words are discovered to be Sumerian (Waddell, 1983, xi).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Scandinavian Sagas tell us that all the sayings in the tongue of the Northmen began when men from central Asia settled in the north (du Chaillu, 20).\u00a0 While it is thought that the ancient Scandinavian alphabet, called the runes or futhork, is of Latin origin, the evidence is that it was used far to the northeast of Rome where Roman influence did not reach.\u00a0 More than likely the runes are a corruption of an old Greek alphabet used along the northwest coast of the Black Sea (Bradley, 18).\u00a0 The date for the runes can be placed as early as the second or third centuries\u00a0AD.\u00a0 From examples of Etruscan, Greek, and early Roman scripts, it is not difficult to see that the earlier runes resemble archaic Greek and Etruscan rather than Latin (du Chaillu, 154\u2013155, 188\u2013189).\u00a0 Hannay is even more specific.\u00a0He says the futhorks used by the various tribes of Europe are traceable to the early Hebrew alphabet used by the Saghs (Hannay, 306).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Assyrians were noted for resettling denuded territories with peoples who were regarded as loyal or unable to revolt.\u00a0 Exiled peoples mentioned in the apocryphal book of Judith as the “sons of Chelod” were likely settled in much of the territory north of Assyria. During the reign of Sargon II, numerous rebellions took place that worked to the advantage of the Beth-Sak, enabling them to establish independence north of the Araxes River (Hannay, 266\u2013267, 108).\u00a0 This set the stage for what was to come.\u00a0 Both Armenian and Georgian historians record that after the destruction of the first Temple, Nebuchadnezzar transported numbers of Jewish captives not only to Babylon, but also to Armenia and the Caucasus. By the end of the fourth century\u00a0BC, some Armenian cities had large Jewish populations (McBirnie, 34).\u00a0 An interesting tombstone found in Russia had this inscription in the precaptivity script:\u00a0 “May his rest be in Eden at the time of the Salvation of Israel\u2014in the year 702 of the years of our exile” (Rutherford, 9).\u00a0 Beddoe points out that Jews coming from Babylonia and Persia were in Russia by the first century\u00a0AD, and that as they moved northward the type represented among them is derived from the various peoples with whom they mingled\u2014Assyrian, Armenian, Iranian, and Caucasian (Beddoe, 134).\u00a0 There is some truth to the belief that a large portion of the Jews living in Poland came by a direct route from the east.\u00a0 The theory that a migration into the north directly from Palestine and north of the Black and Caspian seas is certainly valid, judging from the racial types (Ripley, 377).\u00a0 Even a doubter like David Baron admits that there is not the slightest doubt that many of the settlements of the Dispersion during the time of Christ were people who never returned from both the Assyrian and Babylonian captivities.\u00a0 He adds that these people were not only Jews, but descendants of the 12 tribes scattered abroad (Baron, 32).\u00a0 In a letter dated November 8, 1918, Chief Rabbi J. H. Hertz, responding to a letter by a Captain Merton Smith, said that the ten tribes had been absorbed among the nations of the world, and that the modern Jews are comprised only of the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, and a certain number of the Levites (Bible Research Handbook<\/em>, serial 7).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Assyrian equivalent for Omri was Khumri, also rendered Ghumri or Humri.\u00a0 The kingdom of Israel was called the Bit-Khumri, possibly because the seat of power for the northern kingdom was located in Samaria.\u00a0 Sir Henry Rawlinson points out that the Jehu on the Assyrian inscriptions was not the Jehu who was the son of Omri.\u00a0 But since Omri was regarded as the founder of the kingdom of Samaria, the country was called the\u00a0Beth-Omri<\/em>\u00a0(Hannay, 53). What is the origin, however, of such names as Celts, Galatai, and Gauls?\u00a0 Hannay believes these names came from the territories that had been populated by peoples deported by the Assyrians.\u00a0 Many of these people initiated a successful revolt against the Assyrians, enabling the Bit-Khumri to escape beyond the Araxes River.\u00a0 As the Bit-Khumri moved westward, they expelled the Gimirra from “Cimmerian Land” and settled in a place called Arsareth (Hannay, 124\u2013125, 173).\u00a0 The apocryphal book of 2 Esdras 13:39\u201345, describes an emigration from Media by the captive Israelites to a place called Arsareth, a journey of a year and a half.\u00a0 Arsareth is placed at the western edge of the Ukraine, and northeast Rumania. Hannay describes the route that was taken.\u00a0 He lists several reasons the Sak-Geloths (Bit-Khumri) abandoned Asia for Europe:\u00a0 (1) Reports that a mass of barbarians from the east were heading west; (2) the threat of the rising power of Babylon; (3) trade contacts with the west with promising opportunities; and (4) news of a treacherous massacre of Sakian troops by the so-called friendly Medes (Hannay, 338).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 From about 705\u00a0BC, the Saghs (Sakai<\/em>) began to colonize central Asia from their territory north of the Araxes, called Sakland or Sakesani.\u00a0 Various names they used were the\u00a0Parthi<\/em>\u00a0of Ansik,\u00a0Bactrians<\/em>,\u00a0Sakai<\/em>,\u00a0\u00c6glai<\/em>,\u00a0Sogdians<\/em>, \u0456\u00a0Yu-chi<\/em>. Around 600\u00a0BC\u00a0they gained power over western Asia, which they maintained for about 20 years.\u00a0 During this time they expelled the Gimirra (Cimmerians) from the western Ukraine.\u00a0 Between 598 and 544\u00a0BC\u00a0they became known as the\u00a0Skolotoi<\/em>\u2014the Greek rendering for Sak-Geloths.\u00a0 Their country was called\u00a0Skuthia<\/em>.\u00a0 The Persian name for these Saghs was Sakai (Hannay, 259).\u00a0 The area of Bactria, now known as modern Turkestan, was occupied by the Nordic Sac\u00e6, who were closely related to the Massaget\u00e6\u2014a name that later surfaces in Europe.\u00a0 Like the ancient Persians, these people were blond and long-headed.\u00a0 The Chinese called them “the green-eyed devils,” and by the Tatar name of\u00a0Wu-suns<\/em>, or the tall ones (Grant, 223, 225).\u00a0 By the time of Alexander the Great, some of the Sakai were located on the confines of India.\u00a0 Ancient Bactria remained a Nordic country long after the time of Alexander, and did not receive the name Turkestan until the seventh century\u00a0AD.\u00a0 The evidence is accumulating that central Asia contained a large Nordic population in the centuries preceding the Christina era (Fasken, 32).<\/p>\n

