Actualités Watchman

You’ve done everything right — scheduled your prenatal vitamins, researched the best stroller, started that nursery registry. But a single blood test at 24 weeks reveals something you didn’t expect: gestational diabetes. What you don’t know yet is that the nonstick pan in your kitchen and the greaseproof wrapper from last week’s takeout may have tipped the scales.

In the U.S., nearly 1 in 10 pregnant women now receive this diagnosis, a figure that has climbed steadily over time and reshaped how pregnancy risk is understood.1 For years, the conversation centered on familiar explanations such as body weight, age, or family history.

However, large-scale research published in eClinicalMedicine points to an overlooked contributor that reaches far beyond personal health habits: widespread exposure to industrial chemicals that linger in the environment and the human body, namely per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).2

These compounds are not rare, not confined to specific jobs, and not limited to isolated communities. They show up in blood samples from nearly everyone. The key variable isn’t whether you’re exposed — it’s when during pregnancy that exposure occurs. Research published in BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth reveals pregnancy as an exquisitely vulnerable metabolic window, when even modest environmental pressures carry greater weight.3

Subtle disruptions that might pass unnoticed at other life stages take on new significance as the body adapts to support fetal growth. This shifts blame from willpower to water supply, from diet to industrial pollution.

It also raises an urgent question about how everyday chemical exposures interact with pregnancy biology — and why understanding those interactions is essential to protecting long-term metabolic health during pregnancy and in future generations.

Evidence Connects PFAS to Disrupted Blood Sugar Control During Pregnancy

The eClinicalMedicine study examined whether exposure to PFAS affects blood sugar control and diabetes risk, with a specific focus on pregnancy outcomes.4 Researchers systematically reviewed 129 human studies and ran formal meta-analyses using data from up to 111,544 participants, depending on the outcome measured. The goal was to move beyond single studies and see whether consistent patterns emerged across populations, countries, and study designs.

PFAS act as endocrine disruptors — they dock onto cellular receptors meant for natural hormones, sending scrambled signals that disrupt how your body stores fat, responds to insulin, and burns fuel for energy. The paper describes how PFAS activate pathways that regulate fat storage, insulin sensitivity, and energy balance. When these pathways get disrupted, cells burn fuel less efficiently and rely more heavily on insulin-driven control.

• Gestational diabetes showed the clearest and most consistent signal — Exposure to eight different PFAS was linked with higher odds of gestational diabetes, with perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) showing a 13% increase in risk for each doubling of exposure. That means as PFAS levels rose, the likelihood of gestational diabetes rose in parallel. For someone planning a pregnancy, this translates into a measurable risk factor that sits completely outside diet or genetics.

• Insulin resistance increased alongside PFAS exposure — Several PFAS were also associated with higher HOMA-IR scores, a standard measure of insulin resistance that reflects how hard your body needs to work to keep blood sugar stable. Insulin resistance means cells stop responding properly to insulin, forcing your pancreas to push out more of it. The analysis found PFOS and another PFAS — PFNA — consistently raised HOMA-IR values in prospective studies.

In practical terms, if you’re planning pregnancy with elevated PFAS exposure, your cells are already struggling to use insulin before you conceive, setting up a metabolic collision when pregnancy hormones further reduce insulin sensitivity around week 20.

• The pancreas responded by overworking — The review also found higher HOMA-β scores linked to PFAS exposure, which signals increased insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Early on, this looks like compensation, not failure.

The pancreas pushes harder to offset insulin resistance. Over time, that pattern leads to beta-cell exhaustion, a known pathway toward diabetes. This explains why PFAS do not just correlate with blood sugar issues but actively strain the system that regulates glucose.

• Fasting insulin levels rose even before glucose levels changed — Several PFAS were linked with higher fasting insulin in prospective studies, even when fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) — a blood test that reflects your average blood sugar level over the previous two to three months — stayed within normal ranges.

This detail matters because insulin rises first when metabolism breaks down. Blood sugar often looks “normal” until much later. The findings show PFAS exposure shifts metabolism in a hidden way long before standard labs flag a problem.

• Cellular stress and inflammation amplify the damage — PFAS increase oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling in metabolic tissues. Oxidative stress is cellular wear-and-tear caused by unstable molecules, while inflammation disrupts insulin signaling inside cells. Together, these processes make tissues less responsive to insulin, forcing the pancreas into overdrive and pushing the body closer to metabolic failure.

The review emphasizes that PFAS exposures are widespread, persistent, and cumulative. You can’t feel them, taste them, or detect them without testing. Yet the data show they influence insulin resistance, pancreatic workload, and pregnancy-related glucose control. But here’s the key nuance that changes how we think about prevention: PFAS don’t affect pregnancy uniformly. The same exposure has radically different effects depending on when it occurs.

Pregnancy Magnifies the Effects of Chemical Exposure

A study published in BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth examined whether PFAS levels measured at different stages of pregnancy influenced gestational diabetes risk.5 Researchers measured blood PFAS levels in early pregnancy around 14 weeks and again in mid-pregnancy around 20 weeks.

Participants included Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, White, and Black participants, with a mix of first-time and experienced mothers. This diversity matters because PFAS exposure and metabolic risk differ across populations, making the findings more relevant to everyday pregnancies.

• PFAS increase gestational diabetes risk across pregnancy stages — Higher blood levels of certain PFAS were associated with higher gestational diabetes risk when measured in early pregnancy, mid-pregnancy, and across both time points combined. Risk rose by roughly 15% to 40%, depending on the compound and timing. This shows that repeated exposure, not just a single spike, drove risk upward.

• Timing affected risk for some compounds — Some PFAS did not raise risk in a straight line across pregnancy. PFOS was linked to higher gestational diabetes risk only in mid-pregnancy, not earlier, while another PFAS — PFUnDA — showed the opposite pattern, with lower risk early and higher risk later. This shows that pregnancy is not metabolically static — the same exposure can have very different effects depending on when it occurs, as hormone levels and insulin demands shift over time.

• Hormonal shifts during pregnancy amplify chemical effects — Mid-pregnancy brings rising insulin resistance driven by placental hormones. PFAS exposure during this window intensified that natural resistance, pushing glucose regulation past a breaking point.

These forces worsen glucose control precisely when pregnancy already demands metabolic flexibility. Translation: The contaminated water you drank in week 14 may affect your baby differently than the same water in week 20. This knowledge supports practical prevention strategies focused on reducing exposure before and during pregnancy rather than waiting for abnormal glucose tests to appear.

Steps to Reduce PFAS Exposure and Protect Against Gestational Diabetes

If you are pregnant, planning a pregnancy, or supporting someone who is, this is where action matters most. The evidence shows PFAS exposure adds metabolic strain at the exact time your body already works harder to control blood sugar.

Addressing the source of that strain first lowers pressure on glucose regulation instead of reacting after problems show up. PFAS are called “forever chemicals” because they resist breakdown in both the environment and your body. The average elimination half-life ranges from two to five years for common PFAS like PFOS and PFOA.

This means if you reduce exposure today, blood levels will drop by only 50% after two to five years. For women planning pregnancy, this timeline matters: starting PFAS reduction at least 12 months before conception allows blood levels to drop meaningfully before the metabolically vulnerable window of pregnancy begins. If you’re already pregnant, start reducing PFAS immediately — every reduction in ongoing exposure matters, even in trimester two or three.

1. Filter your drinking water to reduce daily PFAS intake — Many municipal water supplies contain PFAS from industrial runoff and firefighting foam contamination. Using a high-quality water filtration system designed to remove PFAS reduces a steady background source that accumulates over weeks and months.

2. Reduce contact with grease-resistant food packaging — PFAS are commonly used in fast-food wrappers, takeout boxes, microwave popcorn bags, and other oil-repellent materials. To cut your exposure, choose fresh foods over fast food and takeout, focusing instead on cooking meals at home. Avoid items packaged in grease-resistant paper, since this is a common source of PFAS.

3. Avoid nonstick cookware — Heat increases PFAS migration from nonstick surfaces into food. Cooking with safer materials like stainless steel limits direct transfer into meals, which is especially important during pregnancy when metabolic tolerance narrows.

4. Limit stain-resistant and water-repellent household products — Carpets, furniture, mattresses, and clothing labeled stain-resistant or waterproof often rely on PFAS chemistry. Choosing untreated natural materials and washing new textiles before use lowers ongoing skin contact and household dust exposure, which compounds over time.

5. Use a broader detox strategy that addresses multiple toxins at once — PFAS do not act alone. Some enter your body as hitchhikers on microplastics, which behave like sponges for environmental toxins.6 The universal detox solution detailed in my upcoming book, “Microplastics Cure,” is designed to address far more than plastic particles alone.

The same science-based strategies outlined in the book also support the removal of other persistent pollutants, including PFAS, by reducing overall toxic load and strengthening your body’s natural resilience.

“Microplastics Cure” provides a clear, science-based guide for navigating one of today’s most overlooked health challenges. Rather than dwelling on what can’t be avoided, it shows where meaningful change is possible and how small, informed choices reduce toxic burden. In a world where plastic and chemical exposure have become routine, this approach offers a practical path forward that puts control back in your hands.

6. Rebuild cellular energy to restore insulin sensitivity before pregnancy — Reducing PFAS exposure removes one driver of insulin resistance. But if your cellular energy production is already compromised — often from years of inadequate carbohydrate intake or seed oil damage — your glucose handling will struggle even with low PFAS levels. Both strategies work together: remove the external toxins while rebuilding internal metabolic capacity.

Gestational diabetes develops on a foundation of insulin resistance that often begins years earlier. Insulin allows glucose to enter your cells so it can be used for energy. When cells run low on fuel, that signal weakens and glucose stays in the bloodstream, forcing your body to release more insulin. Restoring cellular energy reverses this breakdown.

For most adults, that means adequate carbohydrates rather than restriction — roughly 250 grams per day — which supports thyroid function, metabolic rate, and stable glucose handling. Chronic carbohydrate restriction raises stress hormones and worsens insulin sensitivity over time. Removing seed oils is just as important.

Linoleic acid (LA) from soybean, corn, canola, sunflower, safflower, cottonseed, and grapeseed oils disrupts mitochondrial energy production and interferes with insulin signaling. Your mitochondria are cellular power plants — when they function well, cells have ample energy and readily accept glucose.

When seed oils damage mitochondrial membranes, energy production drops, glucose builds up in your bloodstream, and insulin resistance follows. Eliminating packaged foods and restaurant meals cooked in seed oils, while using traditional fats like grass fed butter, ghee, or tallow, reduces metabolic strain and lowers the insulin demand placed on your body before pregnancy begins.

FAQs About PFAS and Gestational Diabetes

Q: What is gestational diabetes and why is it becoming more common?
A: Gestational diabetes occurs when blood sugar rises during pregnancy because the body can’t regulate glucose effectively under increased metabolic demand. In the U.S., it now affects nearly 1 in 10 pregnancies, a rise linked not only to traditional factors like age or weight, but also to environmental exposures that interfere with normal glucose control.

Q: How are PFAS connected to gestational diabetes risk?
A: Large-scale research shows that higher exposure to PFAS aligns with higher odds of gestational diabetes. These chemicals interfere with hormone signaling involved in metabolism, increase insulin resistance, and force your pancreas to work harder to keep blood sugar stable, even before standard lab tests show abnormalities.

Q: Why does the timing of PFAS exposure during pregnancy matter?
A: Pregnancy is a biologically sensitive window. Studies measuring PFAS in early and mid-pregnancy show that risk changes depending on when exposure occurs. Hormonal shifts during mid-pregnancy naturally increase insulin resistance, and PFAS exposure during this period adds extra metabolic strain, pushing glucose regulation past a tipping point.

Q: How can PFAS exposure be reduced during pregnancy or before conception?
A: Key steps include filtering drinking water, limiting contact with grease-resistant food packaging, avoiding nonstick cookware, and reducing use of stain-resistant or water-repellent household products. These changes lower daily exposure to PFAS, which are widespread, persistent, and accumulate over time.

Q: Why is improving insulin sensitivity before pregnancy important?
A: Gestational diabetes often develops on a foundation of insulin resistance that builds for years. Supporting cellular energy production, eating adequate carbohydrates, and removing seed oils that disrupt mitochondrial function strengthen glucose handling before pregnancy begins. Addressing these root causes early reduces metabolic strain during pregnancy and lowers long-term risks for both mother and child.

You can feel it in everyday conversations: the coworker you meet on Monday who’s already counting down to Friday, that friend who cancels plans because they’re “exhausted.”1 There’s no question about it — more and more people are struggling with chronic fatigue and work-related stress. In fact, 6 out of 10 employees in major global economies now report rising levels of workplace stress.2

In response, many of us try to regain balance by eating better and moving more. But beyond these familiar strategies, there’s a surprisingly simple habit that might offer greater benefits: hobbies. While people often turn to them as a way to unwind, new research suggests they do more than just lift your spirits.3

Leisure Crafting Positively Affects Workplace Performance

A study by researchers at the University of East Anglia and Erasmus University Rotterdam4 examined leisure crafting — this involves using a hobby more intentionally through small goals, learning something new, or connecting with others. Published in the journal Human Relations, the study explored how this intentional approach to hobbies might shape people’s daily experiences.

The researchers aim to remind people that it is possible to use their hobbies to enjoy work more or possibly be more creative. Lead author and Associate Professor of Work and Organizational Psychology at Erasmus University Rotterdam, Paraskevas Petrou, Ph.D., said:5

“It’s already known that hobbies are good for your well-being, but our study shows that hobbies don’t just make you happier, they can also help you feel more fulfilled and creative at work. This goes beyond just relaxing or having fun — like binge-watching Netflix — and turns the hobby into something that helps people grow.”

• The study followed nearly 200 working adults — Participants were mid-career employees with an average age of 46. Adults aged 61 and older were included as well, to explore how hobbies affect people at different life stages.6

• How the five-week hobby program worked — One group watched a short hobby-focused intervention video that guided them to approach their hobbies more intentionally by setting personal goals for their hobby, learning something new through it, and building social connections by practicing their hobby with others. Meanwhile, a control group did not watch the video and did not receive any guidance or planning tools.7

• A surprising boost in meaning and creativity — Each week, participants reported how their hobby practice was going, and their answers were compared to that of the control group. The researchers found that those who followed leisure crafting reported greater meaning and creativity at work.8

“We were surprised to see that leisure crafting had a stronger effect at work than in people’s personal lives. We had expected equal benefits in both areas … One possible reason is that people who took part in our study were already fairly satisfied with their lives outside work, but their work life had more room for improvement,” Professor George Michaelides, a study co-author from UEA’s Norwich Business School, said.

• Why do these findings matter? As more workplaces focus on well-being, this study is “the first to be conducted among a mature working population and to demonstrate that leisure crafting can be understood, learned, and displayed by employees.”9 The researchers point to practical steps organizations can take, such as offering hobby-related masterclasses and allocating development funds for learning outside work.10

Get Creative and Be Kind to Your Mind
If you’re thinking about trying a new creative hobby, you’re not just adding something fun to your routine — you’re giving your mind something new to play with. Writing by hand, dancing, painting, or even simple coloring encourages your brain to spot patterns, make new connections, and stay more engaged day to day.

• Creativity can be a ‘fountain of youth’ for your brain — Researchers from the Global Brain Health Institute11 published a major study in Nature Communications, examining nearly 1,500 adults across 13 countries to see whether creative engagement might slow brain aging. Participants ranged from tango dancers in Argentina and musicians in Canada to visual artists in Germany and real-time strategy gamers in Poland.

Creative individuals showed “younger-looking” brain function, with brain imaging and machine learning pointing to stronger connectivity and greater mental flexibility compared to non-creatives.

• Strategy games stimulate the brain — In a second arm of the study,12 non-experts completed 30 hours of training in StarCraft II, a complex real-time strategy game. Within three to four weeks (about five to 10 hours a week), their brain activity showed measurable improvements in areas tied to planning, focus, and learning. A comparison group trained on Hearthstone, a simpler, turn-based game, did not show the same gains.

• Handwriting helps boost memory function — Handwriting supports stronger memory because the physical act of forming letters activates multiple senses and engages brain regions involved in motor control and perception, helping you recognize shapes, process words more deeply, and build lasting neural connections.13

• The colorful benefits of painting — Painting isn’t just about making something pretty; it’s a chance to express yourself. It’s also beginner-friendly, with endless room to grow, no matter your skill level. And when you paint with others, the social connection becomes just as enjoyable as the art itself.14

Enjoy Reading More Books

As more people look for calming ways to unwind, many are rediscovering their love for reading; The Sun15 even dubbed it “the hot new hobby for 2026.” But beyond the trendiness, reading has always been one of the most satisfying and affordable pastimes you can get lost in.

• Reading gives your brain a daily workout — Reading sharpens critical thinking, sparks creativity, expands vocabulary, and deepens knowledge — all while stimulating imagination and keeping your mind active and resilient.16

• Reading can delay Alzheimer’s disease by up to five years — A 2021 study published in Neurology17 followed 1,903 seniors over seven years and found that those who engaged in cognitively stimulating activities like reading developed Alzheimer’s five years later than those who didn’t. Participants with high cognitive activity developed dementia at an average age of 94, while those with low activity saw onset around age 89.18

• It protects you against cognitive decline — A 14-year longitudinal study in International Psychogeriatrics found that older adults who read at least once a week were significantly less likely to experience cognitive decline. The researchers found out that:19

“[T]hose with higher reading frequencies (≥1 time a week) were less likely to have cognitive decline at six-year (AOR: 0.54), 10-year (AOR: 0.58), and 14-year (AOR: 0.54) follow-ups … across all educational levels.”

