The Usage of Pneuma
in the New Testament.
This Is
Appendix 101 From The Companion Bible.
Pneuma
= Spirit, is the Greek word corresponding with the Hebrew ruach
in the Old Testament.
The usage of the latter will be found in Appendix
9, and should be compared with this Appendix.
As to the Greek word (pneuma): we must
consider I. the occurrences, and II. the usage:-
- Pneuma
occurs in the Received Greek Text 385 times. Of these, all the
Critical Texts (see
Appendix 94. vii) agree in omitting nine 1
(or in substituting another reading) and in adding three.2
The
occurrences are thus distributed :-
| |
Received
Text |
To
be
omitted
1 |
To
be
added
2 |
Net
result |
| In
the Gospels... |
105 |
2 |
__ |
103 |
| In
the Acts... |
69 |
1 |
1 |
69 |
| In
the earlier Pauline |
21 |
2 |
__ |
19 |
| In
the later Pauline |
140 |
2 |
1 |
139 |
| In
the Apostolic Epistles |
27 |
2 |
__ |
25 |
| In
the Apocalypse |
23 |
__ |
1 |
24 |
| |
385 |
9 |
3 |
379 |
The
above 385 occurrences in the Received Text are thus rendered in the
Authorized Version :-
| "Spirit",
133; "spirit", 153; "spiritual",
1; "ghost", 2; "life",
1; and "wind", 1. |
291 |
| In
the Genitive Case, "spiritually", 1
... |
1 |
| With
"hagion" (= holy) = "Holy
Spirit", 4; "Holy Ghost",
89....... |
93 |
|
___ |
|
=
385 |
| In
the margin :- |
| "Breath"
is given twice as an alternative for "spirit",
and once for "life". |
| "Of
the spirit" is given as an alternative for "spiritually";
and "spirit" is given as an
alternative for "spiritual". |
- The
usages given of pneuma. The following have been noted in
The Companion Bible. It is used for
GOD.
"God is pneuma" (John 4:24-).
Not "a" spirit, for there is no indefinite
Article in the Greek.
- CHRIST,
as in 1
Corinthians 6:17;
15:45;
and especially 2
Corinthians 3:17,
18
(= the pneuma of verse 6-,
etc).
- THE
HOLY
SPIRIT,
generally with the Article, denoting the Giver, as
distinct from His gifts. See Number 14. After a
Preposition the Article is sometimes to be understood, as being
latent.
- THE
OPERATIONS OF THE HOLY
SPIRIT,
in the bestowal of spiritual gifts, as in 1
Corinthians 12:4
- 11.
- THE
NEW NATURE
in the child of God, because "begotten" in us
by God, as in John 3:3
- 7.
1
John 5:1,
4.
See note on Matthew 1:1.
This is more especially the Pauline usage: spirit as
opposed to what is of the flesh (John 3:6.
Romans 8:4).
Hence called "pneuma Theou" (= Divine pneuma
(Romans 8:9.
1
Corinthians 7:40;
12:3-),
and pneuma Christou (= Christ pneuma) in
Romans 8:9.
- MAN
(psychologically), pneuma being imparted
to man, making him "a living psuche" (=
"a living soul", or being, as in Genesis 2:7.
Psalm 104:29,
30.
Ecclesiastes 12:7).
When taken back to and by God, man, without pneuma,
becomes and is called "a dead soul" in each of
the thirteen occurrences rendered in Authorized Version "dead
body", etc. See Appendix
13 ix.
- CHARACTER,
as being in itself invisible, and manifested only in one's actions,
etc. Romans 8:15.
(2
Timothy 1:7,
etc.).
- OTHER
INVISIBLE CHARACTERISTICS
(by Figure of Speech. Metonymy, Appendix
6): such as feelings or desires (Matthew 26:41,
etc.); or that which is supernatural.
- MAN
(physiologically), pneuma being put by
Figure of Speech. Synecdoche (Appendix 6)
for the whole person; a part for the whole (as in Luke 1:47,
"my spirit" = I myself.) See Appendix
9 VII.
- ADVERBIALLY.
But this is only once, in the Authorized Version, where it is
translated "spiritually" in Romans 8:6.
Compare the Revised Version rendering.
- ANGELS,
or SPIRIT-BEINGS.
As in Acts 8:29.
Hebrews 1:7,
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