The “s-k” sound found\u00a0Sac\u00e6<\/em>,\u00a0Saka<\/em>, etc., has been around for a considerable period of time.\u00a0 The Hebrew pronunciation for Isaac is given as “Yis-khawk,” in the\u00a0Bible Research Handbook,<\/em>\u00a0which states it is possible the “sakah” sound came from “Yis-khawk” (serial 55a).\u00a0 Hannay says that the name Sak is derived from the Hebrew Isaac (p. 301), though this view is disdained in some circles in spite of the fact that a number of writers agree with him.\u00a0 J. C. Gawler, for example, says the word Sakai is translatable as “Isaacites.”\u00a0 Herodotus, the Greek historian, said the Persians called the Scythians Sakai.\u00a0 Other writers refer to the Sakai as\u00a0Sakans<\/em>,\u00a0Saccassani, Saccassuni, and Saxones<\/em>.\u00a0 Gawler mentions a work by a man named Wilson, who said inscriptions from Nineveh mention a rebellious people by the\u00a0Esakska<\/em>, who called themselves “Beth Isaac” in their own country. He also mentions that Strabo, the Greek geographer, said that\u00a0Saccasena<\/em>\u00a0was a district in Armenia and that the Sakai had gained possession of a more fertile area in Armenia and called it after their own name (Gawler, 6).\u00a0 Ptolemy referred to the Sac\u00e6 as\u00a0Saxones<\/em>, and the historian Albinus said the Saxons were descended from the ancient Sac\u00e6 from Asia (Rutherford, 11).\u00a0 The idea that the Sac\u00e6 were descended from barbarous Mongolian peoples is now generally discarded (Bible Research Handbook<\/em>, serial 55a).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sak-Geloths (Saghs) colonized toward the east, so the only Saghs with whom the Persians came into contact were the Skuthai (Scythians).\u00a0 While the bulk of the Saghs migrated west, the eastern branch remained in the area for some time. (Hannay, 387\u2013388).\u00a0 The colonization began around 705\u00a0BC\u00a0where, in the north and east, they were known as the “People of Asha.”\u00a0 Their sacred books were known as the Edd-ha and survived in Scandinavia as the Edda (ibid, 331).\u00a0 In the ancient Hindu sagas, the gods and heroes were always “the Blonde.”\u00a0 The Hindu Vedas (sacred writings) show traces of a winter solstice festival, which is certainly seen in northern Europe.\u00a0 These writings also speak of intrusive tribes who are described as “tall,” “white,” “blonde,” and “fair-nosed,” while the original people in the area are described as “small,” “black,” and without a nose or “noseless.” The Hindu word for caste means “color,” and the Brahmins who have kept themselves racially pure are fair-skinned, and blond or ruddy like Europeans (G\u00fcnther, 134\u2013135, 140).\u00a0 In China the Saghs acquired the name\u00a0Yu-chi<\/em>\u00a0\u0430\u0431\u043e\u00a0Yuti<\/em>.\u00a0 They appear pink and white of complexion as Tatar bowmen.\u00a0 The Chinese expelled them from China, and one group that migrated west dispossessed the\u00a0Sak<\/em>, that is the Sakas.\u00a0 In Europe the Yu-chi turn up as\u00a0Yota<\/em>. They had been living in Sogdiana, which corresponds to the modern area of Uzbek.\u00a0 The Han Annals relate that the “Sok” spread themselves over a large area and established a succession of states (Hannay, 400\u2013404, 422, 427).\u00a0 The Sac\u00e6 were the Nordic people who traveled farthest to the east (G\u00fcnther, 132).<\/p>\n

Alexander the Great fought against the\u00a0Ambri<\/em>\u00a0\u0456\u00a0Sigambri<\/em>\u00a0in India, and was successful in defeating them. Authorities were so taken aback when the same names later appeared in Europe, they believed there had been some mistake.\u00a0 Another tribe\u2014the\u00a0Silei<\/em>\u2014was attacked by Alexander on the river Jaxartes, located in the present area of Kazakhstan in central Asia.\u00a0 They appear later in Europe as the\u00a0Salli<\/em>, \u0442\u0430\u00a0Sicambri<\/em>\u00a0are found with them. Herodotus stated that the Persians gave the name Skuthai to the Sakai.\u00a0 When Darius attacked the Scythians in Europe, he did so with the excuse that the Skolotoi, who lived in Asia, had ravaged it.<\/p>\n

Keep in mind the name Scythian was applied to all nomadic wanderers, the word\u00a0Skolotoi<\/em>\u00a0being the Greek word for Sak-Geloth or Sagh.\u00a0 While often regarded as barbarians, the real barbarians who came out of the northeast went under the general name Tatars, but more specifically were Mongols, Turks, and others from the same general location.\u00a0 The fact is:\u00a0 Ancient Europeans were not barbarians.\u00a0They spoke in dialects of the Indo-European tongue and could write. The languages they used were as comprehensible as the principal tongues of modern Europe (Fell, 1982, 289).\u00a0 The Greeks held the view that people who did not dwell in cities were barbarian (N. Davies, 82).\u00a0 The Greeks referred to all people who inhabited the steppes of southern Russia and northern Turkestan as Scythians (McGovern, 35\u201336).\u00a0What is significant is that Herodotus identified the Sac\u00e6 with the Scyths (Minns, 71), which means they were included in the general appellation.\u00a0 Herodotus also said that the Persians called all the Scythians Sac\u00e6 (Fasken, 28).\u00a0 But this designation is reasonably early, since many tribes were later included in the general name.\u00a0 The Scythians of whom Herodotus wrote called themselves Skolotoi and were regarded as Scythians only by their neighbors.\u00a0 They were intruders who had come from an independent Tatary (Latham, 209).\u00a0 Tatary is an indefinite historical region in Asia and Europe extending from the Sea of Japan to the Dneiper River.\u00a0 There is no evidence the Skolotoi were ever ejected from Europe or extinguished as a people.\u00a0 What is known is that the names of peoples in portions of Europe did change, and the history of the populations in Europe from the fourth century\u00a0BC\u00a0to the fifth century\u00a0AD\u00a0is in the main a history of the Scyths (ibid, 209, 212).<\/p>\n

The Scythians called themselves Skolotoi, some of the better-known variants being\u00a0Skuthes, Skuthai, Saca<\/em>, \u0456\u00a0Sac\u00e6.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>The meaning of the appellation Scythian varies according to the time period in which it was used.\u00a0 It was first applied to the peoples living between the Carpathian Mountains and the Caspian Sea, but later to almost all peoples living east of that area.\u00a0 Thus, both European and Asiatic peoples received the name.\u00a0 Some were Nordic and long-headed, others Mongoloid and round-headed (Bible Research Handbook<\/em>, serial 55c).\u00a0 Even to Herodotus the name Scythian had no racial meaning, as he appears to have regarded it as a political designation.\u00a0 Other classical authors regarded it as geographical.\u00a0 To most Greeks, a Scythian was a northern barbarian from the east of Europe, and the\u00a0Galates<\/em>\u00a0(Gauls) barbarians from the west.\u00a0 So, Greek usage throws little light upon the original people to whom it was applied.\u00a0 Some authors applied it to 50 nations, many who were strangers to it (E. Davies, 133).\u00a0 According to Sir Henry Rawlinson, “From the mere term Scyth, therefore, we cannot conclude anything as to the ethnic character of a people” (quoted by Hannay, 300).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0During the time of Herodotus (484\u2013425\u00a0\u00a0BC), Scythia proper was described as the land between the Don and Danube Rivers, though some were people living there were not regarded as Scythians (Gawler, 4).\u00a0 East of the Araxes River was where they first gained notice as a state progressively rising to power.\u00a0 Diodorus Siculus said the Scythians at first possessed a narrow region of the Araxes but gradually became numerous and powerful.\u00a0 The Sac\u00e6, Massaget\u00e6, and Arimaspioi (usually regarded as Huns) were some of their offshoots. The Scythians eventually moved westward and invaded the land of the Cimmerians (Turner, 96\u201398).\u00a0 According to the Greeks, the earliest inhabitants of southern Russia were the Cimmerians; in the Assyrian records they are called Gimirri.\u00a0 After leaving Turkestan, the Scythians pursued the Cimmerians as far as the northen shores of the Black Sea.\u00a0 They were then attacked by Cyaxares, but defeated him. The Scythians ravaged and ruled western Asia for the next 28, years and were the probable cause of the fall of the Assyrian empire (Kephart, 328). Scythians who later became known as Goths used a language that connected Hebrew and Old English (Rutherford, 41).<\/p>\n