Reading has also been known to help people sleep better, improve their eyesight, and even reduce gadget use. To learn more about these findings, check out “The Surprising Benefits of Daily Book Reading.”

Cook Up a Storm at Home

Cooking isn’t just a practical skill; it’s a fun, relaxing way to get creative and make meals that you’ll love eating. Even if you’re new to the kitchen, there are plenty of easy, enjoyable ways to get started. No matter how you begin, cooking is a rewarding, confidence-boosting hobby. It’s also a more enjoyable way to eat healthy and be able to avoid eating ultraprocessed foods every day.

• Cooking may support your mental health — Beyond saving money or improving nutrition, cooking at home may offer real mental health benefits. A 2021 meta-analysis published in Frontiers in Psychology reviewed 13 studies involving over 11,000 participants to explore how home cooking affects psychosocial outcomes like self-esteem, mood, and overall well-being.20

“Cooking at home is associated with higher diet quality and nutrient intake … Biological pathways through which improved diet might enhance mental health and well-being include improvements in markers of inflammation, increased intake of antioxidants, which reduces oxidative stress, and changes in the microbiota gut-brain axis,” the authors explained.

• Experiment with ingredients and get comfortable — Start with simple, easy-to-follow recipes that use just a few ingredients and basic techniques. As you get more comfortable in the kitchen, you can experiment with more complex flavors and dishes. Try adding herbs like oregano, ginger, or dill to your next meal — not only will they add depth, but offer health benefits as well.

• Make time for tea — Sipping a cup of tea daily could help lower your risk of diabetes. Researchers from the University of Adelaide found that regular tea consumption may improve blood sugar control, making it a small but powerful dietary habit.21 As the world’s most-consumed drink after water, tea has been valued for centuries.22

One standout variety is Pu-erh, a fermented dark tea also known as Chinese black tea. Its unique fermentation process increases levels of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, amino acids, and polysaccharides, offering antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits.

You can also sip on some green tea or matcha to help you feel more relaxed. Green tea is rich in antioxidants and, like black tea, contains potent polyphenols — especially a catechin called epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which has been shown to have even stronger antioxidant activity than vitamins C and E.23

Dance Freely and Move with Intention

Free-form dance is more than art or fun; it’s a powerful and accessible form of exercise that supports both physical and mental health. Unlike structured workouts, this unchoreographed style engages the whole body and brain, allowing for emotional expression, spontaneity, and cardiovascular conditioning all at once.

• Free-form dance has the same intensity as traditional cardio workouts — A new study in PLOS ONE24 found that free-form dancing can match the intensity of traditional aerobic exercise. The research involved 48 adults ages 18 to 83, who were asked to dance freely in five-minute sessions at both moderate and vigorous effort levels.

The participants reached an average of 76% of their maximum heart rate, and vigorous dancing hit 7.5 metabolic equivalents (METs) — like jogging or cycling — while moderate dancing reached 5.6 METs.

• What sets this study apart? Most earlier studies looked only at formal styles like ballet or hip-hop, leaving out how every day, improvised movement might help regular people — this study finally tackled that. The findings indicate that even without strict choreography or a flashy studio, free-form dancing has its benefits, especially when you set weekly movement goals.

Finding a Hobby That You Love

In an article in The Guardian, Daisy Fancourt, professor of psychobiology and expert in social prescribing, explains that hobbies do far more than just pass the time. If you’re thinking of starting one, it helps to reflect and ask yourself:25

• How much time did I actually spend on a hobby last week? Compare this to how much time you wish you’d spent. Noticing that gap can help you be more intentional going forward.

• What aspect of my health am I hoping to improve? If you’re seeking calm, exhilaration, connection, or a sense of purpose, clarify that upfront. The more specific your goal, the easier it is to find a hobby that fits.

• What did I love doing as a child — or wish I’d pursued as a career? Old passions can offer clues. If you dreamed of performing, try local theater. If you wanted to work with kids, look for volunteer roles or intergenerational activities.

• What do I need to get started? You might need a taster session, a how-to video, or just a friend to come along. Local newsletters and social prescribing directories can help you find options.

• Which core needs are currently not being met? Think about what’s missing: autonomy, creativity, physical movement, fun, or purpose. Choose something that balances what your work or daily life lacks.

• What kind of challenge would I enjoy right now? Look for “moderate novelty” — something slightly outside your comfort zone but not overwhelming. That sweet spot tends to deliver the most joy and fulfillment.

Trying out a new hobby always comes with learning curves, and yes, it can feel awkward at first. Hobbies aren’t performances, and they aren’t about perfection. So be proud that you started and go at your own pace.

Supporting Your Health While You Explore New Hobbies

If you’re trying new hobbies, routines, or ways to add purpose to your day, keep in mind that the same intentionality you apply during your free time should also be reflected in how you take care of your body.

1. Rethink your cooking oils — The oils you use in your meals have a major impact on how your cells make energy. Seed oils like canola, soybean, sunflower, safflower, corn, and grapeseed are high in linoleic acid (LA), which can interfere with mitochondrial function. Swap them for more stable fats like grass fed butter, ghee, or tallow.

Poultry and pork are also high in LA, so choose grass fed beef, lamb, or wild-caught fish to support cleaner energy production at the cellular level. These small changes help you feel clearer, steadier, and more energized throughout the day.

2. Nourish your body with the right carbs — Your brain runs best on glucose, but the type of carbohydrates you eat makes a difference. Start with easy-to-digest options like fruit and white rice, then gradually reintroduce root vegetables, legumes, and whole grains. Aiming for around 250 grams of clean, whole-food carbohydrates per day can support steady energy.

3. Don’t sit your life away — Prolonged sitting and a sedentary lifestyle make you a moving target for conditions like hip pain and osteoarthritis. That’s why I suggest walking at least 7,000 steps a day. You don’t need high-intensity workouts; walking, light strength training, or stretching can do the job.

4. Enjoy the sun — Get direct sun exposure on bare skin each day, ideally without sunscreen for short, safe periods. However, if your diet is high in canola, soybean, sunflower, or generic vegetable oils, you may be flooding your tissues with LA, which builds up in your skin and oxidizes easily.

This increases your sensitivity to sun damage, especially during peak hours between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. To protect your skin and support healthy vitamin D production, remove seed oils from your diet for at least six months before spending extended time in high-intensity sunlight.

Leisure isn’t about checking out or doing nothing; it’s time meant to help you reset. But when most of it turns into scrolling, napping, or zoning out, you often end up feeling more drained than restored.

Leisure crafting offers a better alternative: it’s low-effort but still intentional, giving you a way to unwind without slipping into habits that sap your energy. And when you choose how to spend your downtime instead of letting it disappear, you create a fuller life — one that supports your health, strengthens your relationships, and leaves your days feeling more intentional than wasted.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Hobbies and Leisure Crafting

Q: What is leisure crafting, and how is it different from having a hobby?
A: Leisure crafting means approaching hobbies with intention — setting goals, learning something new, or doing them socially. Research shows this purposeful mindset can boost meaning, creativity, and even work satisfaction.

Q: Can hobbies improve mental and brain health?
A: Yes. Studies show that creative hobbies like dancing, painting, reading, cooking, and even strategy gaming are linked to better mood, stronger memory, and brain function that looks biologically younger.

Q: I’m not artistic. Can I still benefit from creative hobbies?
A: Absolutely. Creativity isn’t about talent; it’s about engagement. Handwriting, doodling, rearranging your space, or even making tea with intention can all activate the brain and support mental well-being.

Q: How can I find the right hobby for me?
A: Start by asking what made you happy as a child, what kind of energy you want more of, and what gently challenges you. The best hobby is one you’ll enjoy enough to return to.

Q: What are some small lifestyle shifts that support my hobbies?
A: Simple changes like walking daily, cutting back on seed oils, getting sunlight, and eating nutrient-dense whole foods can improve energy and focus — helping you stay present and engaged in the hobbies you love.

Depression is characterized by persistent low mood, loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities, disrupted sleep, low energy, and impaired concentration. When it goes untreated it raises your risk of disability, chronic disease, and early death.

You feel it before you name it — the weight that settles over you when the alarm goes off, the way phone calls go unanswered, the dishes that pile up because standing at the sink feels like too much. Depression doesn’t just darken your mood; it steals the small actions that hold a life together.

Exercise isn’t a recent wellness trend. It’s been a serious contender in clinical depression research for decades — often outperforming the drugs many default to. For more than two decades, evidence has pointed to movement as a core therapeutic tool, and I have emphasized exercise as a primary treatment option throughout that time.

The earliest widely cited randomized trial to directly compare exercise with an antidepressant for major depressive disorder was published in JAMA in 1999 by James Blumenthal and colleagues, showing exercise performed about as well as an antidepressant in adults with depression.1 A follow-up paper suggested that people who exercised maintained better outcomes over time.2

Even earlier work, going back to the late 1960s, showed antidepressant-level effects when exercise was compared with inactive controls.3,4

Despite that history, most modern treatment pathways still begin elsewhere. Antidepressant drugs often come first, with psychotherapy added when available. Medication rarely improves physical health or energy production and frequently introduces side effects that complicate recovery. Psychotherapy helps many people develop insight and coping skills, yet access remains uneven and progress slows when the underlying biology remains strained.

Depression isn’t a mood problem in isolation. It reflects disrupted energy production, chronic stress signaling, and loss of daily rhythms that anchor wellbeing — not simply a “chemical imbalance” in the brain. When your body perceives ongoing threat — whether from work pressure, poor sleep, or metabolic dysfunction — it keeps pumping out stress hormones like cortisol.

Over time, this chronic signaling exhausts your adrenals, disrupts sleep architecture, and shrinks brain regions involved in mood regulation. Movement addresses those systems directly. That long arc of evidence is why exercise remains an essential part of depression treatment — and why it matters to examine what modern analyses now confirm.

Exercise Stands Toe to Toe with Standard Depression Care

For a systematic review published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, researchers examined whether structured exercise truly reduces depression symptoms and how it compares with doing nothing, taking antidepressants, or receiving psychological therapy.5

The review analyzed 73 randomized controlled trials, the most rigorous form of clinical evidence, involving at least 4,985 adults diagnosed with depression. Some participants exercised alone, others exercised while also receiving medication or therapy, and others were placed on waiting lists or usual care.

• Exercise consistently reduced depression symptoms — Across 57 trials comparing exercise to no treatment or inactive controls, depressive symptoms dropped significantly by the end of treatment. In other words, people who moved their bodies felt noticeably better than those who did not. When the researchers looked only at the highest-quality trials, the benefit remained, just slightly smaller, showing the effect was real rather than exaggerated by weak study design.

• The rate of improvement rivaled medications and therapy — When exercise was compared directly with antidepressant drugs or psychological therapy, the review found little to no difference in how much symptoms improved.

That means exercise worked about as well as the treatments most often prescribed, without requiring a prescription or long wait times. Benefits appeared in adults with varying depression severity and across different exercise types. No single demographic group “owned” the benefit, which means you do not need a specific profile to gain from movement.

• What improved was daily functioning, not just mood scores — The researchers looked at the “gold standard” tools for measuring depression, which track specific things that interfere with your day, like how you’re sleeping, your energy levels, and your ability to focus. While the study found that broad “quality of life” scores were hit-or-miss, the fact that these core symptom scores dropped significantly suggests that exercise is hitting the very things that make depression so heavy.

• Exercise compared favorably on side effects — Adverse events from exercise were uncommon and mainly involved mild muscle or joint discomfort. In contrast, participants taking antidepressants reported diarrhea, fatigue, and sexual dysfunction. This contrast matters if you want symptom relief without trading one problem for another.

• The findings open the door to smarter personalization — Exercise was “no more or less effective than psychological or pharmacological treatments” for reducing depression symptoms at the end of treatment. That positions movement not as a “nice add-on,” but as a core option you can use actively, track, and build confidence around as you see progress week by week.

So, the debate is settled: exercise works. But knowing that movement helps isn’t enough when you’re struggling to get off the couch. The real question becomes practical — what kind of exercise, how much, and how hard? A massive 2024 analysis provides the answers.6

Which Types of Exercise Deliver the Strongest Relief?

For a study published in the BMJ, researchers examined which forms and doses of exercise work best for adults with major depression by comparing many interventions at once.7 This review pooled data from 218 randomized trials, covering 14,170 participants, allowing direct and indirect comparisons across exercise styles, medications, therapy, and control conditions.

This moves beyond “exercise works” to “which exercise gives the most return for your effort.” The findings showed exercise reduced symptoms across the board.

• Rates of improvement differed by exercise type — Compared with active controls such as usual care, dancing was beneficial, and walking or jogging produced moderate reductions in depression scores, with similar improvements seen from yoga and strength training. Mixed aerobic exercise and tai chi or qigong also delivered clear benefits. In practical terms, several paths worked, but some moved the needle more than others.

Strength training and yoga had lower dropout rates than many other interventions. People stuck with them. That matters because consistency drives results. An approach you continue beats one you abandon after two weeks.

• Intensity shaped results more than time spent — Higher-intensity exercise produced stronger symptom reductions than lighter activity, even when total weekly exercise time was similar. Intensity here refers to how challenging the activity feels, such as brisk walking versus casual strolling. This helps you focus effort wisely instead of simply adding more minutes.

• Specific groups showed different strengths — Women tended to benefit more from strength training, while yoga and similar practices showed stronger effects in older adults. These patterns support personalization. Matching the exercise to who you are increases confidence and follow-through. When effects were compared side by side, some exercise modalities outperformed antidepressants alone and matched psychotherapy outcomes.

• Exercise works through several overlapping routes rather than one single switch — These include improved brain signaling, better stress regulation, increased self-confidence from repeated success, and social engagement when exercise occurs in groups.

Activities with clear structure and measurable progress, such as adding weight in strength training or increasing pace during walks, supported confidence. Each completed session acts like a scorecard, reinforcing belief in your ability to influence how you feel.

• The practical takeaway focused on choice and challenge — The findings emphasize selecting an exercise you tolerate well, then gradually increasing difficulty to maintain progress. This approach manages mental load, builds momentum, and turns treatment into an active skill you control rather than a passive intervention.

How to Manage Depression with Exercise and Foundational Lifestyle Support

Research gives us the map, but you still have to walk the path. The following steps translate these findings into a daily practice you can start this week — beginning with the simplest, most forgiving form of movement and building from there.

Exercise sets the foundation, but recovery strengthens when you also address dietary fats, gut-brain signaling, light exposure, and inhibitory neurotransmitters that quiet an overactivated nervous system. Here is how to put those pieces together without overload.

1. Start with daily walking and build a stable base — Daily walking is an effective entry point because it improves mood regulation and energy production without overstimulating stress hormones. Start with 10 minutes immediately after waking — before you check your phone, before coffee, before your mind talks you out of it.

Add five minutes each week until you reach 30 minutes, then hold there for a month before building toward one hour. That daily rhythm teaches your brain that movement equals relief, which steadily reduces depressive symptoms.

2. Add simple, repeatable strength or mobility work — Once walking feels routine, layer in light strength training or gentle bodyweight movements two to three times per week. Keep the structure basic and predictable. Clear structure lowers mental load and removes decision fatigue, which often worsens low mood.

A minimal starting routine might include: 10 bodyweight squats, 10 wall push-ups, and a 20-second plank — done twice through. This takes under five minutes and requires no equipment. As this becomes easy, add resistance bands or light dumbbells.

3. Increase intensity carefully and avoid extremes — Here’s the cruel irony of depression: the very thing that helps most — movement — is the last thing you want to do. Your brain lies to you, insisting rest will help. It won’t. Start so small that motivation becomes irrelevant. You don’t need to feel like exercising. You just need to stand up.

From there, start walking and progress gradually by walking faster, adding light resistance, or shortening rest periods. Avoid pushing intense exercise too frequently. Pounding yourself with intense workouts backfires.

It spikes cortisol, fragments sleep, and leaves you more depleted than before. A simple test: you should finish your workout feeling more energized than when you started. If you feel wiped out, need a nap, or dread the next session, you’ve pushed too hard. Scale back and rebuild more gradually.

4. Reduce linoleic acid (LA) to repair mood and energy regulation — LA, a polyunsaturated fat found in vegetable oils and ultraprocessed foods, accumulates in tissues and interferes with mitochondrial energy production that supports stable mood. Mitochondria are the energy-producing structures inside every cell. When they falter, your brain doesn’t get the fuel it needs to regulate mood, motivation, and focus.

Think of them as tiny power plants — when they run low on fuel or get clogged with the wrong inputs, the whole system slows down. When you consume excess LA over months and years, it embeds itself in your cell membranes, including those of your mitochondria.

Once there, it makes those membranes more prone to oxidative damage — essentially rusting from the inside. This impairs energy production and increases inflammation, both of which worsen depression. Eliminate oils such as soybean, corn, sunflower, and safflower. Replace them with whole foods and stable fats like grass fed butter, ghee, or tallow.

Keep LA intake under 5 grams per day, ideally closer to 2 grams, to allow brain and metabolic function to normalize. To help you track your intake, download my Mercola Health Coach app when it’s available. It includes a feature called the Seed Oil Sleuth, designed to monitor your LA intake down to a tenth of a gram.

5. Rebuild gut health and circadian rhythm together — Your gut and brain communicate constantly, and poor digestion raises inflammation that worsens depression. Your vagus nerve carries signals directly from your gut to your brain. When gut bacteria are imbalanced or your intestinal lining is inflamed, those signals carry alarm messages — promoting anxiety and lowering mood.

Support this connection by eating enough carbohydrates to fuel energy production, roughly 250 grams daily for most adults, more if you’re active. Start with easy-to-digest options such as fruit and white rice, then slowly add root vegetables and well-cooked legumes as tolerance improves.

Pair this with daily morning sunlight exposure to reinforce circadian rhythm, improve sleep quality, and stabilize mood-related hormones. Aim for 10 to 20 minutes of direct sunlight within the first hour of waking — ideally without sunglasses, which block the light wavelengths that signal your brain to reset its clock. Overcast days still help; you’ll just need longer exposure.

6. Calm your nervous system by supporting GABA and daily rhythm — Depression often involves an overactive stress response and low inhibitory signaling in your brain. GABA is the primary calming neurotransmitter that helps quiet excessive neural firing. Think of it like your brain’s natural brake pedal. While other neurotransmitters accelerate thoughts and reactions, GABA slows the firing so your nervous system can rest.

Without enough of it, your brain stays stuck in overdrive — anxious, restless, and unable to settle. Supplemental GABA supports relaxation and sleep quality without disrupting brain chemistry. I recommend a dose of 500 milligrams (mg) to 2,000 mg (2 grams) daily.

Lower doses around 100 mg have also shown benefits. Combining GABA with the amino acid L-theanine further enhances these effects. L-theanine mimics GABA’s calming action, essentially fitting into the same locks that GABA opens, which amplifies the relaxation effect.

When daily movement, dietary fat quality, gut and circadian support, and calming neurotransmitter balance work together, depression loses its biological footing. This approach restores energy and emotional stability gradually, without relying on extremes that derail recovery.

FAQs About Exercise and Depression

Q: What does depression look like beyond low mood?
A: Depression commonly involves disrupted sleep, low energy, impaired concentration, and loss of interest in daily activities. Over time, these symptoms interfere with physical health, relationships, and work, increasing the risk of chronic disease and early death.

Q: How effective is exercise compared with antidepressant medication?
A: Large clinical reviews show structured exercise reduces depression symptoms to a similar degree as antidepressant drugs and psychotherapy for many adults. In direct comparisons, exercise performed about as well as medication at the end of treatment, with fewer reported side effects.

Q: Does the type of exercise matter for depression relief?
A: Yes. Walking or jogging, strength training, yoga, dancing, and mixed aerobic exercise all reduce symptoms, but adherence and effectiveness vary. Strength training and yoga tend to have lower dropout rates, while higher-intensity activity produces stronger improvements than light movement alone when done appropriately.

Q: Why is daily walking emphasized as a starting point?
A: Daily walking improves mood regulation and energy production without overstimulating stress hormones. It’s easy to sustain, supports consistency, and builds momentum. Gradually increasing toward one hour per day provides steady benefits without triggering burnout.

Q: Why do diet, gut health, and circadian rhythm matter alongside exercise?
A: Depression reflects disrupted energy production and chronic stress signaling. Reducing LA intake supports mitochondrial function, adequate carbohydrates help stabilize gut-brain signaling, morning sunlight reinforces circadian rhythm, and calming neurotransmitters like GABA help quiet an overactive nervous system. Together with exercise, these factors address depression at its biological roots.

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Take today’s quiz to see how much you’ve learned from yesterday’s Mercola.com article.

What major change was made to the childhood vaccine schedule?

Fewer vaccines are universally recommended for all children

Officials reduced the number of vaccines recommended for all children and reorganized the schedule into clearer categories. Learn more.

Several vaccines were removed from national access programs
Only high-risk groups now receive any routine vaccines
Parents need to apply for exemptions before every dose

In 2024, the U.S. recommended more childhood vaccine doses than any other peer developed nation, and more than twice as many as some European countries.1 That single comparison, published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), reframes a debate that for years asked whether parents were complying rather than whether the schedule itself held up under scrutiny.

Denmark vaccinates children against 10 diseases, while the U.S. schedule in 2024 vaccinated against 18. That gap raises an uncomfortable question: when did the U.S. stop asking whether more doses meant better protection? At the same time, public trust in U.S. health institutions fell from 72% to 40% between 2020 and 2024.2 Childhood vaccination rates declined during that same period.

By 2023, fewer than 1 in 10 children had received the COVID-19 shot — despite its placement on the routine schedule. That disconnect between recommendation and uptake signaled a deeper credibility problem and followed years of mandates, emergency authorizations, and heated public conflict. Those trends set the stage for a federal review that would question not just individual vaccines, but the structure of the entire schedule.

The result is a revised childhood vaccination schedule that reorganizes vaccines into categories — universal, high-risk, and shared clinical decision-making — while preserving insurance coverage for every previously recommended product. The changes touch dosing, how certain vaccines are classified, and what role parents and physicians play in the decision process.

Federal officials also committed to stronger long-term research standards, including placebo-controlled trials and extended observational studies. To understand what shifted, why officials say the evidence supports it, and how it affects your family’s choices, here is what the federal review found and what the updated framework looks like in practice.

Video Link

How Federal Officials Restructured the Childhood Vaccine Schedule

On January 5, 2026, Jim O’Neill, who was serving as acting director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), signed a decision memorandum accepting recommendations from a “comprehensive scientific assessment” of U.S. childhood vaccination practices.3

The review followed a Presidential Memorandum directing HHS and CDC to examine how peer developed nations structure their vaccine schedules and to update the U.S. schedule if “superior approaches exist abroad.”4 The schedule itself — not just individual vaccines — came under formal federal scrutiny.

• A more focused universal list was adopted — O’Neill stated, “The data support a more focused schedule that protects children from the most serious infectious diseases while improving clarity, adherence, and public confidence.”5
Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by viruses or bacteria that spread from person to person, such as measles, polio, or whooping cough. A focused schedule means fewer vaccines fall under the “recommended for all” category, while others shift to different classifications. For you, that translates into more individualized decision points.

• Gold standard science was formally emphasized — HHS called for “more and better gold standard science, including placebo-controlled randomized trials and long-term observational studies.”6
A placebo-controlled randomized trial means one group receives the vaccine and another receives an inactive substance, with neither participants nor researchers knowing who received which during the study. Long-term observational studies track health outcomes over extended periods. That commitment signals that future policy decisions aim to rely on stronger comparative safety data.

• Three clear categories were maintained — The revised framework keeps three buckets: vaccines recommended for all children, vaccines for certain high-risk groups, and vaccines based on shared clinical decision-making. High-risk groups include children with specific medical conditions or unusual exposure risks.
Shared clinical decision-making means parents and physicians weigh individual factors rather than following a blanket rule. That structure increases your role in the final choice.

• Implementation includes education and monitoring — HHS and CDC announced they will work with state health agencies and physician groups to educate parents and clinicians on the updated schedules and continue monitoring vaccine uptake and safety data.

What the Updated Vaccine Schedule Looks Like in Practice

An HHS fact sheet outlined how the revised schedule now distinguishes between vaccines recommended for all children and those assigned to other categories.7 The document explains that, unlike the end of 2024 schedule that recommended 17 vaccines for all children, the updated schedule limits universal recommendations to vaccines for which there is international consensus, along with varicella (chickenpox).

• You now have more room to evaluate what fits your child — The updated schedule reassigns several vaccines from the “recommended for all” list to high-risk or shared decision-making categories, giving families choices rather than a single directive. As the HHS fact sheet puts it, the framework “allows for more flexibility and choice, with less coercion.”

• Human papillomavirus (HPV) dosing was reduced based on cited evidence — The fact sheet reports that “recent scientific studies have shown that one dose of the HPV vaccine is as effective as two doses” and that the CDC is following several peer nations by recommending one instead of two doses.
To put this dosing change in context: HPV is extremely common among sexually active adults, and in more than 90% of cases, the body clears the infection on its own within two years.8 Cervical cancer risk is primarily associated with long-term, untreated infections—which routine Pap smears are designed to detect early.

• Certain vaccines shift to high-risk status — Vaccinations for respiratory syncytial virus, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, dengue, and meningococcal ACWY and B are now recommended for certain high-risk groups or populations. Hepatitis refers to liver infection, and meningococcal disease is a serious bacterial infection that can cause meningitis, meaning swelling of the brain and spinal cord lining.
This shift signals that these vaccines are no longer categorized as universal. Instead, risk factors determine relevance.

• Shared decision-making applies to additional vaccines — The fact sheet lists rotavirus, COVID-19, influenza, meningococcal disease, hepatitis A, and hepatitis B under shared clinical decision-making in certain contexts. Under this framework, your child’s medical history and exposure risk shape the conversation. The CDC explicitly states that when public health authorities cannot clearly define who benefits, physicians and parents “are then best equipped to decide.”

• Insurance coverage remains broad and intact — The document emphasizes that “all the diseases covered by the previous immunization schedule will still be available to anyone who wants them” through Affordable Care Act plans, Medicaid, the Children’s Health Insurance Program, and the Vaccines for Children program. Families “will not have to purchase them out of pocket.”

Use This Policy Shift to Make Informed, Individualized Decisions

If you’re reading this and feeling a mix of validation and uncertainty, that’s understandable. For years, the schedule was presented as a settled question. Now that federal officials have acknowledged it wasn’t, parents face the task of re-evaluating decisions they may have already made — and making new ones under a framework that allows for greater flexibility and choice.

The steps below are designed to help you move through that process with clarity rather than anxiety. Federal health officials have reframed the childhood vaccination schedule to emphasize clarity, categorization, and individualized decision-making. That change gives you more defined decision points. Instead of assuming every vaccine belongs in the same category, you now have a structure that invites closer evaluation.

1. Weigh benefits against risks using primary evidence — When a vaccine is presented, don’t stop at the summary. Look up the clinical trial data that supported approval — you can find it on ClinicalTrials.gov by searching the vaccine name. Look at how long participants were monitored and what outcomes were tracked.
Pay attention to how adverse events were defined and recorded, as well as any conflicts of interest. When you compare the severity and frequency of the disease against the documented side effects, you move from assumption to analysis. That process sharpens judgment and builds confidence.

2. Use the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) as an awareness dashboard — VAERS collects reports of reactions following vaccination. It operates as a passive reporting system, which means events are logged only when someone — a patient, parent, or clinician — files a report. Because of that design, VAERS typically captures only a fraction of actual events, so the data reflect reported patterns, not complete totals.
Still, reviewing VAERS entries through public databases exposes you to real-world outcomes that don’t appear in marketing summaries. Use it as an awareness tool — a window into trends that deserve attention.

3. Examine how recommendations apply to your child’s situation — Age, health history, exposure risk, and family medical patterns all influence risk-benefit balance. A healthy child with minimal exposure risk faces a different equation than a child with underlying conditions or frequent travel. Use the updated categories as prompts to ask targeted questions. The goal is alignment between evidence and individual circumstance, not automatic acceptance.

4. Ask focused questions during shared decision discussions — When a vaccine falls under shared clinical decision-making, prepare in advance. Ask how common the disease is in your area, how severe it typically presents, and what age groups face the greatest complications.

5. Build strong health foundations alongside any medical decisions — Immune resilience is built upon daily habits. Prioritize nutrient-dense food, adequate protein to support immune cells, sufficient carbohydrates for cellular energy, consistent sleep, and regular sun exposure. Healthy mitochondria — the energy engines inside your cells — strengthen immune response.
And be sure to support your child’s gut health. Roughly 70% of the immune system is housed in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, so microbial diversity directly influences immune competence. When your child’s baseline health is strong, every decision rests on a more stable foundation.

Frequently Asked Questions About the New Childhood Vaccine Schedule

Q: What exactly changed in the childhood vaccine schedule?
A: Federal health officials reduced the number of vaccines recommended for all children and reorganized the schedule into three categories: vaccines for all children, vaccines for certain high-risk groups, and vaccines based on shared clinical decision-making. This brings the U.S. closer to how other developed nations structure their schedules.

Q: Does this mean some vaccines are no longer available?
A: No. Every vaccine that was previously recommended remains available and fully covered under Affordable Care Act plans, Medicaid, the Children’s Health Insurance Program, and the Vaccines for Children program. The change affects how vaccines are categorized and recommended, not whether families can access them.

Q: What is shared clinical decision-making?
A: Shared clinical decision-making means you and your child’s physician evaluate the risks and benefits based on your child’s individual health history, age, and exposure risk. Instead of a universal directive, the decision becomes personalized. This framework increases your role in determining what’s appropriate for your family.

Q: Why was the schedule revised?
A: A federal scientific review compared the U.S. schedule with those of peer developed nations and found that the U.S. recommended more vaccines for all children than many other countries. Officials stated the updated structure focuses on vaccines with international consensus while committing to stronger long-term research standards, including placebo-controlled trials and extended observational studies.

Q: How should parents approach decisions under the new framework?
A: Start by reviewing the category a vaccine falls into and examine the supporting evidence. Compare the severity and frequency of the disease with documented side effects. Use public data sources such as VAERS as awareness tools. Ask targeted questions during shared decision discussions. At the same time, strengthen your child’s immune resilience through nutrition, sleep, movement, and regular sun exposure so every decision rests on a strong health foundation.

Test Your Knowledge with Today’s Quiz!

Take today’s quiz to see how much you’ve learned from yesterday’s Mercola.com article.

How did people preserve food before refrigeration and synthetic additives?

By burying foods in underground storages year-round
By putting their food in covered clay pots
By covering food in banana or other large leaves
By drying, fermenting, curing, and pickling foods
Before refrigeration, traditional methods like drying and fermenting extended shelf life without synthetic chemicals. Learn more.

Arthritis is stealing years from American workers. Not the final years — the prime ones. New data show this isn’t a condition confined to old age or occasional discomfort. Arthritis is characterized by joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced range of motion, and as it progresses, it steadily erodes physical confidence and independence. When joints lose strength and stability, routine movement becomes a daily challenge rather than an afterthought.

Arthritis interferes with how people move through their day, how they commute, and how reliably they meet the physical demands of work. Tasks that once felt automatic — standing for long periods, climbing stairs, lifting objects — begin to feel difficult. Over time, those limitations accumulate and alter how long people remain active in the workforce and how fully they participate in everyday life.

What makes this trend especially troubling is its trajectory. Despite years of public health efforts aimed at reducing arthritis-related limitations, the burden has actually grown — rising from 36% to nearly 44% over the past two decades. We’re losing ground.

Disability linked to arthritis continues to affect working-age adults at high rates. Why has arthritis-related disability remained so resistant to change, and which factors most strongly determine who loses mobility and work capacity? The answers emerge by looking closely at national data and the patterns hidden inside it.

Arthritis Is a Major Driver of Work Disability in Adults

Research published in Arthritis Care & Research analyzed data from the 2019 and 2023 National Health Interview Survey to measure arthritis-attributable activity limitations among U.S. adults.1 The study evaluated people who reported a doctor diagnosis of arthritis and then asked whether joint symptoms limited their activities or ability to work.

• Nearly 1 in 2 adults with arthritis now struggles with basic daily movement — Arthritis-related limitations have become the norm rather than the exception. About 24.8 million adults reported difficulty performing routine activities because of their joints, a level of impairment that affects nearly half of everyone living with the condition.

These limitations show up in ordinary moments — moving through a workspace, navigating stairs, or remaining on your feet long enough to finish a task — turning arthritis into a daily functional barrier rather than an occasional source of pain.

• Arthritis limits the ability to work for 40% of working-age adults — For adults still in the workforce, arthritis often reaches far beyond physical discomfort. Survey responses reveal that a large share of people between 18 and 64 experience job-related consequences tied directly to joint problems, totaling close to 10 million individuals nationwide.2

Consider what this means practically: In a room of 10 working adults with arthritis, four are struggling to do their jobs — not because they lack motivation or skill, but because their bodies are failing them during the years they most need to earn.

When arthritis interferes during prime working years, it undermines earning power, increases job insecurity, and shortens the window of financial independence long before retirement becomes relevant.

• Problems with walking and stairs were central to disability risk — Among respondents, 68% of people with difficulty walking, climbing stairs, or moving confidently reported greater work limitations. Once joints stop supporting basic movement, work capacity drops fast.

This helps explain why desk accommodations alone rarely solve the problem. Adults over 65 were excluded from work analyses, yet researchers noted that many Americans now work past traditional retirement age. This suggests the true burden is larger than reported.

• Disability risk rose sharply with coexisting chronic diseases — People with arthritis who also reported heart disease, stroke, cancer, anxiety, or depression faced a much higher risk of work limitation. By contrast, only 23% of those who rated their health as “excellent” reported arthritis-related work problems. This shows that arthritis stacks damage on top of existing health strain rather than acting in isolation.