Josephus said the Greeks designated Scythia by the name of\u00a0Magogia<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (Ant<\/em>., bk. I, 6).\u00a0 This obviously refers to the territory that once belonged to the descendants of Magog.\u00a0\u00a0 (The reader may recall that the children of Shem drove the children of Japheth into the corners and recesses of the earth.)\u00a0\u00a0 Geoffrey Keating’s idea that the Scythians were from the race of Magog is just as misleading.\u00a0 The appellation “Scythian” was applied to at least 50 nations, and the descendants of Magog could have been included in the term, though not limited to it.\u00a0 Eusebius of Caesarea said that from the Flood to the building of the Tower of Babel, Scythism prevailed on the earth.\u00a0 Since Scythian meant “nomad,” or “wanderer,” this was the type of civilization prior to the time of Nimrod.\u00a0 He was the one that gathered the people into cities.\u00a0 Even Keating admits that the term “Scythian” cannot have a precise meaning as indicative of any peculiar race or breed of human beings (Keating, 105, 150, 151 fn).\u00a0 Hippocrates was the one who originated the idea that the Scythians were Mongols.\u00a0 He was trying to prove the influence of environment upon races, and there is a question of whether or not he twisted the facts to fit his theory.\u00a0 He supposed that Scythia had a cold climate the entire year.\u00a0 He believed cold made one reddish-brown in color, the color white people become when being in the open.\u00a0 This color, however, is not any kind of yellow comparable to the Mongols.\u00a0 Tatars, for example, who lived in the same general area as the Mongols are far from reddish. Kublai Khan had a white complexion, and most of the people associated with him had blue eyes and red hair.\u00a0 The Chinese, themselves, described five tribes of the Hiung-nu (Huns) as fair (Minns, 45).<\/p>\n

Minns tells us that ornaments found in Scythian tombs are very similar to the beast-style dagger associated with the early middle ages.\u00a0 Also, grave findings contained a dagger and sheath of Assyrian style (Minns, 167, 171).\u00a0 The general movement of the tribes at this time was from south to north.\u00a0Many customs among the Finns are similar to Scythian customs (ibid, 106).\u00a0 For example, still found in the Finnish language are words such as “Soma-land,” “Sma-land,” “Some,” “Soami,” “Suima,” “Suoma,” which mean “a lake,” or “marshy land.”\u00a0 These words are found in the ancient Scythian language.\u00a0 The Finns still calls themselves\u00a0Suomi<\/em>, though other nations call them Finns, Wends, or Winds (Olson, 53\u201354).\u00a0 We are told the Scythians did not domesticate swine because of a religious or social taboo.\u00a0 A well-known style used by women in medieval times was the tall conical headdress with a trailing veil.\u00a0 This style goes right back to the Scythians (Minns, 62).\u00a0 Both George Rawlinson and his brother Sir Henry believed that the Scythians were related to the people of northern Europe (Bible Research Handbook<\/em>, serial 70b). Scythians and Gother populated Nordic settlements (Olson, 64). Early Scythian tombs contain long-headed skulls, though the later ones have many broad-headed ones. The logical explanation is that as the Sarmatians (Slavs) moved north they used Scythian tombs (Minns, 47, 42).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Because of the arid climate and Chinese expansion, the Russian steppes became the desired location for the dispossessed people of central Asia.\u00a0 After the Scythians had located there, a Sarmatian intrusion occurred.\u00a0 As the Scythians were pushed westward, they divided into two branches\u2014the northern and southern branches.\u00a0 The larger of the two migrated toward the northwest.\u00a0 Strabo, the Greek geographer, who lived shortly before the Christian era, wrote that the Scythians lived in the regions toward the north and the ocean, that is, on the Baltic or North Sea, north of the Sarmatians.\u00a0Pliny, the Roman scholar, mentions islands in the “Northern Ocean” off the coast of Scythia (Capt, 167\u2013170).<\/p>\n

One school of anthropologists holds the view that the present races of Europe are descendants of the original races of the New Stone Age, who have lived in the area since the beginning of time.\u00a0 A number of scholars disagree and hold the view that the present people of northwestern Europe are the descendants of the lost ten tribes of Israel.\u00a0 What is interesting, though, is that Greek historians were at a loss to explain the origin and sudden appearance of a race they called the Skolotoi or Skuthai (Olson, 67).\u00a0 Around 600\u2013598\u00a0BC\u00a0the Sak-Geloths (Saghs) moved into southeastern Europe, settling near the present Rumania.\u00a0 The seat of their power was at Arsareth.\u00a0 The Romans called them\u00a0Scuthia<\/em>\u00a0\u0430\u0431\u043e\u00a0Scuth\u00e6<\/em>.\u00a0 These Saghs remained in the area of Keiv until\u00a0AD\u00a0220.\u00a0 At that time they divided into two streams\u2014the European and the Germanic.\u00a0 The European Scythians carried such names as Asen, Asir, Asgard, and Asaland.\u00a0 The Germanic Scythians became known as the Saxons, \u00c6ngli, Frisii, and Yota\u00a0 (Hannay, 301, 261).\u00a0 In India, the warrior caste at some point of time changed its religion (Olson, 109).\u00a0These Saghs, who came into the India, adopted the doctrine of Asha\u2014that is, the doctrine of “righteousness” or “purity” and became known as the “People of Asha,” their country collectively called Asia (Hannay, 196).\u00a0 Eventually they were forced to migrate toward the north and northwest.\u00a0 Various groups of them settled in different areas, but one group\u2014the\u00a0Asa<\/em>\u2014moved along the northern coast of the Black Sea and eventually settled in Scandinavia (ibid, 109).\u00a0 These were the people who established Asgard.\u00a0 During the time of Augustus Caesar until\u00a0AD\u00a0220, Scythian life was centered around Asgard and its environs.\u00a0 Knowledge of the Scythians is based on what was known about their outlying districts and southern boundaries only.\u00a0 As a result, modern historians have confused the Skolotoi with the Asen and Tatars (Hannay, 449, 346).<\/p>\n

When Asgard flourished Odin ruled as the chief of the Asen.\u00a0 He had great possessions in his former homeland\u2014Turkestan\u2014that had been the home of the Saghs for many centuries.\u00a0 Odin was later deified by the descendants of his pagan subjects and became a god.\u00a0 A Roman threat in\u00a0AD\u00a0210, forced the Asen to abandon Asaland, and they moved to Scandinavia.\u00a0 According to Hannay, eight of the tribes of Israel were present at the time of their captivity and these were the ones who reunited with the European Scyths in Asaland under the name Asen. (Hannay may be correct when he points out that the bulk of the maritime tribes had already departed from the land of Israel prior to the Assyrian onslaught.)\u00a0 When Odin arrived in Scandinavia, he was forced to make a compact with the\u00a0Gota<\/em>\u00a0due to their strength.\u00a0 Sweden was the Scandinavian country where the Asir settled among the Gota; there they eventually became known as the Northmen.\u00a0 Later Odin invaded Norway and drove out the Donsk (Danai or northern Danites).\u00a0 These dispossessed Danites settled in Denmark and became known as the Danes.\u00a0 In the\u00a0Vetus Chronicon Holsati\u00e6<\/em>, the Danes and Jutes, who united with these Donsk, are said to be the descendants of the Israelite tribe of Dan.\u00a0 The impelling force that eventually drove the Goths out of Scandinavia was the arrival of more Saghs from Airyan (Hannay’s name for central Asia).\u00a0 The Goths then began their southward march toward the Danube and the Roman frontier (Hannay, 452, 457, 459\u2013464, 184, 454).<\/p>\n

The Romans had become increasingly intolerant toward the region of the Black Sea, and this tension precipitated the migration to the north by the Scythians.\u00a0 One of the tribes that migrated during this time was the\u00a0Neuri,<\/em>\u00a0who were of Scythian stock, and had traveled a year and a half to reach Arsareth.\u00a0 They are of particular interest because their year began in March, and their Sabbath was on Saturday.\u00a0 The languages of the old Finns, Lapps, and Estonians agree with the Hebrew to a large extent.\u00a0 In the 1700s some believed the Finns and Lapps to be remnants of the tribes carried away by Shalmaneser.\u00a0 One work, for example, demonstrated that 200 words in the Lappish language resembled Hebrew.\u00a0 Also, many Finn villages bear the same names as various places in Persia (Olson, 63\u201364).\u00a0\u00a0 In the north, the Asen merged with the Frisii, Saxones, \u00c6ngli, and Yota to become known as the Northmen.\u00a0 These Asen magnified the Saxon name and gave rise to the Saxon pirates so feared by the Roman colonies.\u00a0 They settled throughout the Baltic and Jutland.\u00a0 This merging of tribes with the Asen eventually led to the loss of nominal distinctions for all of them.\u00a0 They permanently settled in England (Hannay, 262, 445). The Romans called the Anglo-Saxons, who came to England, Germans.\u00a0 They had come from the region of the Elbe and from the southern end of Jutland.\u00a0 When the Saxons called for reinforcements during their conquest of England, “messengers were sent to Scythia” (Capt, 173, 175).<\/p>\n

Ptolemy (second century\u00a0AD) was the first to mention the Saxons.\u00a0 He said they were a people who lived on the north side of the Elbe River.\u00a0 At this time they were not significant, and at least six other tribes lived in the same general area.\u00a0 It can be inferred that they descended from the Sakai (Sac\u00e6), an important branch of the Scythian nation.\u00a0 Strabo (63\u00a0BC\u2013AD\u00a024) placed them east of the Caspian Sea, and they made many incursions into the land of the Cimmerians, seizing important sections of land.\u00a0The name Sakasian is derived from them, and Ptolemy says the name Saxones is derived from Sakai.\u00a0Also, around the Black Sea there was a people called the Saxoi (Turner, 101).<\/p>\n

A general movement from the southeast into Europe had been occurring off and on for centuries (Kephart, 115\u2013116).\u00a0 This included the Phrygians to Troy and Asia Minor, the Hellenes to Greece, the Romans to Italy, and the Celts to France and Spain.\u00a0 All countries where the Indo-European tongue was spoken had a Nordic ruling class (G\u00fcnther, 122\u2013123). The languages now prevailing in Europe show that there were three distinct and successive waves of peoples who entered Europe from Asia.\u00a0 The oldest ones are found in the west.\u00a0 The first was the Cimmerians, followed by the Scythians, and finally the Sarmatians (Slavs).\u00a0 These three stocks make up the source of the native populations in Europe today.\u00a0Celtic, Gothic, and Slavonic languages represent the Cimmerians; the Celtic source includes Welsh, Gaelic, Irish, Cornish, Armoric (Brittany), and Manx; the Scythian by Anglo-Saxon, Franco-German, Middle Gothic, Old Icelandic, Modern German, Swabian, Swiss, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Orkneyan, English, and Lowland Scotch; the Slavonic by modern Slavonic as it appears in Russia and Poland.\u00a0 One reason it was believed that the Scythians were Mongoloid is because Herodotus said there was a European and also an Asiatic Scythia beyond the Caspian Sea (Turner, 25\u201326, 93).<\/p>\n

The nations that overthrew the Roman Empire came from central Asia.\u00a0 This mass of people included the Goths, Suevi (Germanic tribes), Vandals, Burgundians, and Angles and Saxons.\u00a0 The main reason they swept into Europe seems to be their fear of the Huns.\u00a0 Whatever the reason, what is known is that their migration into Europe coincided with the appearance of the Huns.\u00a0 The west Goths, for example, came into the boundaries of the Roman Empire after suffering a devastating defeat by the Huns (McGovern, 12).\u00a0 Other factors contributed to this intrusion, such as the westward sweep of the Parthians, and the rush of Saghs and others toward the west.\u00a0 Medes, Parthians, most of the dominant Persians, and other trans-Tigris peoples also flooded into Europe (Hannay, 261). Both Pliny and Herotodus were aware that the region of the Caucasus held enormous numbers of people, as the Caucasus pass was the only break between the Black and Caspian seas (Ripley, 438).\u00a0\u00a0 The Chinese describe wholesale population changes that took place between 275\u00a0BC\u00a0and\u00a0AD\u00a0150 (Minns, 110).\u00a0 The tradition of the fair-haired, blue-eyed Nordics, known by the Chinese as the Wu-sun or Usun, was that their early homeland was in Sogdiana (the present Uzbekistan and Bukhara) and vicinity (Kephart, 230).<\/p>\n