Conditions like diabetes, heart disease, and obesity share a common denominator: chronic metabolic inflammation. Elevated blood sugar damages collagen. Insulin resistance impairs tissue repair. Systemic inflammation keeps joints in a perpetual state of breakdown. This explains why strategies targeting metabolic health — not just joint symptoms — offer the most leverage.

• Certain groups carried a heavier burden — Hispanic adults, veterans, and individuals without a college education reported higher rates of work limitations. Researchers noted that these patterns likely reflect more physically demanding jobs, past injuries, or long-term strain. For readers in trades or manual labor, this highlights why arthritis hits earlier and harder.

By documenting persistent disability across years and populations, the research shows that arthritis remains a leading driver of lost productivity and quality of life. These numbers tell a story of accumulated loss — lost mobility, lost income, lost independence.

But they also reveal something important: arthritis-related disability isn’t random. It follows predictable patterns, which means it can be interrupted. The question isn’t whether joint damage can be slowed or reversed — research shows it can. The question is whether you’re addressing the right targets.

Arthritis-Related Limitations Were Already Rising Long Before the Latest Data

A U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report based on National Health Interview Survey data from 2013 to 2015 documented a clear rise in arthritis-attributable activity limitations, even though the overall number of Americans diagnosed with arthritis had remained relatively stable since 2002.3

At the time, more than 54 million adults reported doctor-diagnosed arthritis, and nearly half said joint pain, stiffness, and damage interfered with everyday activities. The share of people reporting limitations rose from 36% in 2002 to 43.5% by 2013 to 2015, an increase of about 20% over roughly 15 years. This older dataset matters because it shows the disability trend was already moving in the wrong direction long before the most recent survey years captured in newer studies.

• The type of limitations measured mirror what current studies still report — Survey questions centered on ordinary tasks such as lifting grocery bags, walking a few blocks, getting out of bed, or picking items up from the floor.

An Arthritis Foundation survey conducted during the same period found that 56% of respondents struggled to pick up objects and 47% had difficulty getting in and out of bed. These are the same functional losses now seen in more recent national analyses, reinforcing that the problem has persisted rather than resolved.

• Emotional strain accompanied physical decline, compounding disability — Functional loss doesn’t stay physical. When your joints can’t carry you to social gatherings, when standing through a dinner party feels impossible, isolation follows.

The CDC found that 60% of people with arthritis-related limitations felt left out of activities they once enjoyed. Half reported feeling hopeless. This emotional toll isn’t separate from the physical decline — it accelerates it. Depression reduces movement, reduced movement worsens joints, and the cycle tightens.

• Disparities identified then still shape today’s burden — CDC officials noted that African-American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic multiracial adults reported arthritis-related limitations more often than white adults. These differences were linked to variations in job demands, access to care, and rates of other chronic diseases. The persistence of these disparities helps contextualize why newer studies continue to show uneven impacts across populations.

Even in the 2013 to 2015 data, nearly two-thirds of adults with arthritis were overweight or obese, and many also had heart disease or diabetes. Among respondents, 49% of those with heart disease, 47% with diabetes, and 30% with obesity reported arthritis-related limitations. This pattern clarifies that arthritis-related disability has long clustered with other chronic conditions, setting the stage for the high rates still observed today.

• Working-age adults already made up the majority of cases — The CDC report challenged the idea that arthritis is primarily a disease of older adults. Nearly 60% of people with arthritis were under age 65. These working-age adults also showed lower employment rates than those without arthritis, indicating that functional limitations were already interfering with work years before the most recent surveys.

• Movement-based strategies were identified early but widely underused — The CDC emphasized physical activity as a key modifier of disability, citing evidence that regular movement reduces arthritis pain and improves function by nearly 40%. Yet even then, few people met activity recommendations, and about one-third reported almost no movement at all.

Disease-management programs showed additional reductions in pain, fatigue, and depression of 10% to 20%, but only about 1 in 10 people participated. The persistence of these gaps helps explain why more recent studies still show high levels of arthritis-related disability rather than meaningful improvement.

6 Ways to Stop Joint Destruction and Rebuild from Within

If joint pain is dictating how you move through your day, pretending it isn’t there won’t slow the damage. Arthritis doesn’t just happen — it progresses when inflammation runs unchecked, tissue repair grinds to a halt, and your cells lose the energy they need to heal.

The answer isn’t masking symptoms with painkillers. It’s identifying what’s driving the destruction in the first place, preserving the tissue you still have, and giving your body what it needs to rebuild. If you recognize yourself in these statistics — or fear you’re heading there — here’s what the research suggests you focus on.

1. Eliminate seed oils — the hidden engine of joint inflammation — If you’re still cooking with vegetable oils, your joints are under constant inflammatory assault. Soybean, canola, corn, safflower, and sunflower oils are packed with linoleic acid (LA), a polyunsaturated fat that triggers oxidative damage deep inside your joint tissue.

When you consume excess LA, it gets incorporated into your cell membranes. There, it’s highly vulnerable to oxidation — think of it like leaving butter out to go rancid. This oxidation produces inflammatory compounds that directly damage cartilage cells and keep your immune system on high alert.

Getting these oils out of your kitchen is one of the most powerful changes you can make. Switch to grass fed butter, ghee, or tallow. Once your LA intake drops, you’re finally giving your joints a chance to recover from that relentless inflammatory pressure.

2. Protect your cartilage with vitamin K2 — Cartilage breakdown is slow erosion, not sudden collapse. Two forces drive it: inflammation that kills cartilage cells faster than they can regenerate, and calcium that deposits in soft tissue where it stiffens and degrades the joint. Vitamin K2 addresses both. It shields your cartilage cells from destruction and keeps calcium out of your joints, where it accelerates stiffness and degeneration.

The best food sources are grass fed egg yolks, aged cheeses, and fermented foods like natto or homemade sauerkraut. If you want additional support, 180 to 200 mcg of the MK-7 form daily offers excellent absorption and reinforces joint integrity over time.

3. Make real bone broth a daily staple — If your joints feel unstable, weak, or easily aggravated, they’re starving for raw materials. Homemade bone broth delivers exactly what they need — collagen, glycine, glucosamine, and chondroitin.

These are the building blocks your body uses to repair cartilage and connective tissue while dialing down inflammation. Use grass fed, organic bones and don’t skip the cartilage-rich parts like chicken feet. Sip it throughout the day so your joints receive steady nourishment rather than a quick hit that fades.

4. Reduce the mechanical load on your joints — Joint pain isn’t purely biochemical — it’s mechanical. Mechanical stress and biochemical inflammation aren’t separate problems — they amplify each other. Excess weight increases joint loading, which accelerates cartilage breakdown. Damaged cartilage releases inflammatory debris, which sensitizes pain receptors and weakens surrounding tissue, making even normal loads feel excessive. Addressing both simultaneously breaks this cycle.

Every extra pound you carry translates to roughly four pounds of additional force across your knees. That pressure compounds with every single step. Even modest weight loss takes immediate stress off damaged joints. Cutting out vegetable oils, walking daily within your tolerance, and getting morning sunlight all support your metabolism naturally — no extreme dieting required.

5. Restore mitochondrial function to tame autoimmune flares — When arthritis flares feel aggressive or unpredictable, something deeper has gone wrong. Your immune system has lost its ability to regulate itself at the cellular level. Healthy mitochondria are essential here — they help activate your body’s natural inflammation off-switch.

Your mitochondria do more than produce energy — they also signal your immune cells when to stand down. When mitochondria function well, they produce metabolites that activate regulatory T cells, the immune system’s peacekeepers. When mitochondrial function falters, this signaling breaks down, and inflammatory immune responses run unchecked.

You can support mitochondrial health by eating healthy carbohydrates like fiber-rich whole fruit. Beneficial gut bacteria ferment fiber into short-chain fatty acids, particularly butyrate. Butyrate serves as a preferred fuel source for mitochondria in your gut lining and immune cells. Well-fueled mitochondria produce the signals that tell your immune system to resolve inflammation rather than perpetuate it.

Daily movement, regular sun exposure, and — again — eliminating vegetable oils are fundamentals to help your immune cells find their balance again. Research also shows that dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) improves joint flexibility in rheumatoid arthritis by 20 to 30 degrees in some cases, without relapse.4

6. Build strength without stressing damaged joints — Traditional strength training often feels impossible when your joints are inflamed or unstable. Blood flow restriction training, including KAATSU, changes that equation entirely.

By using specialized bands to partially restrict venous blood flow, you can trigger significant muscle growth and strength gains using remarkably light weights. For someone with arthritis, this might mean doing arm curls with 3-pound weights instead of 15-pound weights while achieving similar muscle-building stimulus.

This means you can rebuild the muscle that supports and stabilizes your joints without grinding them down further. For people with arthritis, this approach offers something rare: a way to get stronger and more mobile while actually protecting vulnerable tissue. It’s one of the most underutilized tools for restoring confidence in a body that feels like it’s working against you.

FAQs About Arthritis and Work Limitations

Q: Why does arthritis interfere with work for so many adults?
A: Arthritis limits work because it directly affects mobility, strength, and endurance. When joints hurt, stiffen, or lose range of motion, everyday job requirements such as standing, walking, lifting, climbing stairs, or even sitting for long periods become difficult. National data show that nearly 40% of working-age adults with arthritis report work limitations, making it a leading driver of reduced productivity and early workforce exit.

Q: Is arthritis mainly a problem for older adults?
A: No. While arthritis risk increases with age, most adults with doctor-diagnosed arthritis are under 65. These working-age adults often face the greatest disruption because joint limitations collide with job demands, commuting, and family responsibilities. Arthritis-related disability frequently begins years before retirement.

Q: Why has arthritis-related disability remained so high over time?
A: Disability rates remain high because arthritis rarely travels alone. It clusters with obesity, diabetes, heart disease, anxiety, and depression — conditions that share underlying drivers like chronic inflammation and impaired cellular metabolism.

Each condition worsens the others. Targeting symptoms in isolation misses the interconnected nature of the problem. Public health efforts have focused heavily on symptom management rather than addressing the metabolic and inflammatory drivers that accelerate joint damage.

Q: What factors most strongly predict severe arthritis-related limitations?
A: Difficulty with basic movement is the strongest predictor. Problems with walking, climbing stairs, or maintaining balance sharply increase the risk of both activity and work limitations. Poor overall health and the presence of other chronic diseases further raise the likelihood of disability, while people reporting excellent health experience far fewer limitations.

Q: What steps help slow joint damage and restore function?
A: The most effective strategies target root causes. Eliminating vegetable oils lowers chronic inflammation. Vitamin K2 helps protect cartilage and prevent calcium buildup in joints. Bone broth supplies raw materials for tissue repair. Reducing excess body weight lowers mechanical joint stress.
Supporting mitochondrial health through proper nutrition, movement, sunlight, and targeted therapies helps regulate immune-driven inflammation. Strength-building approaches that minimize joint strain, such as blood flow restriction training, also support long-term mobility and confidence.

If you’ve switched to diet soda or sugar-free snacks to protect your health, a year-long study suggests that choice is quietly straining your heart and starving your brain of fuel — even at doses far below what regulators consider safe. Aspartame is one of the most widely used artificial sweeteners, long promoted as a way to reduce sugar intake while keeping foods and drinks sweet.

For decades, it was assumed to pass through your body without effect. New research suggests otherwise — and the changes it causes may take years to surface. Research published in Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy examined long-term, low-dose aspartame intake designed to reflect realistic consumption patterns.1 Some outcomes looked favorable at first. But as the study continued, less obvious physiological changes began to surface.

These shifts didn’t appear right away and would have been missed by short studies or simple lab tests. Only detailed imaging and functional assessments revealed them. That slow, cumulative pattern helps explain why aspartame has maintained a reputation for safety while questions about its long-term effects remain unsettled.

Artificial sweeteners are still framed primarily as weight-management tools. This research redirects attention toward how long-term exposure influences the systems that regulate energy use and organ function. Understanding that shift requires a closer look at what the study measured and why those findings matter for your heart and brain over time.

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Long-Term Aspartame Exposure Strains Your Heart and Alters Brain Function

To capture what short-term studies miss, researchers followed mice for a full year — the rodent equivalent of decades in human life — using aspartame doses that mirror typical human consumption. Rather than using high doses, they gave the animals an amount comparable to about one-sixth of the maximum daily limit allowed for humans, roughly 7 milligrams per kilogram per day.

The goal was to determine how chronic, intermittent exposure affects major organs, especially the heart and brain, at “normal” intake levels. Researchers used 1-year-old mice, roughly equivalent to middle-aged humans, instead of young or developing animals often used in lab studies. The mice ate standard chow and received aspartame in drinking water only three days every two weeks, mimicking real-life patterns where intake fluctuates.

• Weight loss occurred, but it came with clear trade-offs — Mice exposed to aspartame lost about 10% of their body weight over the year, driven largely by a 10% to 20% reduction in body fat. Food intake dropped by roughly 10%, explaining part of the weight loss. On paper, this looks like exactly what diet products promise. But beneath the surface, that weight loss came at a cost no scale could measure.

• Body temperature and energy balance shifted in a way that signals stress — Aspartame-treated mice ran about 0.5 degrees Celsius cooler than controls throughout the study which equals roughly a 0.9-degree Fahrenheit drop in body temperature. Lower body temperature in mammals reflects reduced metabolic output, meaning the body is producing less usable energy.

While caloric restriction research sometimes associates lower body temperature with longevity, this drop occurred alongside organ strain and impaired function — suggesting the body was conserving energy because it couldn’t produce enough, not because it was operating more efficiently.

• Heart structure changed over time — Advanced cardiac MRI revealed mild but measurable heart muscle thickening, known as cardiac hypertrophy, after long-term exposure. The right ventricle showed increased end-systolic volume, meaning more blood remained in the heart after each beat. Think of your heart as a pump. Hypertrophy means the muscle walls are thickening, like a pump working too hard to push water through a clogged pipe.

Over time, this strains the system. And when more blood remains in your heart after each beat (increased end-systolic volume), it’s like a pump that can’t fully empty, reducing efficiency with every cycle. Cardiac output dropped by about 20% to 26%, indicating weaker pumping efficiency. These changes only appeared after many months, which explains why shorter studies miss them.

• Fibrosis and inflammation appeared at the tissue level — When researchers examined heart tissue directly, they found a roughly 1.5-fold increase in fibrotic tissue, meaning stiff scar-like material replacing healthy muscle. Small inflammatory cell clusters also appeared more often in aspartame-treated hearts.

Fibrosis reduces flexibility and efficiency over time, which matters because it sets the stage for long-term cardiac dysfunction. Fibrosis is irreversible — once healthy heart muscle is replaced by stiff, fibrous tissue, it can’t contract properly. This is the same process that underlies many forms of heart failure.

• Brain function followed a troubling pattern — At first, the brain appeared to compensate — glucose uptake actually doubled, as if cells were working overtime to maintain normal function. But this surge couldn’t last. With continued exposure, uptake fell below normal levels, and the brain began to struggle.

The initial spike in glucose uptake may represent the brain’s attempt to compensate for metabolic disruption — working harder to maintain normal function. Over time, this compensatory mechanism appears to fail, leading to the steep decline observed later. By later months, aspartame-treated mice showed about 1.5 times lower glucose uptake than controls. This means brain cells struggled to access fuel over time, which affects focus, memory, and coordination.

• Lactate buildup revealed a brain under stress — Brain scans also showed lactate levels rising up to 2.5 times higher after eight months. Lactate accumulation signals stressed energy systems, similar to what happens when cells rely on inefficient backup pathways. When brain cells can’t efficiently burn glucose, they switch to a backup energy pathway that produces lactate as a byproduct, similar to the burn you feel in muscles during intense exercise.

Chronically elevated lactate in your brain suggests cells are struggling to meet their energy demands. This shift indicates the brain was compensating for impaired fuel handling rather than functioning smoothly. In maze-based memory tests, aspartame-treated mice moved more slowly, covered less distance, and took longer to find targets.

Several animals failed to complete tasks that control mice finished reliably. These results align with disrupted brain energy use rather than motivation or muscle weakness alone. The dose used sat far below regulatory limits, yet still altered heart structure, brain energy use, and behavior.

How to Remove the Metabolic Stress Damaging Your Heart and Brain

These findings raise an uncomfortable question: if aspartame doses well below safety limits caused measurable organ changes in mice over a year, what might decades of diet soda consumption be doing to your heart and brain? The good news is that metabolic stress is often reversible when you remove the cause and restore proper fuel.

If you’ve been reaching for diet drinks believing they were the healthier option, you’re not alone — and you’re not to blame. The marketing around artificial sweeteners has been relentless. What matters now is what you do with this information.

The fastest way to reverse the damage described so far is to remove the metabolic stressor and restore real cellular fuel. This is about removing synthetic signals that confuse your biology and replacing them with real signals your heart, brain, and gut recognize and process properly. The steps below focus on causes, not symptoms.

1. Cut out aspartame and other artificial sweeteners completely — If you’re still drinking diet soda, using sugar-free flavored waters, chewing gum, or taking certain chewable vitamins, those are daily sources of aspartame. Many ultraprocessed foods also contain artificial sweeteners that don’t appear obvious at first glance. Reading labels closely matters because these compounds often hide under alternative names.