Like a domino effect, as Sarmatian pressure forced the Scythians toward the west, the Cimmerians were forced into the more remote regions of Europe where they became known as the Celts and Gauls (Capt, 141).\u00a0 Homer mentioned the Cimmerians of Europe in\u00a0The Odyssey<\/em>.\u00a0 Posidonius, the Greek historian, applied the name to all the hordes of people coming out of northern Europe (Sch\u00fctte, 1:11).\u00a0 Arrian, Diodorus, and Plutarch all regarded the Keltoi to be Cimmerians, and classical authors located them in the western regions of Europe (Turner, 420\u2013421).\u00a0 When pressed by the Saghs, the Cimmerians divided into two groups\u2014one group into Western Europe by way of the Danube basin, the other into Asia Minor (Hannay, 349).\u00a0 The western Cimmerians were identified with “the first race of the Kymry,” and came into Britain from “the country of the summer, where Constantinople now is.”\u00a0They occupied northern France under the name Belg\u00e6 and invaded the British Isles as the Brythons.\u00a0Only by the legions of Caesar were they checked in their conquest of Gaul.\u00a0 Their Teutonic successors included the Goths, Vandals, Burgundians, Helvetians, Alemanni, Saxons, Franks, Lombards, Danes, and Northmen\u2014all Nordics from the Teutonic group of peoples (Grant, 157, 131).\u00a0 All of them claimed to have descended from Odin (Kephart, 454).\u00a0 Plutarch said these people were first called Cimmerians, and later not inappropriately Cimbri.\u00a0 The Greeks gave them the name Celt, the Romans the name Gauls (Capt, 141).\u00a0 The Skolotoi absorbed large numbers of them, and only a residue remained in Asia Minor during the time of the Apostle Paul (Hannay, 352).\u00a0 Shortly before 578\u00a0BC, the Celts first appeared in Europe (Hannay, 281) and by the end of the third century\u00a0BC, they had filled the whole of central Europe and northern Italy (Capt, 145).\u00a0 So, they were in Europe some time before the arrival of the Cimmerians (ibid, 142\u2013143).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Germanic stock should be included in the general term “Cimmerian.”\u00a0 The name, like Scythian, appears to have been applied to all the peoples occupying or moving into Europe during this time.\u00a0Anthropologists designated the tall, blond people of northern France and Belgium as Gauls, but the broad-headed people of middle and southwestern France as Celts.\u00a0 Caesar, however, insisted that the Celts and Gauls were the same (Ripley, 127).\u00a0 Numerous historians and early writers held that the Cimbri and Cimmerii (English\u00a0Cimmerian<\/em>\u00a0and Greek\u00a0Kimmeri\u00a0<\/em>) were the same people.\u00a0 A work entitled,\u00a0Literature of the Kymry<\/em>, identified the Kimmerioi of Homer with the ancient Cimbri of Germany as the same race.\u00a0 Also, archaeologists agree that the\u00a0Cimmerii<\/em>\u00a0\u0456\u00a0Gimiri<\/em>\u00a0are the same people (Rutherford, 24). ( Keep in mind, Sir Henry Rawlinson identified the\u00a0Gimiri<\/em>\u00a0or Cimmerians with the\u00a0Sacae<\/em>\u00a0on the Behistun Stone and said they were Israelites.)<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Cimmerians who entered Europe adopted the Celtic language.\u00a0 The reason was that they were a shattered nation, fragmented, with no central leadership, and tended to cooperate with the Celts (Kephart, 374).\u00a0 What developed in Europe was a large number of Celtic-speaking peoples of differing ethnic origins (Hannay, 125).\u00a0 For some reason the Celts in France wished to consider themselves closely related to the Celts in Germany.\u00a0 They went to great lengths to dye their hair blond (Baker, 256\u2013257).\u00a0 France consists of a number of different peoples.\u00a0 In the north it is primarily Germanic due to Frankish settlements made during the\u00a0AD\u00a0240\u2013496 period.\u00a0 The center of France consists of Celts and peoples of a Ph\u0153no-Canaanitish type.\u00a0 In the south it is comprised of Iberian (Spanish) types (Hannay, 134).\u00a0 Switzerland, the ancient land of Helvetia, now called in the German tongue Schweiz, is made up of Suevi from Swabia (Bavaria). According to tradition, the Swiss were driven out of Sweden due to a famine (Menzel, 134).\u00a0 One other important fact about France is that according to Justin, Alexander the Great defeated the\u00a0Ambri<\/em>\u00a0\u0456\u00a0Sigambri<\/em>\u00a0on the Punjab in India.\u00a0 The\u00a0Silei<\/em>\u00a0were associated with them.\u00a0Many years later we find the Romans calling a people in Europe by the name of\u00a0Salii<\/em>\u2014still in company with the\u00a0Sicambri<\/em>\u00a0(Hannay, 443-444).\u00a0 The\u00a0Sicambri<\/em>\u00a0are well known as German Franks (Menzel, 6).<\/p>\n

Ayran is a racial term first used by the\u00a0Arii<\/em>\u00a0as a tribal name in Persia.\u00a0 It signifies “noble stock.” The Arii were a powerful branch of the Goths.\u00a0 The Sanskrit form is\u00a0Ayra<\/em>, the root word for Ayran, which applied to the Nordic conquerors of western India (Kephart, 72).\u00a0 Later it was applied to all Nordic types.\u00a0 The general consensus of opinion now is that the home of the Indo-Europeans was in southern Russia.\u00a0 The culture that designates them is called Kurgan\u2014Kurgan being the Russian word for “burial mound.”\u00a0 They made good use of bronze weapons, the horse, and the wheel in their conquest of various areas of Europe (Lehman, 88\u201389).\u00a0 The earliest appearance of Aryan-speaking Nordics was when Sanskrit was introduced into India.\u00a0 Their conquests were far and wide\u2014Cimmerians pouring through the passes of the Caucasus into Media; Ach\u00e6ans and Phrygians conquering Greece and the Aegean coast of Asia Minor.\u00a0 Around 100\u00a0BC\u00a0these Nordics entered Italy.\u00a0 Soon afterward they crossed into Gaul via the Low Countries.\u00a0 They spread into Britain as the Goidels.\u00a0 As Gauls, they conquered France and Spain (Grant, 155\u2013156).\u00a0 Iron began to supplant bronze in northern Europe in the second and third centuries\u00a0AD\u00a0(Ripley, 510).\u00a0 Then, an expansion of the Nordic race took place all over Europe (Pittard, 78). \u00a0These Teutons drove the Alpine peoples from the open plains into the uplands and mountains where their descendants remain to this day (Ripley, 237).<\/p>\n

These tribes, made up a combination of such peoples as the Sac\u00e6, were described as Nordic in appearance\u2014fair or ruddy-haired.\u00a0 One tribe\u2014the Alans\u2014was described as “almost all tall and handsome, with hair almost yellow, and a fierce look” (G\u00fcnther, 131).\u00a0 These people were all alike in physical type.\u00a0 A Swede can hardly be distinguished from a Dane, or a native of Schleswig-Holstein or Friesland (in northern Germany).\u00a0 They were all described as “tall, tawny-haired, fiercely blue-eyed barbarians” (Ripley, 311).\u00a0 Silius Italicus described the Britons as a people with golden hair.\u00a0 Vitruvius, apparently referring to the same people, said they had huge limbs, grey eyes, and long, straight, red hair. Tacitus mentioned the red hair and huge limbs of the Caledonians (the Scots).\u00a0 The Belgic Gauls are described in much the same way.\u00a0 Strabo said the Germans resembled the Gauls, but were taller, more yellow-haired, and more savage (Taylor, 77).\u00a0 These swarms of people could not have come from a small country (du Chaillu, 12, 15).\u00a0 About a century after the time of Ptolemy, Eutropius said that the Saxons were united with the Franks and, because of their piracy, had become formidable enemies of the Romans (Turner, 121).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Teutonic people from east of the Rhine River were pressing the Celts, but this intrusion stopped during the time of Julius Caesar and lasted until the fall of the Roman Empire (Haddon, 43).\u00a0 The Teutonic race is made up of two main branches\u2014the Scandinavian and Germanic.\u00a0 Suhm’s History traces the Teutonic peoples from the Don River, through Russia and Finland to Sweden (Olson, 68).\u00a0Sweden, for example, consists of 87% long-headed and 13% broad-headed types.\u00a0 The broadheads are confined to Lapland.\u00a0 More than half the population of Sweden has people with light eyes and blond hair.\u00a0 Sweden today is one of the few countries in which the same racial type has existed from the beginning.\u00a0 It is unique for its unity of race, language, religion, and social ideals (Grant, 151).\u00a0 (The reader should keep in mind Grant’s work was published in 1916, before the wonders of “socialism” took over in Sweden.)\u00a0 Scandinavia\u00a0\u0454<\/em>\u00a0the home of the Teutonic race in its maximum purity, made up of the same kinds of people as the Lithuanians and Finns across the Baltic (Ripley, 205\u2013206). Another Teutonic people were the Burgundians\u2014a tall, blond people\u2014 who settled in France.\u00a0 They were celebrated for their great height, a characteristic still found in some of the French today. Only a vestige of their language remains in Flemish (Ripley, 143\u2013144, 157).\u00a0 Skeletal remains clearly show the Burgundians to be of Nordic stock (Pittard, 81).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0During the so-called Bronze Age, Germany was a wild forest inhabited by Teutons (Fell, 1974, 392).\u00a0 Not much is known about the German tribes until about 100\u00a0BC, when they aggressively came against the Romans (Ripley, 229\u2013230).\u00a0 Various tribes later regarded as German were originally known under separate names, but now it is impossible to distinguish them.\u00a0 At one time German tribes were included among the Scythians, at another time among the Sarmatians and Tatars (Menzel, 5\u20136).\u00a0 There may be a connection between the\u00a0Eudusianoi<\/em>\u00a0on the Black Sea and the\u00a0Eudusii,<\/em>\u00a0who migrated to southern Germany (Sch\u00fctte, 2:297).\u00a0 The Suevi who remained in upper Germany were given the name Alemanni (Menzel, 4, 8, 13\u201314).\u00a0 But who were the Suevi?\u00a0 According to Hannay, they were the Asir or Scyths, who in the third century\u00a0AD\u00a0conquered sections of Germany.\u00a0 They crossed over into Scandinavia and mixed with the people of their own blood called the\u00a0Yota<\/em>\u00a0\u0430\u0431\u043e\u00a0Gota<\/em>.\u00a0 The Gota were not Goths.\u00a0 The Scandinavian settlement was called Lessor Swithiod, distinguishing it from Greater Swithiod that was located in central Asia.\u00a0 The name Sweden simply means “the country of the Swi (Swe, Svi) people,” shortened to\u00a0Swiar<\/em>\u00a0\u0430\u0431\u043e\u00a0Sviar<\/em>.\u00a0 The Latin name\u00a0Suiones<\/em>\u00a0was derived from Swiar (Hannay, 181\u2013182).\u00a0 The historic Odin was followed by the Svear, called Suiones by Tacitus.\u00a0 They drove both the Goths and Lapps out of Scandinavia; the Goths retired to the south, the Lapps to the Arctic Circle (Rutherford, 96).\u00a0 The name Alemanni disappeared after the Middle Ages (Sch\u00fctte, 2: 91).\u00a0 What needs to be realized is that the racial map of Germany completely changed during the time of the Anglo-Saxon and Norman invasions of England. By the tenth century, the populations east of the Elbe River, which Tacitus called German in his day, were totally Sarmatian (Latham, 194).\u00a0 The Sarmatians or Slavs now comprise the bulk of the populations of Eastern Europe (Hannay, 188\u2013189).\u00a0 Even present-day Greece is basically Slavonic, having been occupied by Slavs in the eighth century\u00a0AD, who learned the Greek language (Taylor, 209).\u00a0 Racially, the Slavic speaking peoples are broad-headed and their hair and eyes mostly light in color, though darker than the Teutons (Ripley, 345\u2013346).\u00a0 It is now difficult to designate any portion of Germany as Nordic (Morant, 126\u2013127), though northern Germany is classified with the northern peoples of Europe found from Finland to the British Isles (Pittard, 172).\u00a0 The Roman attempt to extend the frontier across the Rhine was only temporarily successful, but the\u00a0Chatti<\/em>\u00a0were subdued in the region of the Weser River (Ency. Brit<\/em>., 11\u0433\u043e<\/sup>\u00a0ed.\u00a0 s.v. “Germany”)<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0406\u043c'\u044f\u00a0Chatti<\/em>\u00a0(Khatti) is important. In 612\u00a0BC\u00a0the Medes and Babylonians sacked Nineveh, and the Assyrians disappeared from history (Trump, 238).\u00a0 Recently, however, British archaeologists have found traces of Assyrian culture north of Iraq.\u00a0 These excavations prove the Assyrians did not die out.\u00a0 After the invasion they developed small, closed communities and began to spread out, though they were unable to gain any control due to their small numbers (Izvestia<\/em>, May 3, 1987).\u00a0 Where did the Assyrians go?\u00a0 For one thing, Pliny lists the\u00a0Assyrani<\/em>\u00a0among the tribes located in the vicinity of the Crimea (Pliny, IV, xii, 85). Ruins in Asia Minor show there was a third great power, along with the Greeks and Romans, that had existed for more than 2,000 years. Thutmos III had been forced to pay tribute to a certain people of the Hittites.\u00a0 The Assyrians often spoke of the “Land of Hatti” or “Khatti.”\u00a0After victorious battles in “Hatti Land,” the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser swallowed up the land of Hatti (Marek, 26\u201327).\u00a0 The Land of Hatti included much of Asia Minor.\u00a0 Later Assyrians have been described as Hittites who had adopted the civilization of Babylon (Bible Research Handbook<\/em>, serial 22a). During the time of the Romans, the Hatti were in Germany.\u00a0 The ancient language of the Hittites is so much like modern German that both a German on the north coast of Germany and a Pennsylvania Dutchman could have understood a Hittite’s cry for thirst.\u00a0 Hittite clay tablets found at the ruins of their ancient capital were in a borrowed Assyrian script (Marek, 93\u201394).\u00a0 Among other places, the people of Hatti are the principal inhabitants of modern Hesse-Darmstadt, Hesse-Kassel, and Hesse-Homburg.\u00a0 As noted in the above paragraph, a people called the Catti or Chatti were subdued by the Roman general,\u00a0 Druses (Hannay, 221\u2013225).\u00a0 We know them better as the Hessians who were British mercenaries during the American Revolution.\u00a0 After the war many of them remained in America and were absorbed into the culture.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A fearful struggle took place between the Germans and Romans, which lasted nearly 500 years.