Watch for these names on labels: acesulfame potassium (Ace-K), sucralose, saccharin, neotame, and advantame. Also check medications, toothpaste, and mouthwash. Removing artificial sweeteners stops the chronic signal that drove heart strain and brain energy disruption in the study.

2. Replace fake sweetness with real, metabolically supportive sweetness — When artificial sweeteners disappear, your body still expects carbohydrate fuel. Raw honey or small amounts of maple syrup provide natural sugars that your body recognizes and uses for fuel.

If you want to step away from sweeteners altogether, whole fruit does the job while supplying fiber, minerals, and glucose your brain actually uses. This shift supports stable brain energy use rather than the erratic glucose handling seen with long-term aspartame exposure.

3. Remove inflammatory fats that amplify insulin resistance and vascular stress — Inflammation links aspartame exposure with insulin resistance and vascular disease. Cutting artificial sweeteners is only the first step. Vegetable oils remain the largest ongoing dietary driver of inflammation because they’re high in linoleic acid (LA), a polyunsaturated fat. Excess LA fuels oxidative stress and worsens insulin resistance.

Avoiding ultraprocessed foods and cooking at home with tallow, grass fed butter, or ghee lowers this burden and reduces the metabolic pressure that damages blood vessels and your heart over time. Aspartame and vegetable oils both contribute to the same underlying problem: chronic metabolic stress that damages your heart and brain.
Removing aspartame addresses one source, but if inflammatory fats remain high, you’re only solving part of the equation. When artificial sweeteners leave, inflammatory fats disappear, and real fuel returns, your heart and brain regain metabolic stability instead of operating under chronic stress.

4. Rebuild your gut microbiome so fuel reaches your cells properly — Artificial sweeteners disrupt gut bacteria, which affects how nutrients reach your heart and brain. A study in Nature found that artificial sweeteners, including aspartame, alter gut bacteria in ways that actually promote glucose intolerance — the very condition they’re marketed to prevent.2 This creates a vicious cycle where the “solution” worsens the problem.

To heal your gut, eliminate vegetable oils and ultraprocessed foods and consume enough healthy carbohydrates. Start with whole fruits and white rice, then move on to well-cooked vegetables, and cooked starches that your digestion tolerates. Fermented foods such as sauerkraut, kefir, and kimchi supply natural probiotics. Collagen-rich bone broth supports the gut lining. Fiber from fruits feeds beneficial bacteria once your gut microbiome stabilizes.

5. Provide enough healthy carbohydrates to restore cellular energy — Most adults function best with roughly 250 grams of carbohydrates daily, and active individuals often need more. Your brain depends on glucose, and long-term restriction lowers energy and worsens reductive stress.

Reductive stress occurs when cells have too few oxidizing agents to properly process fuel, essentially jamming the energy-production machinery. In terms of carbohydrates, fruit and white rice come first. Starches enter last. This approach directly supports mitochondrial energy production that declined with chronic aspartame intake.

FAQs About Aspartame’s Effects on Your Brain and Heart

Q: Why does long-term aspartame use matter more than short-term intake?
A: Short studies often look reassuring because early changes are subtle. The research discussed here followed exposure over many months and showed that deeper shifts in heart structure, brain energy use, and metabolism emerge slowly. This explains why aspartame often appears harmless in short trials while causing cumulative stress over time.

Q: If aspartame led to weight and fat loss, why is that a problem?
A: The weight loss came with clear trade-offs. Despite losing body fat, animals showed reduced metabolic function, heart muscle changes, and impaired brain fuel use. This means the body was conserving energy and straining vital organs rather than becoming healthier.

Q: How does aspartame affect brain function specifically?
A: Long-term intake disrupted how the brain uses glucose, its main fuel source. Brain energy use increased early, then dropped below normal levels with continued exposure. This shift was linked to slower movement, poorer memory, and higher lactate levels, all signs of stressed brain metabolism.

Q: What is the connection between aspartame, insulin resistance, and heart disease?
A: Aspartame contributes to chronic metabolic stress and inflammation, which are central drivers of insulin resistance and vascular damage. When combined with other inflammatory factors in the diet, this stress increases strain on your heart and blood vessels over time.

Q: What’s the most effective way to reduce the risks linked to aspartame?
A: Start by removing artificial sweeteners entirely — this stops the ongoing stress. Then restore real fuel: adequate carbohydrates from fruit, rice, and honey. Finally, eliminate vegetable oils, which amplify the inflammatory damage. Think of it as turning off the alarm, refueling the engine, and draining the contaminated oil. This approach reduces metabolic stress, supports brain energy needs, and lowers the burden on your heart, allowing normal function to stabilize again.

Long ago, before refrigeration was invented, early humans preserved their food in different ways. One of the most common methods is drying meat, fruit, and vegetables under the sun. Pickling, curing, and fermenting were also used, depending on a particular culture’s practices. All the same, the goal was to prevent their food supply from spoiling so that they didn’t have to consume them immediately.1

As industrialization expanded and the need for immediate access to food grew, companies began experimenting with chemicals to extend shelf life of their products. Examples include the use of nitrites, sodium benzoate, and sulfites.2 Over time, more preservatives were added to the food supply, prolonging the shelf life of processed goods so they can be shipped to consumers all over the world.

However, this gradual expansion of chemical additives has far-reaching consequences. Today, there are at least 950 substances in the American food supply that are actually banned in Europe due to their possible health effects, CBS News reports. And the worst part is that these ingredients are not required to be listed on product labels.3

As awareness of the impact of ultraprocessed foods on human health rises, so does the scrutiny of the ingredients used in their manufacturing. Research has linked them to rising rates in chronic disease,4 and a new study noted that the very preservatives Big Food uses to extend shelf life of their products is causing cancer.5

Higher Preservative Intake Tracks with Higher Cancer Rates

A study published in The BMJ examined how everyday exposure to food preservatives influences cancer risk. Researchers analyzed long-term dietary data from the French NutriNet-Santé cohort, a large prospective study designed to follow people over time and observe how diet links to disease development.6

The team focused on preservative additives as a category, then broke them down into specific chemical groups and individual compounds. The reason for following this angle was simple: No study had completely focused on preservatives as a root cause for disease, despite their prevalence in the food supply.

• Key findings of the study — Participants came from the general adult population, which included both men and women with diverse dietary patterns and health backgrounds. Over a follow-up period that averaged 7.57 years, the researchers recorded new cancer diagnoses and compared them against levels of preservative intake.
The findings were clear — people who consumed more preservatives had higher rates of overall cancer and breast cancer. This association remained after accounting for factors such as age, body weight, physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, and overall diet quality.
• The study separated preservatives into antioxidant and non-antioxidant categories — Non-antioxidant preservatives showed the clearest signal. Higher intake of this group tracked with higher overall cancer risk and higher breast cancer risk. Within that category, sorbates and sulfites stood out.
Potassium sorbate, a compound commonly used to prevent mold growth in packaged foods, and potassium metabisulfite, often used in processed foods and beverages, each showed positive associations with cancer incidence.
• The link between sodium nitrite and prostate cancer — Sodium nitrite often appears in processed meats to preserve color and prevent bacterial growth. Men with higher intake showed higher prostate cancer incidence compared to those with lower exposure.
• The results followed a dose-response pattern — As preservative intake increased, cancer risk increased alongside it. In practical terms, this means every packaged snack, every preserved deli meat, every shelf-stable convenience food adds another brick to a wall of cumulative risk.
• The paper also compared preservative effects with broader food patterns — Preservatives often appear in ultraprocessed foods, yet the authors adjusted for overall ultraprocessed food consumption. Even after doing so, preservative intake retained its association with cancer outcomes. This comparison tells you that preservatives themselves deserve closer studying, not only the general category of processed foods.
The study also explored the mechanisms to clarify these associations. One aspect involves nitrosation chemistry. Nitrites and nitrates convert in the body to form N-nitroso compounds, which are carcinogenic.7
• Another mechanism is oxidative stress and inflammation — Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between damaging molecules and the body’s ability to neutralize them. Considering this, the paper cited experimental evidence showing that some preservatives trigger inflammatory signaling and oxidative injury in cells. Chronic inflammation creates an environment where damaged cells survive and multiply, a known contributor to cancer development.
• Concerns about microbiome disruption were also raised — Preservatives often serve antimicrobial roles by design. Inside the gut, this antimicrobial action alters bacterial populations and weakens the gut barrier. When the gut microbiome loses its integrity, bacterial toxins move into your bloodstream easier, driving systemic inflammation.
• An implication of the findings — The authors acknowledged that their observational research does not prove a direct causation. However, they stressed that consistency across additive categories, dose-response relationships, and alignment with toxicological data strengthen confidence in the findings. Still, the results warrant action even without absolute proof, because the exposure is so widespread and the disease outcomes carry high stakes for the public.

Preservatives Track with Rising Diabetes Risk

If preservatives increase the risk of cancer, what other chronic diseases can they fuel? A companion study from the same research team, now published in Nature Communications, looked at metabolic health and noticed similar patterns. Using the same dataset from the French NutriNet-Santé cohort, the researchers followed participants over time, tracked detailed dietary records, and identified new cases of Type 2 diabetes as they occurred.8

The goal was to isolate preservative exposure and see whether it predicted diabetes risk beyond known factors such as body weight, physical activity, and overall diet quality. The study population included adults from the general community, many of whom entered the study without diagnosed metabolic disease. Over a follow-up period that averaged 8.05 years, higher preservative intake consistently aligned with higher incidence of Type 2 diabetes.

• Effect of total preservative exposure — Again, as overall intake increased, diabetes incidence rose hand in hand. When the authors examined preservative subgroups, non-antioxidant preservatives again showed the strongest association.
Within this category, sorbates stood out, particularly potassium sorbate. Individuals with higher intake of this additive experienced a higher rate of Type 2 diabetes compared with those who consumed less. Potassium sorbate appears in a wide range of packaged foods marketed as stable, which makes exposure easy to overlook in daily life.
• Risk goes up over time — Diabetes cases accumulated gradually across years of follow-up, aligning with sustained exposure rather than short-term dietary changes. The data suggest that consistent preservative intake acts as a chronic stressor rather than an acute trigger.
• Differences across participant groups — Diabetes associations appeared stronger among individuals with otherwise balanced diets. This challenges the assumption that generally healthy eaters remain protected if they still rely on packaged foods with additives. Even when the rest of the diet looked favorable, preservative exposure tracked with diabetes incidence.
• Mechanistic explanation of the findings — The authors discussed several biological pathways supported by experimental evidence. One pathway involves gut microbiota disruption. Preservatives suppress bacterial growth by design. In the gut, this shifts microbial balance, weakens the intestinal barrier, and increases systemic inflammation. Chronic low-grade inflammation interferes with insulin signaling, meaning cells stop responding efficiently to insulin’s message to absorb glucose.
Another mechanism involves oxidative stress and metabolic signaling. Experimental data cited in the paper show that certain preservatives increase oxidative markers and impair glucose handling in tissues. Over time, this disrupts how muscles and the liver manage blood sugar, setting the stage for insulin resistance.
• The consequences of unchecked consumption — Type 2 diabetes increases risk of heart disease, kidney failure, vision loss, and nerve damage.9 Because diagnosis often occurs late, prevention hinges on identifying modifiable exposures early. Preservatives represent one such exposure because they appear across many foods and remain invisible unless you read labels carefully.

By pointing out preservatives as a distinct factor, this study presents a shift on how you think about the progression of diabetes. Simply put, risk does not hinge solely on the consumption of refined sugar or weight gain, although those certainly play a part, too. Chemical additives built into the food supply influence how your body handles glucose over the long-term.

Lower Your Exposure to Harmful Food Additives with These Tips

Health authorities have allowed countless preservatives into the food supply without proper safety testing, but that doesn’t mean they’re unavoidable. Here are my recommendations to help you protect yourself and your loved ones:

1. Steer clear of ultraprocessed foods — Ultraprocessed foods contain long ingredient lists filled with unfamiliar terms, which are most likely loaded with substances your body was never meant to process, and that includes preservatives. In addition, these products rely heavily on other chemicals, such as emulsifiers and artificial flavorings that disrupt metabolic function and compromise gut health.
Focus instead on whole, minimally processed foods such as grass fed meats and dairy, fresh fruits and vegetables, and healthy carbohydrate sources like white rice. The simpler and more natural the ingredients, the better they support your health.
But here’s another thing about ultraprocessed foods — they’re loaded with linoleic acid (LA), which is another good reason to avoid them in the first place. As I noted in my study, published in Nutrients, excess LA intake affects your cellular health, leading to chronic disease.
I recommend you minimize your LA intake to less than 5 grams per day, but if you can get it to below 2 grams, that’s even better. To help you monitor your intake, sign up for the upcoming Mercola Health Coach app. It contains the Seed Oil Sleuth, which is a feature that will calculate the total LA in your food to a tenth of a gram.
2. Prioritize eating a clean, organic diet when possible — Organic foods are far less likely to contain chemical food additives, synthetic pesticides, or hormone-disrupting compounds. Whenever you can, choose organic versions of produce, leafy greens, fruits, and meats.
Organic certification standards restrict the use of artificial dyes, preservatives, and flavor enhancers, helping reduce your overall exposure to hidden toxins.
But what if organic food is out of your budget? I recommend you browse through the Environmental Working Group’s (EWG) Shopper’s Guide to Pesticides in Produce.10 It contains a list of fruits and vegetables that contain the lowest and highest levels of detected pesticides based on their testing.
3. Learn how to read ingredient labels — Many harmful additives are concealed behind misleading names. Artificial sweeteners such as aspartame, preservatives like BHT, potassium sorbate, sodium nitrite, and emulsifiers including polysorbate 80, have all been associated with gut dysfunction and metabolic issues.
Get into the habit of scanning ingredient lists and avoiding products with vague terms like “natural flavors” or “modified food starch.” If an ingredient is unfamiliar, research it before consuming the product.
4. Use safer food packaging and storage methods — Chemical exposure doesn’t stop with what you eat — it also comes from what your food touches. Plastic containers, particularly those containing bisphenol A (BPA) or phthalates, can leach hormone-disrupting chemicals into food. Opt for glass or stainless steel containers for storage and reheating. Never reheat leftovers in plastic, as heat accelerates the release of toxic compounds.
5. Prepare more meals at home — Restaurant meals and packaged foods tend to contain the highest concentrations of preservatives, emulsifiers, artificial colors, and industrial vegetable oils high in LA.
Cooking at home allows complete control over ingredients and preparation methods. Use grass fed butter or ghee in place of vegetable oils, and skip processed seasonings loaded with additives. Making meals from scratch not only reduces chemical exposure but also supports better digestion, sustained energy, and long-term cellular health.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About the Link Between Preservatives and Rising Cancer Rates

Q: How did humans preserve food before modern preservatives existed?
A: Before refrigeration, people relied on drying, fermenting, curing, and pickling to preserve food. These traditional methods extended shelf life without synthetic chemicals or long-term health tradeoffs.

Q: Why did chemical preservatives become so common in modern food?
A: Industrialization created demand for long shelf life. Manufacturers added chemicals like nitrites, sulfites, and benzoates to stabilize food and maximize distribution efficiency.

Q: What does research show about preservatives and cancer risk?
A: Data showed that higher preservative intake linked to higher cancer rates, especially breast and prostate cancer, with risk increasing as exposure increased over time.

Q: How are food preservatives linked to Type 2 diabetes?
A: Research showed that higher preservative intake tracked with higher diabetes incidence, independent of calories, weight, or sugar, pointing to additives as a metabolic stressor.

Q: What practical steps reduce preservative exposure and health risk?
A: Avoid ultraprocessed foods, read ingredient labels carefully, choose whole and organic foods when possible, store food in safer containers, and prepare more meals at home to limit additive intake.

Test Your Knowledge with Today’s Quiz!

Take today’s quiz to see how much you’ve learned from yesterday’s Mercola.com article.

Which widely prescribed U.S. pain medication is often considered safer than oxycodone or morphine?

Ibuprofen

Tramadol

Tramadol is a synthetic opioid with over 30 million U.S. prescriptions yearly and is often viewed as a middle ground between strong opioids and OTC pain relievers. Learn more.

Acetaminophen
Morphine

The water dispenser in your office doesn’t exactly scream “health hazard.” It’s where you fill your bottle, chat with coworkers, or take a quick breather between emails.1 It looks clean enough, and most of us assume it’s a safer bet than whatever comes out of the tap.

The same goes for the ones sitting in our homes. Whether it’s a countertop system or a big, bottle-fed machine, it feels like a small upgrade — something that should make our drinking water cleaner. But here’s the part no one expects: These everyday dispensers may be hiding more than they let on.

Water Dispensers May Contain More Bacteria Than Tap Water
A global review published in AIMS Microbiology2 examined whether commercial water dispensers deliver cleaner, safer water than tap. The researchers analyzed more than 70 studies across multiple countries, comparing bacterial contamination, water quality indicators, and the effectiveness of cleaning protocols. Their findings raise serious public health concerns — especially for workplaces and public-use systems.