\u00a0This struggle extended along the shores of the Black Sea, and up the course of the Danube and Rhine rivers as far as the Baltic Sea. The Germans were first checked and forced to turn east, but fierce nations continued to pour in from the north. Opposition against these peoples was of no avail as Goths, Alani, Vandals, Burgundians, Longobardi, Alemanni, Franks, Angli, and Saxons spread like a deluge over the Roman Empire (Menzel, 62, 10\u201311).\u00a0 The church father Jerome said the whole country between the Alps and Pyrenees, and between the Rhine and the ocean, had been laid waste by hordes of Quadi, Vandals, Sarmatians, Alans, Gepids, Herules, Saxons, Burgundians, Alemanni, even Pannonians, and that\u00a0Assur<\/em>\u00a0(the Bible name for Assyria) was joined with them (Jerome, vol. VI, letter cxxiii).\u00a0 What is truly remarkable is that in 162\u00a0BC, the Roman Empire was simultaneously attacked on the Rhine and Danube by the Germans, and in Asia by the Parthians (Menzel, 105).\u00a0 The wandering period for these tribes is set between 120\u00a0BC\u00a0and\u00a0AD\u00a0600, although the last Nordic wave was the Normans, which lasted until\u00a0AD\u00a01100 (G\u00fcnther, 203).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0We have encountered the name “Parthia.”\u00a0 Who were the Parthians?\u00a0 They were a Scythian group that moved southward out of Turkestan around 247\u00a0BC, and took control of the Persian plateau. Classical authors say they were a branch of the Dah\u00e6, a branch of the Massaget\u00e6.\u00a0 They took the name Parthian from the name of the province they had conquered (McGovern, 7\u20138, 67\u201368). We have already seen the Massaget\u00e6 were closely related to the Sac\u00e6.\u00a0 The Parthians were subject to the Persians during the reign of Darius.\u00a0 The people who came into contact with them regarded them as Scyths, and said their name meant “exiles.”\u00a0 Diodorus, the Sicilian historian, wrote that the Parthians passed from the dominion of the Assyrians to the Medes, and from the Medes to the Persians (Rawlinson, 1887b, 16, 19, 26).\u00a0 The original people who lived in the territory they conquered were known as Parthians, but were not the same as the Imperial Parthians, who were Sakian and bore the name\u00a0Parni<\/em>\u00a0\u0430\u0431\u043e\u00a0Aparni<\/em>.\u00a0These Parni imposed themselves upon the original people and became the dominant race (Hannay, 394, 414).\u00a0 These Parthians were the descendants of conquering nomads (Minns, 61).\u00a0 Armenia was annexed by them and renamed Sakesani, which was Sakland (Hannay, 423).\u00a0 That they were Saghs should be obvious.\u00a0 Their language was a strange mixture of Scythian and Median.\u00a0 Often Semitic words were compounded in ways that were not Semitic or had Persian terminals.\u00a0 This is what we would expect if they were northern Israelites.\u00a0 Josephus said the Parthians were so familiar with Hebrew that he had a large number of readers among them.\u00a0 He also stated that after the decline of the Greeks, Parthian coins had Semitic legends and some of them read from right to left, the common Hebrew practice (quoted by Hannay, 397\u2013398).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0At the time Parthia was second only to Rome, the exodus from Asia to Europe took place.\u00a0 This movement involved the principal white races that had been living between central Asia and Europe. They poured through the Caucasus, settling both in central and northern Europe, and included both the long-headed and broad-headed types.\u00a0 This included numerous Jews who had never returned to Palestine.\u00a0 In 112\u00a0BC, P\u00e6risades, king of the Bosphorus in the Crimea, called on the king of Pontus to help him stop the nomadic incursions pouring past his kingdom from east to west.\u00a0 About this general time period the Saghs in central Asia are not mentioned again, while at the same time vast numbers of people were pouring into Europe.\u00a0 They were admitted into the community of the Skolotoi and acquired the name Asir, their capital at Asgard.\u00a0 When Herodotus visited Scythia in 450\u00a0BC, he did not hear such names as Asir and Asgard.\u00a0 We can assume that when the Saghs escaped Assyrian domination, these names were still unknown (Hannay, 430\u2013433).\u00a0 That the Parthians crossed over into Russia is demonstrated by the fact that several groups of people in southern Russia were called Parthians (Latham, 216).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The racial make-up of the Huns has been difficult to understand.\u00a0 They were a combination of many different types of people that in\u00a0AD\u00a0391, the European Goths were joined with them.\u00a0 The name Hun was given to at least four different peoples whose identity is not known for certain.\u00a0 One of the tribes associated with them was the Nephthalite Huns, also called White Huns.\u00a0 The\u00a0Modern Universal History<\/em>, volume 13, page 206, states that some critics believe the Nephthalite Huns were descended from the Israelite tribe of Naphthali taken captive by Tiglath-Pileser and carried to the frontiers of Persia. Archaeology, according to Olson, confirms their migration into Scandinavia.\u00a0 The Saga of Olof Tryggvason relates the changes that took place in the north as a result of the influx from “the eastern parts of the world.”\u00a0 This view is important when we see the Danish historian, Grammaticus Saxo referring to Asgard as “Bysantium.”\u00a0 Many tribes were closely associated with the Huns including the Gepid\u00e6, Alans, Lombards, Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals, and Rugians (Olson, 103, 109, 111\u2013113).\u00a0The Byzantine historian, Procopius, said that Attila the Hun attacked the Roman Empire with a great army of Massaget\u00e6 and other Scythians\u2014the Massaget\u00e6 they now call the Huns (Procopius, 41, 105). We already know the Massaget\u00e6 were Saghs, so if this statement is correct, the name Huns was applied to them.\u00a0 Many writers, however, believe the Huns were Turks due to their warlike and vigorous temper (Ency. Brit<\/em>., 11\u0433\u043e<\/sup>\u00a0ed. s.v. “Hun”).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0As far as the Goths are concerned, they had previously settled on the plateau of Iran, then in northwest India, Sogdiana, and the northwest corner of China.\u00a0 The arid conditions of central Asia precipitated their departure from the region.\u00a0 Edward Gibbon said the name Goth is the Latin version of the Greek name for Scythia (Fasken, 89).\u00a0 Eventually, they pushed their way west until they reached the Baltic.\u00a0 After driving out the original people, they settled in this region (Olson, 13).\u00a0 Their Asiatic origin is seen in their familiarity with the Sanskrit and Persian languages.\u00a0 It is believed the link between Sanskrit and Gothic is found in the modern Teutonic dialects (Hannay, 181).\u00a0 Jordanes, the Gothic historian, identified them with the Get\u00e6 and Scythians.\u00a0 Keep in mind, the name Scythian referred to all the tribes that lived east of the Vistula and Danube Rivers, and north of the Black Sea (Mierow, 16).\u00a0 Herodotus regarded them as an offshoot of the Massaget\u00e6.\u00a0 When they were finally driven out of Italy, they went north and were lost from the pages of history (Rutherford, 16\u201318).\u00a0 Gudmund Sch\u00fctte says the Prussians absorbed them (Sch\u00fctte, 2:22\u201323).\u00a0 The Goths were described as tall and handsome, with white skin and fair hair (Taylor, 109).\u00a0 The Goths are regarded to be the descendants of Gether, the son of Aram (Olson, 11), the son of Shem (Gen. 10:22\u201323).\u00a0 This would make them Semitic in race.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The movement of peoples into the British Isles was briefly mentioned in Chapter Two of this work.\u00a0 Early traditions and writings give us insight.\u00a0 Take Ireland, for example.\u00a0 The\u00a0\u0411\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f<\/em>, eleventh edition, under the subject “Ireland,” tells us that Ireland remained outside the pale of the ancient Roman world, and a state of society which was peculiarly favorable to the preservation of national folk-lore survived in the island until the sixteenth century. A number of works give us valuable information.\u00a0 Ptolemy listed sixteen peoples found in Ireland, several of which can be identified.\u00a0 The Milesians are said to have come from Scythia, after sojourning some time in Egypt.\u00a0 What is significant is that only in recent years have the Irish legendary origins been subjected to serious criticism, and even then the criticisms confine themselves essentially to the genealogies.\u00a0 There is a tradition that Hu Gadarn led a contingent of Hebrews into Britain at about 1800\u00a0BC\u00a0(Williams, 27). Some believe Hu Gadarn is the Celtic name for Joshua, and if so, the date given, according to Bible chronology, is about 400 years too early.\u00a0 The\u00a0\u0411\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f<\/em>\u00a0gives a number of names of various tribes that settled in Ireland.\u00a0 Four centuries of Roman occupation made no permanent change in the racial stock of England.\u00a0The Celts who filtered into Britain from Gaul appear to have come from the area of the Danube.\u00a0 The Celts and Belg\u00e6 who settled in Britain were Nordic and their skulls scarcely differ from those of the Anglo-Saxons who followed (Baker, 257).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0According to the French anthropologist, Paul Broca, there were never any true Celts in Britain.\u00a0The British never called themselves Celts, nor did any of the ancient writers.\u00a0 The true Celts, Broca says, are the people of central France who speak the Celtic language.\u00a0 It has already been pointed out that the real Celts of race have only a linguistic connection to the Celts of language.\u00a0 Broca says the true Celts of history are the Auvergnats, and what is called the Celtic speech was the original speech of the Belgic Gauls (Taylor, 110\u2013113, 224).\u00a0 The fact is:\u00a0 The Irish are as Nordic as the English, the great bulk of them being of Danish, Norse, Anglo-Norman, and earlier pre-Teutonic elements (Grant, 59).\u00a0 The Irish were the ones who perpetuated the name Celt, but the Scots, known as Celts, were called Gaels.\u00a0Hector B\u0153tius, in his\u00a0History of Scotland<\/em>, says the Gaels were in Egypt at the time Moses ruled the children of Israel (Keating, 152, 178 fn).\u00a0 The Romans were careless in attaching the names Celt, Galatai, and Gauls to all the people of western and northern Europe.\u00a0 Until the first century\u00a0BC, the Germanic tribes were designated Celts (Hannay, 139\u2013140).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The Cimmerii or Cymry came into Britain from the area of the Black Sea after traveling toward the northwest and through the Low Countries, then across the North Sea (Rutherford, 25).\u00a0 Paul B. du Chaillu gives us this interesting statement:\u00a0 “A careful perusal of the Eddas and Sagas will enable us, with the help of ancient Greek and Latin writers, and without any serious break in the chain of events, to make out a fairly continuous history which throws considerable light on the progenitors of the English-speaking people, their migrations northward from their old home on the shores of the Black Sea . . .” (du Chaillu, 6).\u00a0 Rutherford says the Cimmerians, that is the Welsh or Cymry, were descendants of the tribe of Simeon, known to the Romans as the\u00a0Simeni<\/em>, the Latin form for Simeonites (Rutherford, 28).\u00a0 The Welsh do not call themselves Welsh, but go by the name Cymry (Wainwright, 1).\u00a0 The pre-Christian civilization found in northern Gaul, Britain, and Ireland, came from Skolotic Cimmerians from the Ukraine after they had made contact with western Asiatic and Grecian civilizations.\u00a0 These Skolotic settlements in Britain began about 290\u00a0BC\u00a0and continued for the next two centuries (Kephart, 375, 377).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Large numbers of Nordics entered Britain following the\u00a0AD\u00a0period.\u00a0 Let us take a look at the Massaget\u00e6 again.\u00a0 Herodotus traced the name back to the region of the Araxes.\u00a0 Migrations took them east and north of the Caspian Sea.\u00a0 They grew larger, and segments of them took on tribal names.\u00a0Eventually the name Massaget\u00e6 fell into disuse.\u00a0 Two of the main branches were the \u00c6gl\u00e6 and Ang\u00e6.\u00a0As they moved westward the two names merged into\u00a0Englai<\/em>\u00a0\u0430\u0431\u043e\u00a0Angl\u00e6.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>The Romans called them the Angli, but we know them as the Angles or Engles (Rutherford, 14\u201315).\u00a0 About the middle of the fifth century\u00a0AD, searfaring Jutes landed in England to fight against the Scots and Britons of the north who were penetrating southward after the Roman departure. In the fight the Jutes summoned their brothers from northwest Europe to come to their aid.\u00a0 The Jutes themselves saw the advantage of settling in England.\u00a0 A general conquest of England began by the Jutes, Frisians, Saxons, and Angles from Jutland, Schleswig, Frisia and Holstein (Kephart, 450).\u00a0 The Danes came about\u00a0AD\u00a0850, and the Norwegians a little later, settling in the northern and western coasts of Scotland.\u00a0 The Normans were the last of the Germanic types to enter England (Ripley, 312\u2013317).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Roman accounts do not give much information regarding their conquest of England.\u00a0 Nor do they give much help as to how settlement by the Northmen took place.\u00a0 One thing is clear, however.\u00a0 There were Saxon settlements on the island during the Roman occupation.\u00a0 After the Romans departed, disunity set in and Britain broke up into a number of smaller states.\u00a0 This is what set the stage for the takeover by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes (Hannay, 379).\u00a0 What is unique about Britain is that the skull type is practically uniform from one end of England to the other.\u00a0 The idea that conquered peoples were exterminated is simply not true.\u00a0 What took place was an amalgamation of various types, but all belonged to the Nordic branch of the Aryan race (Kephart, 462).\u00a0 In the light of what information is available on the movements of peoples from the Middle East to northwestern Europe and the British Isles, the hypothesis that the British are the representatives of the ancient Beth-Sak is hardly open to doubt (Hannay, 216).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Go to Chapter 7<\/a> \u0430\u0431\u043e go to Chapter 1<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Chapter Six The Westward Movement \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Modern scholars have not appreciated the scope of travel and colonization in the ancient world.\u00a0Archaeologists, for generations, have held the belief that only navigation techniques introduced into Europe during the fifteenth century made it possible for Europeans to cross the Atlantic (Fell, 1976, 17).\u00a0Sir Flinders Petrie uncovered gold works […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"seo_booster_metabox":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[3110,1537,3139,2960,3143,3268,3269,3142,3148,1095,2916,3121,3262,2887,3147,3263,2912,163,3145,3146,3144],"class_list":["post-10559","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-british-israel-book","tag-british-israelism","tag-celtic-israel-book","tag-celto-saxon-israel","tag-celto-saxon-people","tag-correct-replacement-theology","tag-israel-is-the-church","tag-migrations-of-western-israel-tribes","tag-northwestern-israelite-nations","tag-orthodox-church-of-the-culdees","tag-read-a-classic-book-on-british-israelism","tag-read-book-origin-of-western-heritage","tag-replacement-theology","tag-research-tribes-israel","tag-research-western-theory-israel","tag-scriptures-replacement-theology","tag-true-israel-tribes","tag-twelve-tribes-of-israel","tag-western-christian-nations","tag-western-christian-saints","tag-western-migration"],"yoast_head":"\nRead book "Origin of Our Western Heritage" Chapter 6 The Westward Movement - Watchman News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Westward Trek from Israel of the Celto Saxon peoples. 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