The team reviewed data from Europe, the U.S., Canada, Malaysia, Brazil, and other countries, evaluating point-of-use (POU) and bottled dispenser systems. Across every region, they found that dispensers frequently had more microbial contamination than the municipal tap sources feeding them.3

• Tap water often had fewer bacteria than dispenser water — Across countries, dispensers repeatedly showed higher levels of harmful bacteria. For example, in Brazil, 76.6% of dispenser samples contained coliforms compared to just 36.4% of tap samples. In Arizona, 73% of Water Vending Machines (WVMs) exceeded EPA limits for bacterial growth. These consistent findings point to a systemic hygiene issue in dispenser systems, not the water supply itself.4

• Biofilm are abundant in water dispensers — These are structured microbial communities that accumulate inside water dispensers and are perfect breeding grounds for organisms. Slippery and slimy, biofilms continuously release planktonic cells and metabolic byproducts into the water (I’ll discuss biofilms in detail in the next section).

• Disinfection isn’t done often enough — The study recommends cleaning every two to four weeks, or even weekly for high-use systems. However, most commercial dispensers don’t follow this schedule.

“You’ve got to clean the tubes and change the filters regularly,” said Ryan Sinclair, Ph.D., M.P.H., an environmental microbiologist from Loma Linda University and the study’s lead investigator. “Filtering out residual chlorine that’s in water makes an ideal situation for bacteria to grow.”5

• Dangerous bacteria threaten vulnerable populations — Pathogenic organisms like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus, Candida, and Klebsiella were all found in dispenser samples and soda fountains. These bacteria can cause pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and gastrointestinal illness, especially in children, the elderly, or immunocompromised individuals. Some samples even showed genetic material from disease-causing strains.6

• Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) levels exceeded safety limits in most cases — HPC levels refer to a general measure of bacterial growth in water. When HPC levels rise, it signals that the dispenser can quickly become a breeding spot for bacteria — including harmful species — especially when the machine isn’t cleaned or maintained regularly.

In the United States, 73% of water-dispenser samples had HPC levels above the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) recommended limit of 500 colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL). Similar results were reported in the United Kingdom, Iran, and Brazil.7

• Solutions require better design and oversight — The study recommends incorporating biofilm-resistant materials, using nanoparticle-infused surfaces, and adopting routine hydrogen peroxide disinfection protocols. However, the authors caution that technology alone is not enough.8

Here’s a quick overview of the most common bacteria and microbes that were found during the study:9

Bacteria/Microbe
What it can do
Why it’s a problem in dispensers

Coliform bacteria
A group of bacteria used to detect possible fecal contamination
Found in up to 76.6% of dispenser samples in Brazil — signals hygiene failure

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Can cause pneumonia, skin rashes, and urinary tract infections
Grows in wet, warm environments like tubing and spigots

E. coli (Escherichia coli)
Some strains can cause diarrhea and serious foodborne illness
Detected in systems where filters weren’t maintained

Staphylococcus
Can cause skin infections, food poisoning, and bloodstream infections
May spread through shared nozzle contact or poor cleaning

Klebsiella
Linked to pneumonia and hospital-acquired infections
Found in both water samples and internal dispenser parts

Candida (yeast)
Can cause oral thrush and yeast infections
Indicates broader microbial overgrowth in moist, unclean conditions

Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria
General measure of microbial growth — not always harmful but high levels suggest poor sanitation
73% of U.S. samples exceeded the EPA safety limit of 500 CFU/mL

Legionella (only on occasion)
Causes Legionnaires’ disease — a severe lung infection
Rare but dangerous, especially in stagnant or heated water systems

Why You Should Pay Attention to Biofilms
Biofilms are slimy layers made when bacteria or fungi stick to a surface and form a community. They can form on any area that stays moist, such as river rocks, hospital catheters, water bottles — and even on your teeth. Once established, biofilms act as protective layers that help bacteria resist cleaning, disinfectants, and even antibiotics.10

According to a recent Nature Communications11 study from UC Riverside, there are specific features of biofilms that help explain why they stick around so easily — insights that matter more to your daily routine than you might expect.

• Biofilms act like a fortress for bacteria — Once microbes attach to the surface, they create a glue-like shield that keeps them anchored and safe. This makes cleaning less effective and infections harder to treat.

• They cling to surfaces using hair-like structures called fimbriae — Fimbriae help bacteria grab onto plastics, metal, or rubber — common materials in water dispensers, tubing, and spouts. Without these structures, bacteria can’t begin forming a biofilm.

• Standard cleaning methods often don’t reach the biofilm layer — Even after disinfection, bacteria in biofilms can survive and grow back within days. That’s why regular scrubbing and deep cleaning are necessary — especially for high-use machines.

• Biofilms create long-term hygiene risks in shared environments — From hospital tools to soda fountains and office water dispensers, any surface that stays damp and is touched frequently can become a biofilm breeding ground without proper upkeep.

How to Clean a Water Dispenser
Whether at home or in your office, the water dispenser you’re using needs regular cleaning to prevent biofilms from forming. The good news is that keeping it clean doesn’t require anything fancy — just a few basic supplies, some attention, and a bit of consistency.12

1. Unplug the dispenser and remove the bottle or shut off the valve — Always turn off the unit before cleaning. For bottom-load or top-load units, remove the bottle and check for spills. For filtered models, turn off the water supply valve and remove the filter if needed. Another tip: Do not use bleach on water cooler systems with a hot water dispenser.13

2. Select a safe cleaning solution — Use either a diluted bleach mixture or a simple vinegar solution. For bleach, mix a tablespoon of unscented bleach with 1 gallon of water. For vinegar, combine white vinegar and water in a 1:1 ratio. Never mix bleach and vinegar. Bleach disinfects quickly, while vinegar is effective for removing scale and odor.

3. Fill the reservoir and internal lines with the solution — Carefully pour your chosen cleaning solution into the dispenser’s reservoir, allowing it to run through the internal lines. Let it sit for 10 minutes if you’re using bleach, or 20 to 30 minutes if you’re using vinegar.

4. Flush the system through both cold and hot taps — Run some of the cleaning solution through each tap so it moves through all the internal parts of the dispenser. Then scrub the inside with a clean bottle brush, paying extra attention to corners and the spigot area (the small faucet on the front of the dispenser where the water comes out).

5. Drain, rinse, and repeat until there’s no odor — Drain all remaining solution, then flush the system with clean drinking water at least two to three times to ensure no cleaning agents remain. If you still smell bleach or vinegar, flush again.

6. Clean the outside and drip tray, then reassemble — Wipe down the nozzles, drip tray, buttons, and bottle neck (for top/bottom-load units). If the unit uses a filter, reinstall or replace it. Dry the unit completely before plugging it back in.

6 simple steps to clean a water dispenser

1. Wipe the exterior surfaces at least once a week.

2. Deep-clean the reservoir and lines every two to four weeks.

3. Use vinegar or diluted bleach only — never together.

4. Replace filters as your manufacturer recommends.

5. Rinse well after cleaning until no odor or taste remains.

6. Track cleaning dates to prevent biofilm from returning.

Can UV Disinfection Machines Replace a Good Cleaning?

If you’ve ever been curious about UV disinfection and whether it actually makes water safer, you’re not alone. UV systems offer a chemical-free, energy-efficient way to inactivate microorganisms, including chlorine-resistant ones like Giardia and Cryptosporidium.

They’re easy to maintain and don’t alter your water’s taste or smell. However, UV only targets microbes, not chemicals, and it doesn’t stop biofilm from forming on surfaces. It’s best used as a helpful extra layer of protection, not a substitute for routine cleaning.14

People often prefer vinegar or bleach because each offers a simple, reliable way to clean different kinds of messes. Vinegar’s mild acidity is strong enough to dissolve mineral deposits and stains without harming most surfaces, making it a gentle everyday option.15 Bleach, on the other hand, is valued for its powerful ability to kill bacteria, fungi, and viruses quickly.16 They give users effective, affordable cleaning choices for a wide range of needs.

Both vinegar and bleach can help clean water dispensers, but they work in different ways. This table shows when each option makes the most sense.

Method
Pros
Cons
Best for

Vinegar (1:1)
Good on mineral scale; low odor after flush; gentle on many plastics
Slower on microbes; needs longer contact
Light bioburden + descaling maintenance

Bleach (~50 to 100 ppm)
Faster broad-spectrum kill; widely validated in food-service
Should be flushed thoroughly; can corrode metals/rubber if over-strong or prolonged
Periodic sanitizing, high-use environments

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Water Dispenser Safety

Q: Are office water dispensers safe to drink from?

A: They can be, but only if they’re cleaned and maintained regularly. Studies show many office dispensers exceed bacterial safety limits when cleaning schedules are inconsistent, allowing biofilms and microbes to build up inside.

Q: How often should you clean a water dispenser?

A: Most experts recommend deep cleaning every 2 to 4 weeks, and weekly for high-use office or public dispensers. Quick wipe-downs of nozzles and drip trays should be done weekly or even daily.

Q: Do UV water dispensers kill bacteria?

A: UV systems can reduce some microbes in flowing water, but they don’t stop biofilms from forming on internal surfaces. They should be used as a supplement — not a replacement — for routine cleaning.

Q: Is tap water safer than water from a dispenser?

A: In many cases, yes. Studies have found dispensers often contain higher bacterial levels than the tap water feeding them when upkeep is poor.

Q: What bacteria grow in water dispensers, and why does biofilm matter?

A: Common microbes include coliform bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Staphylococcus, and Klebsiella. These thrive because biofilms — slimy bacterial layers — protect germs from cleaners and let them regrow quickly.

Q: Can Legionella grow in water coolers?

A: It’s uncommon but possible, especially in systems with stagnant water, warm temperatures, or poor maintenance. While not a central finding in most dispenser studies, it’s a known risk in improperly managed water systems.

Q: What’s the best way to sanitize a dispenser: vinegar or bleach?

A: Both work when used correctly. Vinegar is best for light buildup and mineral scale, while diluted bleach works faster for killing bacteria in high-use settings. Never mix them, and always rinse thoroughly.

Q: Do filters on dispensers prevent bacterial growth?

A: Not by themselves. Filters can improve taste and reduce certain contaminants, but if they aren’t replaced on schedule, they can become places where bacteria grow. They work properly only when paired with regular cleaning.

If checking your phone is the first thing you do each morning and the last thing you do each night, you’re not alone — but you might be paying a hidden price. In the U.S., about 4 in 10 adults say they are almost constantly online,1 and worldwide, people spend an average of six hours and 38 minutes a day on their devices.2

When life gets stressful, it’s common to reach for something that provides quick comfort. For many, that means browsing social media or even treating themselves to an online purchase to feel better.

These habits show how the internet is now deeply ingrained into our everyday routines. As screen time continues to rise, researchers are gaining a clearer understanding of how constant digital engagement affects overall well-being, and oftentimes, the effects are the opposite of what we’re looking for.

What Researchers Discovered About Online Habits and Stress

A longitudinal study conducted by researchers from Aalto University in Finland3,4 examined and recorded the online activity of adults for seven months, capturing nearly 47 million website visits and 14 million app uses, which were then compared with participants’ self-reported stress levels.5 Previous studies often asked people to guess their screen time or focused only on social media.

This study, published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, was different: It tracked exactly what people were doing online, when they did it, and whether they used a mobile phone or a desktop computer.

“With the aim of closing this gap, the study is among the first to use a tracking programme installed on users’ devices, rather than asking subjects to self-report their usage,” said Dr. Juhi Kulshrestha, assistant professor and senior researcher on the study.6

• The study followed 1,490 German adults — Researchers collected detailed, URL-level browsing data and analyzed these patterns to identify how, where, when, and by whom the internet was used.

• Participants completed monthly stress surveys — Each month, volunteers also filled out the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), which assesses feelings of being overwhelmed or anxious. The data showed that women reported more stress than men, and people who were older and wealthier tended to have lower stress.7

• Which online activities stressed people out? People who spent more time on social media, online shopping,8 and gaming were more likely to report higher stress levels. This was true for both phone and computer use, but it was especially strong for mobile phones.

• Not all online activities are stressful — In contrast, individuals who dedicated more time to productivity-related tasks, such as reading emails and browsing news websites, generally experienced lower stress levels. The researchers clarified that they only tracked the amount of time spent on news websites without considering the specific types of news accessed.

Mohammad Belal, M.Sc., a doctoral researcher in computer science at Aalto University and the principal author of the study, stated:

“Somewhat surprisingly, people who spent a lot of time on news sites reported less stress than others. On the other hand, those who already experienced a lot of stress didn’t spend much time on news sites — and that’s consistent with previous research that shows that stress can reduce news consumption.”9

• Why these findings matter right now — The research arrives amid growing global concern over the mental health effects of social media, including recent policy moves such as Australia’s ban on social media for children, which has drawn international attention. Belal noted that, despite the increasing influence of the internet on our lives, our scientific understanding of its impact on well-being is remarkably limited.

• The chicken-and-egg problem — Despite associations with stress, the researchers don’t believe people necessarily need to stop using the internet. Kulshrestha cautioned:

“Putting a blanket ban or upper limits on certain kinds of internet usage may not actually end up solving the issues and could even take away a vital support for people who are struggling …

As we gain increasingly accurate information about people’s internet usage, it will be possible to design new kinds of tools that people can use to regulate their browsing and improve their well-being.”10

The authors recommend simple tools that help users recognize when stress begins to influence their browsing habits. This can include digital wellness tools that identify early signs of stress-scrolling, gentle prompts that remind people to take a quick break, and an examination of different types of news to see which kinds decrease stress.

Frequent Social Media Use Linked to Lower Self-Worth in Children

A previous two-week diary study of 200 children ages 10 to 14 showed that when kids used more Instagram, TikTok, or YouTube on a given day, they felt worse about themselves by the end of the day. The study, which was published in Communications Psychology in 2023, focused on this group because kids begin using social media around age 10; this is also the time when they are forming identity and self-worth, rely more on comparisons, and are especially sensitive to media’s psychological effects.11

• Upward comparison explained why heavier use made kids feel worse — Kids who thought others looked happier or better-looking on social media felt worse about themselves. This habit of comparing, called upward social comparison, explained most of the hit to their self-esteem.

• More daily social media use led to lower self-worth and more self-criticism — When kids spent more time scrolling, they went to bed feeling less proud and more disappointed in themselves — their last thoughts of the day colored by comparison to curated highlight reels:

“On average, we found social media use across the two weeks of assessments to be related to reduced subjective well-being.

This indicates that children and young adolescents who used more Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube than others during the course of the study also reported to be less satisfied with themselves, more disappointed by or angry with themselves, to be less proud and to feel less good and content, and more unhappy, sad, and afraid than children and young adolescents who used social media less often,” the researchers concluded.12

Aside from lowering your self-esteem, prolonged social media use can affect your mental health by triggering your emotions. Read “Excessive Social Media Use Makes You More Irritable, Study Finds” for more information on this topic.

Passive Social Media Use Increases Social Anxiety in College Students

A large-scale study from the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health explored how different types of social media use affect anxiety levels in Chinese college students. Here, the researchers examined data from 1,740 students and discovered a clear divide: Passive scrolling increased anxiety, while active engagement reduced it.13

In contrast to studies that focus solely on screen time, this research distinguished between active use (posting and commenting) and passive use (browsing and lurking) and analyzed how each behavior affects self-perception and social anxiety.

• Passive use drives anxiety scores — Students who primarily browsed without interacting showed significantly higher levels of social anxiety.

• Active engagement reduces anxiety — In contrast, students who frequently posted or commented had lower social anxiety, which suggests that digital interaction — when it’s interactive — can be emotionally protective.

• Women tend to be more socially anxious — Female students showed higher social anxiety because they define themselves more through relationships and others’ opinions, making them more sensitive to judgment. Male students rely more on an independent self-view, which offers more emotional distance in social situations.

• Communication skills are the missing link — The ability to empathize, express emotions, and listen explained much of the difference. Students with strong communication skills were better protected from the harms of passive use. The researchers concluded:

“Our research extends the previous results, showing that the relationship between social media use and social anxiety can be explained when incorporating communication capacity as a mediator. Active social media use was significantly and negatively related to social anxiety, whereas passive social networking site use was significantly and positively related to social anxiety.

Reducing the use of passive social media among college students and adopting communication capacity-oriented interventions may yield benefits for improving students’ psychological well-being; educators should pay sufficient attention to them.”

Are You Chronically Online or Addicted to Social Media?

As evidenced by studies like the one above, not all social media is bad. Other research has even shown it can support cognitive health in the elderly.14 But when your digital life feels more “lived in” than your real one, or when your head is constantly halfway in a comment thread, it might be time to step back.

The term “chronically online” may sound like internet slang, but it describes a real pattern of behavior that’s marked by compulsive checking, difficulty being present offline, and moods dictated by notifications or online reactions. Unlike casual browsing, chronic online activity forms a feedback loop like slot machines: The more you scroll, the more platforms deliver content designed to keep you hooked.15

While being chronically online is about lifestyle and perspective, social media addiction is considered a behavioral health condition. Experts describe it as a compulsive dependency on social media platforms that interferes with mental health, daily responsibilities, and real-world relationships.16 Here are signs you’ve gone from “extremely online” to chronically online — and possibly toward addiction:17

1. You feel lost without Wi-Fi — Even short offline stretches feel uncomfortable. If you feel anxious or panicked when you can’t check apps, that’s closer to addiction.

2. You know influencers’ lives better than your friends — Prioritizing creators’ updates over real-world connections is a hallmark of being chronically online. If you neglect relationships entirely, it may signal addictive behavior.

3. You use content to “feel your feelings” — Scrolling or posting becomes your default coping mechanism. Social media addiction is when you can’t process emotions without the feed.

4. You’re never fully present — Your mind is always rehearsing posts or craving validation. With addiction, this craving feels uncontrollable, like you need the dopamine hit.

Spending time online isn’t the problem; losing touch with yourself is. If any of these signs hit a nerve, going on a social media detox could help you reconnect to the real world. For useful tips, you can check out “Reducing Social Media Use for Just a Week Can Improve Mental Health.”

6 Ways to Spend Less Time on Social Media

Social media platforms like Instagram, TikTok, Facebook, and X are designed to pull you in with endless feeds, quick rewards, and subtle comparison traps. Social media shapes your mind in ways that can quietly drain your focus, productivity, and emotional well-being. If quitting cold turkey isn’t realistic, these simple strategies can help you limit your time online:18

1. Know your screen habits — Before reducing your social media usage, it’s useful to understand how much time you currently spend. Track your time initially, then aim to decrease it gradually. Having the numbers on hand provides a clear, measurable way to monitor your progress.

2. Set a weekly “digital day-off” — Instead of trying to shave off minutes here and there, choose one day each week when you intentionally step away from social media altogether. You can decide how strict it is: no apps for 24 hours, or simply no screens after dinner. The point is to build predictable, distraction-free time.

3. Turn off distracting notifications — Alerts are designed to make everything feel urgent, which keeps you checking your phone even when nothing truly needs your attention. By disabling badges, banners, and email alerts for the platforms you overuse, you take back control of when you open each app.

4. Make your feed feel safe — Your feed should feel like a safe home you can retreat to. Just as you wouldn’t invite negative or judgmental people into your home, you don’t need to give them space in your mind. Follow accounts that promote kindness, realistic bodies, and healthy habits. Mute or unfollow pages that trigger comparison, fear, or self-doubt.

5. Ask for help — If stepping back from social media feels overwhelming, talk to someone you trust. There’s no shame in asking for help — especially when support from a loved one or therapist can help you process your feelings and anxiety.

6. Real life vs. online interaction — Set boundaries by taking regular screen breaks, calling a friend instead of texting, or joining a local class, group, or volunteer activity. Even 10 minutes of in-person connection each day can reset your mind and strengthen your sense of self.

Being online often trains us to perform — constantly tweaking, posting, reacting. But you don’t need to earn rest, joy, or validation; you already deserve them. You deserve to live a life without filters and to share moments without turning them into content. Reclaiming time from your screen isn’t about restriction; it’s about creating space for the version of you that doesn’t need an audience — just room to be genuine.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Social Media Anxiety

Q: What did the 7-month German study find about internet habits and stress?
A: The study tracked real online behavior in 1,490 adults and found that higher stress was linked to mobile social media use, online shopping, streaming, and gaming. In contrast, spending more time on email and news websites was associated with lower stress levels.

Q: Why does social media affect children’s self-esteem more strongly?
A: Kids ages 10 to 14 are still forming their identity and self-worth. They’re more likely to believe online images reflect real life, which increases harmful comparisons and makes them especially sensitive to social media’s emotional effects.

Q: What’s the difference between passive and active social media use?
A: Passive use means scrolling or lurking without interacting, which raises social anxiety. Active use involves posting, commenting, or messaging, which encourages connection and communication skills that help protect emotional well-being.

Q: What does it mean to be “chronically online”?
A: Being chronically online means your mood, attention, and sense of self are heavily shaped by online activity. It often includes compulsive checking, difficulty being present offline, and using content or shopping to cope with stress.

Q: What are simple ways to reduce social media stress without quitting entirely?
A: Start by tracking your screen habits, turning off nonessential notifications, creating screen-free time, and prioritizing real-world connections. Small, consistent changes can break the stress-scroll cycle and help you feel more grounded.

Tramadol, a synthetic opioid, is one of the most widely prescribed pain medications in the U.S., with more than 30 million prescriptions written each year. It’s often considered “safer” than stronger opioids like oxycodone or morphine, yet more effective than over-the-counter options such as Tylenol or ibuprofen. That “middle ground” reputation has made it a routine part of care for people with chronic pain.1

For years, tramadol has been handed out in emergency rooms, pain clinics, and primary care offices with relatively little hesitation. But that long-standing trust is starting to shift. An analysis conducted by a research team in Denmark has called its safety and effectiveness into question, raising concerns about how well it really works and at what cost.2 If you’re currently using tramadol, or it’s been recommended to you, it’s worth examining the evidence more closely.

What Is Tramadol and How Does It Work?

Tramadol was first developed in the early 1960s in Germany and later approved for use in the United States in the mid-1990s. It entered the U.S. market as a non-scheduled medication, meaning it was not initially classified as a controlled substance. This designation reflected the belief that tramadol carried a lower risk of misuse compared to other opioids.3,4,5

• Reclassified after rising reports of misuse — In 2014, after growing reports of abuse and dependency, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration reclassified it as a Schedule IV controlled substance, a category that recognizes medical use but acknowledges risk of abuse and dependence and imposes prescribing and refill restrictions. However, by that point, tramadol was already widely embedded in pain management.

• Unlike traditional opioids, tramadol works through a dual mechanism — It binds to the same opioid receptors in the brain as drugs like morphine or oxycodone, which helps dull the sensation of pain. But it also inhibits the reuptake of two neurotransmitters — serotonin and norepinephrine — which are involved in mood regulation and the body’s natural pain control pathways.

Think of neurotransmitters as chemical messengers that travel between nerve cells. Normally, after delivering their message, they’re recycled back into the sending cell — that’s “reuptake.” Tramadol blocks this recycling process for serotonin and norepinephrine, leaving more of these mood- and pain-regulating chemicals active in your nervous system.

This second mechanism is similar to how some antidepressants work, which is why tramadol is sometimes referred to as an SNRI-like opioid. That dual action is part of what sets it apart early on and led to the perception that it was both effective and less likely to lead to addiction, respiratory depression, or overdose.

• Tramadol is prescribed for a wide range of pain conditions — It’s often used for moderate to moderately severe pain, either alone or in combination with other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It has been commonly prescribed for chronic conditions such as osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, chronic low back pain, and even for premature ejaculation.

• Some people misuse tramadol for its opioid effects — Although it is classified as a Schedule IV drug with lower misuse potential, its label still warns of risks involving misuse and addiction. Its effects may include euphoria and feelings of relaxation, often referred to as a “tramadol high.”

According to the 2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, roughly 14.6 million people aged 12 and older used tramadol in the past year, and about 9.4% of them reported using it in ways not directed by a clinician. In that same age group, an estimated 6.1 million individuals were living with an opioid use disorder during the past year.6

While tramadol is less potent than many opioids, that does not make it inherently safer. Lower potency refers to the drug’s ability to produce analgesia at a given dose, not to the likelihood of side effects, complications, or dependency. Newer evidence shows that even at these lower potency levels, tramadol can still carry meaningful risks.

What Did the New Evidence Find About Tramadol’s Benefits vs. Harms?

A 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis published in BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine evaluated the effectiveness and safety of tramadol for chronic pain by analyzing 19 randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials conducted between 1998 and 2024, involving 6,506 adults with a range of chronic pain conditions.7

• Tramadol produced only a slight reduction in pain intensity — Across the included studies, tramadol lowered pain scores by an average of 0.93 points on a 10-point scale compared with placebo. Although statistically significant, this fell short of the researchers’ predefined minimal important difference of 1 point. This means the average change was unlikely to be noticeable or meaningful for most patients.

• Even this modest benefit was based on low-certainty evidence — The researchers described tramadol’s effect as “slight,” and nearly all trials were judged to be at high risk of bias. Design flaws and inconsistencies raised the possibility that benefits were overstated or harms underreported, further weakening confidence in the findings.

• Trials showed no meaningful improvement in daily function or quality of life — Chronic pain treatment aims to improve how you function day to day, including mobility, energy, and overall quality of life. In this analysis, the available trial data were insufficient to demonstrate functional or quality-of-life improvements in people taking tramadol, limiting the clinical relevance of its small reduction in pain scores.

• Serious adverse events were significantly more common with tramadol — The analysis showed that people taking tramadol were more than twice as likely to experience a serious adverse event compared with those receiving a placebo, with cardiovascular outcomes such as chest pain, coronary artery disease, and congestive heart failure accounting for most of the increased risk.

• Non-serious side effects were frequent and disruptive — Nausea, dizziness, constipation, and drowsiness occurred more often with tramadol. Although labeled “non-serious,” these effects commonly interfere with normal functioning and may require additional treatment.

• Researchers noted a higher risk of neoplasms — Neoplasms are abnormal cell growths that may be benign or cancerous. However, because the trials were short in duration, this finding was flagged as uncertain. Longer studies would be needed to determine whether tramadol contributes to cancer risk over time.

Overall, the study concluded that tramadol’s benefits for chronic pain are minimal, while its risks — both serious and non-serious — are significant enough to outweigh those benefits. The study’s authors called for minimizing the use of tramadol and urged clinicians to consider alternative treatments before prescribing it. See the table below for a quick summary of the study’s findings:

Evidence Snapshot: Tramadol vs. Placebo

Résultat
Tramadol vs. Placebo
Remarques

Pain reduction
Average reduction of 0.93 points on a 10-point scale
Below the 1-point threshold for minimal clinically important difference

Serious adverse events
More than 2x higher with tramadol
Increased risk of cardiac events, including chest pain, heart disease, and heart failure

Common side effects
Higher rates of nausea, dizziness, constipation, and drowsiness
Frequently disruptive to daily functioning; labeled “non-serious” but clinically relevant

Other Tramadol Side Effects to Watch For

Tramadol’s side effects go well beyond occasional nausea or stomach upset. Because it affects multiple systems in your body, it can produce a wide range of adverse events that may influence your safety, quality of life, and even long-term health, such as:8,9,10

1. Seizures — Tramadol is associated with an increased risk of seizures, especially at higher doses or when combined with other medications that lower the seizure threshold (the level of stimulation at which the brain is more likely to trigger a seizure), such as certain antidepressants or antipsychotics. This makes it a higher-risk option for anyone already vulnerable to neurological instability.

2. Serotonin syndrome — Because tramadol influences serotonin levels in the brain, it can contribute to serotonin syndrome when taken with other drugs that affect serotonin, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Serotonin syndrome is a serious condition marked by agitation, rapid heart rate, sweating, muscle stiffness, tremor, and confusion.

If left unaddressed, it can lead to high fever, seizures, or loss of consciousness. For this reason, people already taking psychiatric medications need to avoid tramadol.

3. Respiratory depression — Opioids like tramadol can slow breathing by acting on the brain’s respiratory centers. This effect is more likely when tramadol is taken at higher doses or alongside other central nervous system (CNS) depressants such as benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or alcohol. In severe cases, respiratory depression can be life-threatening and may necessitate emergency care.

4. Mood, cognitive, and neuropsychiatric effects — Tramadol’s action on central neurotransmitter systems has been associated with a broad range of mental and behavioral changes. Reported effects include emotional blunting, increased anxiety, episodes of euphoria, agitation, restlessness, hallucinations, abnormal dreams, and uncontrolled excitement.

Cognitive effects such as impaired concentration, memory lapses, and slowed thinking have also been documented, along with more severe psychiatric reactions, including suicidal thoughts or behavior, particularly in people with preexisting mental health conditions or those taking other psychoactive medications.

5. Urinary and kidney-related effects — This may include decreased urine output, painful or difficult urination, blood in the urine, and fluid retention with swelling of the hands, ankles, or feet. These effects are more concerning in people with pre-existing kidney disease.

6. Dependence and withdrawal — With ongoing use, your body may adapt to tramadol’s presence, leading to physical dependence. If tramadol is reduced abruptly or stopped, withdrawal symptoms can occur, which include anxiety, sweating, tremors, sleep disturbances, irritability, and flu-like sensations.

7. Overdose — Tramadol overdose is possible and carries the same fundamental danger seen with other opioids, including slowed or stopped breathing, loss of consciousness, coma, and death. The U.S. age-adjusted death rate involving synthetic opioids like tramadol rose sharply from 0.5 deaths per 100,000 in 2003 to over 22 per 100,000 by 2021.11

Deaths attributed specifically to tramadol poisoning have also been reported in peer-reviewed case series documenting hundreds of fatal tramadol-associated deaths in the medical literature, often involving mixed drug toxicity with other CNS depressants.12

For a deeper look at the risks linked to opioid use, including outcomes that extend beyond overdose, read “Opioid Deaths Continue to Rise Despite Drop in Prescriptions.” For a quick reference, the table below summarizes common tramadol side effects alongside those that carry more serious or life-threatening risks:

Common vs. Serious Tramadol Side Effects

More common side effects
Serious side effects

Headache
Seizures

Dry mouth
Serotonin syndrome

Sweating
Respiratory depression

Fatigue
Overdose

Sleep disturbances
Cardiac complications (e.g., chest pain, heart failure)

Mild confusion or disorientation
Severe neuropsychiatric effects (hallucinations, suicidal thoughts)

Urinary retention or difficulty urinating
Acute kidney complications or fluid overload

Emotional changes (irritability, mood shifts)
Physical dependence and severe withdrawal

How Are Opioids Linked to Fatal Car Crashes?

The danger of opioids extends beyond the risk of side effects or overdose. Since these medications slow reaction time, dull alertness, and affect coordination, they make it harder to stay in your lane while driving, respond to traffic changes, or avoid hazards. These effects are present even at therapeutic doses and are especially concerning when they’re combined with alcohol or other medications that affect the CNS.

• Drug involvement in fatal crashes surpasses alcohol in some data sets — Data compiled by the Governors Highway Safety Association and the Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility show that in 2015, drugs were involved in 43% of fatal car crashes, a rate higher than the 37% of fatal crashes involving illegal amounts of alcohol. Prescription painkillers are part of that drug-related share.13

• Opioid-positive drivers in fatal crashes increased sharply over two decades — Research has documented a sevenfold rise from 1995 to 2015 in the proportion of drivers killed in crashes who tested positive for opioids. Among male drivers killed, the presence of narcotic pain relievers increased from 1% to 5%, and among women from 1% to 7% over the same period.14

• Prescription opioid use is strongly associated with initiating fatal crashes — A 2019 analysis of more than 18,000 fatal two-vehicle crashes found a significant link between prescription opioid use and crash initiation. The most common driving error was failing to stay in the proper lane. This pattern was consistent across ages and both genders, emphasizing how opioid impairment affects driving performance.15

• Declines in prescribing did not eliminate the risk — Although opioid prescribing has decreased, dangers behind the wheel remain. Yale researchers found that nonfatal crashes involving prescription opioids declined by nearly half between 2014 and 2018, yet fatal crashes did not drop accordingly. This suggests that when opioids are involved in deadly incidents, impairment may be more severe or compounded by other factors.16

For your safety and the safety of others, avoid getting behind the wheel if you’re using opioids, especially when starting a new medication, adjusting your dose, or combining it with other substances. Beyond the dangers for people who may need to drive, there are specific demographics that carry greater vulnerability to tramadol’s harm and warrant added caution.

Who Faces the Highest Risk from Tramadol?

Safety guidance and clinical warnings show that tramadol poses unacceptable risk for certain groups, even when taken exactly as prescribed. In these situations, the likelihood of serious harm is high enough that tramadol should not be used. These include:17

• People with significant breathing problems — Tramadol should be avoided in people with severe asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sleep apnea, or other conditions that impair breathing. Because tramadol can suppress respiratory drive, baseline breathing vulnerability increases the risk of dangerous oxygen deprivation, particularly during sleep.

• Children and adolescents in specific settings — Tramadol is not recommended for children below 12 years of age and should not be taken by anyone under 18 following tonsil or adenoid surgery. Serious breathing problems and deaths have been reported in these groups, leading to explicit safety restrictions in prescribing guidance.

• Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals — Use during pregnancy can lead to neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, with symptoms such as abnormal crying, tremors, feeding difficulties, and poor weight gain in newborns. During breastfeeding, tramadol use is discouraged because the drug and its active metabolites can pass into breast milk and cause life-threatening effects in infants.

• People with liver or kidney disease — Tramadol is processed by the liver and eliminated through the kidneys, and impaired function in either organ can cause the drug to accumulate. This raises the likelihood of adverse reactions even at standard doses.

• Individuals with a history of seizures or head injury — Because tramadol lowers seizure threshold, prescribing guidance advises caution or avoidance in people with epilepsy, prior seizures, brain injury, or conditions that increase intracranial pressure. Risk increases further when other neurologically active medications are present.

• People taking multiple medications that affect the CNS — Taking tramadol alongside sedatives, tranquilizers, antidepressants, antipsychotics, or other psychoactive drugs increases the risk of dangerous interactions.

• Individuals with a history of substance use disorder — Tramadol carries the same misuse and dependence risks as other opioids, and prescribing guidance highlights increased danger in people with prior drug or alcohol misuse. In these cases, exposure can escalate more quickly and be harder to reverse safely.

• People with certain hormonal or metabolic conditions — Conditions affecting adrenal function, blood sugar regulation, or electrolyte balance warrant caution, as tramadol has been linked to disruptions in these systems during treatment.

Taken together, these precautions show that tramadol requires individualized assessment rather than routine prescribing. For people who fall into these categories, alternative pain management strategies deserve careful consideration before tramadol enters the picture.

What Are Safer Alternatives for Pain Relief?

Given the limited benefits shown in clinical trials and the breadth of documented risks, nondrug and non-opioid approaches deserve consideration for anyone managing chronic pain, not only those at highest risk from tramadol. In many cases, changes in diet, movement, and targeted therapies can meaningfully reduce pain while avoiding the cumulative risks associated with long-term medication use. Here are some safe and effective options you can consider:

1. Acupuncture — This traditional practice involves inserting thin needles into specific points on the body to help regulate pain signals and restore balance in the nervous system. Clinical studies show acupuncture can reduce chronic pain from conditions like back pain, osteoarthritis, and fibromyalgia.18

It’s also been found to stimulate the release of endorphins and modulate inflammatory pathways. When used consistently, acupuncture may lower the need for medication and improve quality of life.19

2. K-Laser therapy — This high-intensity infrared laser penetrates deep into soft tissues, helping to reduce inflammation, stimulate blood flow, and accelerate healing. It’s commonly used for injuries, joint pain, and nerve-related conditions, and has been shown to help reduce reliance on painkillers when used as part of a broader recovery plan.20

3. Physical therapy and posture correction — Guided movement programs that include stretching and strengthening exercises help improve joint function, reduce inflammation, ease strain on overworked tissues, and support healthier movement patterns. Therapists often use diagnostic techniques to pinpoint imbalances and tailor interventions that support long-term healing.21

4. Massage therapy — A comprehensive review in Pain Medicine22 found that massage consistently reduced pain from a range of sources, including musculoskeletal pain, fibromyalgia, and headaches. It performed better than no treatment, and held up well even compared to physical therapy and acupuncture. Massage was also linked to lower anxiety and improved overall well-being, with minimal risk of side effects.

5. Herbal options — Many plant-based compounds have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties. These include:

• Willow bark
• Ginger
• Turmeric (Curcumin)
• Rose hips
• Devil’s claw
• Boswellia (Frankincense)

• Feverfew
• Ashwagandha
• Black cohosh
• Corydalis
• Rosemary
• Thunder God vine

For a deeper dive into how these herbs work, check out my article “An Herbal Guide to Natural Pain Relief,” where I discuss in detail how these herbs can help ease your symptoms.

6. Nutritional support — Several key nutrients support musculoskeletal health and the body’s anti-inflammatory and pain-modulating systems:

• Magnesium — Helps relax muscles, support nerve function, and reduce pain sensitivity.
• Vitamin D — Plays a role in immune balance and bone health; low levels are linked to heightened pain perception.
• Choline — Supports healthy nerve signaling and neurotransmitter balance. Deficiency may worsen chronic pain symptoms, especially in athletes, vegans, and postmenopausal women.

7. Stress-reducing practices — Chronic stress increases pain by activating the sympathetic nervous system and heightening inflammation.23 Techniques such as mindfulness meditation, breathing exercises, yoga, and tai chi have been shown to ease physical discomfort by calming the nervous system and improving body awareness.

Some approaches focus on helping your body and mind respond more calmly to pain and stress. Biofeedback uses real-time monitoring of signals like heart rate and muscle tension to help you recognize and consciously regulate physical stress responses.24 Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps you identify unhelpful thought patterns and replace them with strategies that reduce distress and improve coping.25

Emotional freedom techniques (EFT) take a more hands-on approach. The practice involves gently tapping on specific acupuncture meridian points with your fingertips while speaking affirmations. This process helps release emotional tension, calm the nervous system, and restore balance to the body’s energy flow.

8. Daily habits that support pain relief — Small shifts in how you eat, move, and manage stress help lower inflammation, reduce discomfort, and create routines that support steadier, longer-term improvement. These include:

• Keeping daily linoleic acid (LA) intake under 5 grams. That means avoiding industrial seed oils like soybean, corn, canola, safflower, and sunflower oil, and choosing stable saturated fats such as butter, ghee, tallow, or coconut oil.

• Avoiding processed foods made with LA-rich oils, restaurant foods cooked in them, as well as nonorganic chicken and pork. These meats tend to be high in LA thanks to the animals being fed LA-rich grain feed.

• Cutting back on grains and refined sugars to lower inflammation and reduce pain triggers.

• Adding high-quality omega-3 fats like krill oil or wild-caught fish, like Alaskan salmon, into your diet to support anti-inflammatory processes.

• Getting daily sun exposure to maintain healthy vitamin D levels and support immune and neurological health. For safe exposure guidance, review my recommendations in this article.

Tramadol’s risks are often downplayed, but the evidence shows they’re real — and for many people, they outweigh the drug’s modest benefits. Whether you’re managing pain from a chronic condition or recovering from an injury, safer options exist. Staying informed, asking better questions, and making steady changes to how you approach pain can help you avoid unnecessary harm.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Tramadol’s Safety

Q: Is tramadol safe for chronic pain?
A: Tramadol is often prescribed for chronic pain, but new research found it only provides a slight reduction in pain scores, falling short of what most people would consider meaningful relief. At the same time, the risk of serious side effects was more than twice as high compared to placebo. For many people, the risks may outweigh the modest benefit, especially when used long-term.

Q: Does tramadol increase heart disease risk?
A: Yes. The BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine meta-analysis found that tramadol was linked to a significantly higher rate of serious cardiovascular events, including chest pain, coronary artery disease, and congestive heart failure. These effects were among the most common serious harms reported across the studies.

Q: Can tramadol cause serotonin syndrome if I’m on SSRI?
A: Yes. Tramadol increases serotonin levels in the brain and can trigger serotonin syndrome when combined with other serotonergic drugs, including SSRIs and certain migraine or psychiatric medications. This serious condition involves agitation, muscle stiffness, rapid heartbeat, confusion, and high fever.

Q: Can I drive after taking tramadol?
A: You should avoid driving while taking tramadol, especially during the early stages of treatment or when your dose changes. Like other opioids, tramadol impairs reaction time, coordination, and alertness. Opioid use has been linked to a sharp rise in fatal car crashes, and tramadol is included in that risk category.

Q: Who should avoid tramadol?
A: Tramadol poses elevated risks for people with certain health conditions or medication use. This includes anyone with:

• Breathing problems
• Liver or kidney disease
• A history of seizures or brain injury
• Mental health conditions or substance use disorder
• Pregnancy or breastfeeding
• Current use of other CNS depressants or serotonergic drugs
• Children and adolescents in specific settings

Q: What are common vs. serious tramadol side effects?
A: Common side effects of tramadol include headache, nausea, dry mouth, sweating, dizziness, fatigue, constipation, and mild confusion. More serious reactions may involve seizures, respiratory depression, serotonin syndrome, overdose, hallucinations, suicidal thoughts, cardiac events, kidney dysfunction, and severe withdrawal symptoms.

Q: Is tramadol less addictive than other opioids?
A: Tramadol is often considered lower risk, but that perception is not strongly supported by evidence. It still activates opioid receptors and can lead to dependence, misuse, and withdrawal symptoms. People with a history of addiction or mental health instability are especially vulnerable.

Q: What are safer alternatives to tramadol for long-term pain?
A: Nondrug therapies like acupuncture, K-Laser therapy, physical therapy, and massage have been shown to relieve chronic pain without the risks of opioids. Nutrients such as magnesium, vitamin D, and choline support nerve and muscle function, while herbal remedies help reduce inflammation naturally. Stress-management tools also play a role in reducing pain perception and improving daily function.

Q: Can I stop taking tramadol suddenly, or do I need to taper off?
A: Tramadol should not be stopped abruptly, especially if you’ve been using it regularly for more than a few weeks. Sudden discontinuation can trigger withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, sweating, tremors, sleep disturbances, irritability, nausea, and flu-like sensations. To reduce these effects and avoid unnecessary discomfort, clinicians typically recommend gradually tapering the dose under medical supervision.

Test Your Knowledge with Today’s Quiz!

Take today’s quiz to see how much you’ve learned from yesterday’s Mercola.com article.

What is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)?

A structural molecule that forms and stabilizes cell membranes

A cellular coenzyme involved in metabolic and signaling reactions

NAD+ acts as a cellular coenzyme that supports metabolic and signaling reactions tied to energy production and mitochondrial function. Learn more.

A hormone that regulates blood sugar and insulin activity
A neurotransmitter that sends rapid signals between neurons

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by tremor, muscle stiffness, slowed movement, balance problems, and changes in thinking and mood. As the disease advances, many people also experience memory loss, reduced attention, depression, and anxiety, which often erode independence faster than movement symptoms alone.

This cognitive decline is overlooked far too often, even though it strongly predicts quality of life and long-term disability. If Parkinson’s remains unmanaged, the combined motor and cognitive burden accelerates loss of mobility, increases fall risk, and drives earlier need for assisted care. Globally, Parkinson’s affects millions, and risk rises sharply with age.

Research summarized in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease reports that roughly 1% of adults ages 65 to 69 live with Parkinson’s disease, rising to about 3% among those age 80 and older.1 When thinking speed slows or memory falters, daily tasks such as driving or handling finances become harder, even when tremor remains mild.

This leaves many searching for options that support both movement and cognition without adding side effects. Ideally, the strategy should activate multiple brain systems at once, because Parkinson’s doesn’t affect a single pathway. Movement, rhythm, memory, attention, and emotional engagement all matter when the goal is long-term brain resilience.

This explains why a long-term community study published in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease deserves attention.2 By tracking people with Parkinson’s who engaged in dance for years and comparing them with inactive peers, the researchers uncovered insights that reshape how movement fits into brain protection and cognitive health.

Dance Rewires the Parkinson’s Brain Over Time

The observational study tracked adults with Parkinson’s disease who attended weekly community dance classes and compared them with a matched group that remained physically inactive.3 Researchers focused on changes in thinking ability and walking performance, two areas that usually decline steadily as Parkinson’s progresses. Instead of short-term results, this study examined what happens when movement becomes a long-term habit rather than a brief intervention.

The dance group included adults around age 70 with early-stage Parkinson’s who participated in a structured weekly program for up to six years. A comparison group with similar age, sex, and disease severity was drawn from a large Parkinson’s research database, but these individuals did not engage in regular physical activity. This design allowed researchers to isolate how ongoing movement affected brain and motor outcomes over time rather than comparing athletes to sedentary adults.

• Cognitive scores improved in dancers while non-dancers steadily declined — After about two years of weekly dance participation, the dance group showed significantly higher cognitive scores than the inactive group, with differences remaining clear through multiple follow-up years.
Between 2016 and 2018, dancers consistently outperformed non-dancers on standardized thinking tests, while the reference group showed worsening scores across the same period. This means consistent movement changed the expected trajectory of mental decline rather than simply slowing it briefly.

• Dance targets brain regions responsible for attention, planning, and memory — Although the study measured overall thinking ability, the authors linked improvements to functions commonly affected in Parkinson’s, including attention, executive function, and memory. These skills control everyday actions such as following conversations, planning steps, and managing daily routines. By improving these abilities, dance supported independence rather than focusing only on symptom relief.
• Time mattered more than intensity, reinforcing that consistency beats pushing harder — Cognitive differences between dancers and non-dancers didn’t appear immediately. Significant benefits emerged after roughly two years of weekly participation and persisted as long as engagement remained steady.
When attendance dropped near the final year, the statistical strength of the findings weakened, highlighting that ongoing participation drove results. This reinforces a simple rule you can use: small, regular efforts protect your brain better than short bursts of effort followed by inactivity.

• Dance helped stabilize movement, even for those starting with greater gait challenges — At baseline, the dance group actually had worse walking ability than the inactive group. Despite that disadvantage, dancers maintained more stable gait over time, while the inactive group showed significant deterioration by later years. This matters if you already feel stiff or slow, because it shows that starting “behind” doesn’t block long-term benefit.

Dance Activates Multiple Brain Systems at Once

Dance combines physical movement, balance, rhythm, memory, emotional engagement, and social interaction in a single activity.4 Instead of isolating muscles or heart rate, it forces your brain to coordinate timing, recall sequences, adjust posture, and respond to music. That combination stimulates widespread brain networks rather than a single pathway.

• Researchers link long-term dance to neuroplasticity and brain reorganization — Neuroplasticity refers to your brain’s ability to reorganize itself by strengthening existing connections and forming new ones. The study linked dance participation to this adaptive process, noting prior research showing changes in motor, sensory, and cognitive brain regions after dance training. Repeated coordinated movement trains your brain to operate more efficiently under stress.
• Social and emotional engagement amplified the biological effects — The researchers emphasized that dance programs also reduced anxiety and depression in people with Parkinson’s, which directly influences cognitive performance. Emotional engagement increases motivation and adherence, while social interaction reinforces routine. Enjoyment increases follow-through, and follow-through determines long-term brain outcomes.
• Movement that feels purposeful protects thinking ability longer — By preserving cognition and stabilizing movement over years, dance shifted Parkinson’s from an inevitable downhill slide to a condition influenced by daily choices. When movement challenges your brain and remains consistent, it becomes a tool for long-term brain resilience rather than a short-term activity.

How to Protect Brain Energy and Reinforce Cognitive Resilience

Parkinson’s advances fastest when your brain loses energy, coordination, and daily signals that it’s still needed. Rather than focusing on symptom control alone, focus on giving your brain the inputs that preserve function over time. The steps below center on restoring movement-driven signaling, protecting cellular energy, and removing stressors that accelerate decline. If you’re living with Parkinson’s, these actions directly support the systems shown to matter most.

1. Use dance as structured brain training, not casual exercise — Think of dance as neurological practice. Coordinated movement, rhythm, memory, and balance activate multiple brain regions at once, which is why long-term dancers maintained better thinking skills in the study. Choose a style that challenges coordination and recall, not just range of motion. Commit to it weekly. If you’re stiff, slow, or unsteady, that is exactly why dance belongs in your routine. Consistency matters more than intensity.

2. Anchor your week around movement routines your brain expects — Parkinson’s worsens when routines disappear, so schedule movement the same way you schedule meals. Walking on non-dance days, light resistance work, or engaging in tai chi reinforces the signals dance creates. Your brain responds to repetition. Each session reminds your nervous system that coordination, balance, and effort still matter, which slows functional loss.

3. Protect deep sleep so movement-driven gains stick — Look at sleep as the recovery phase for your brain training. Without deep sleep, the benefits of dance and movement fade faster. Keep your sleep and wake times steady. Remove evening light exposure. Make your bedroom dark and cool. If you have fragmented sleep and wake tired, your brain isn’t clearing waste efficiently, which undermines dopamine cell survival.

4. Lower metabolic stress so brain cells keep up with demand — Movement increases energy needs. If your cells lack fuel, the system strains. Eliminate ultraprocessed foods and seed oils first, then rebuild energy with whole-food carbohydrates such as fruit and white rice. Aim for steady intake throughout the day rather than large swings. When fuel delivery improves, brain cells handle coordination and learning with less strain.

5. Reduce environmental pressure and get regular sun exposure — Toxins and chronic stress drain mitochondrial function. Pure water, cleaner air, and simple daily routines lower that burden. I also encourage daily sunlight exposure to support vitamin D levels, which protects brain cells and regulates inflammation.
Your skin is built to produce vitamin D from sunlight, but when your diet is high in seed oils, your tissues accumulate linoleic acid, which breaks down easily under ultraviolet light.

As LA builds up, your risk of burning rises, especially during peak sun hours between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. Reducing vegetable oils for at least six months lowers that risk and allows your skin to tolerate sunlight more safely. When sunlight is limited, pairing vitamin D3 with magnesium and vitamin K2 supports balance without excess.

Test your vitamin D levels twice a year so you know where you stand. Aim for a range between 60 and 80 ng/mL (150 to 200 nmol/L). These steps work together. Dance gives your brain the challenge it needs. Sleep locks in progress. Nutrition and light supply the energy. When those foundations align, cognitive decline slows and daily function holds longer.

FAQs About Parkinson’s Disease and Dancing

Q: How does dancing help people with Parkinson’s disease?
A: Dancing challenges movement, balance, memory, and attention at the same time. This combination activates multiple brain systems together, which helps preserve thinking skills and stabilize movement better than simple exercise alone.

Q: How often do you need to dance to see benefits?
A: The research showed that weekly participation mattered most. Benefits appeared after about two years of consistent practice and lasted as long as dancing remained a regular habit.

Q: Does dancing help even if Parkinson’s symptoms are already noticeable?
A: Yes. In the study, people who started with worse walking ability still maintained more stable movement over time compared with inactive peers. Starting later or feeling stiff does not block benefits.

Q: Is dancing better than other forms of exercise for Parkinson’s?
A: Dancing stands out because it combines coordination, rhythm, memory, emotion, and social interaction. These elements work together to strengthen brain networks involved in both thinking and movement.

Q: What else supports the brain benefits of dancing?
A: Deep sleep, steady nutrition with enough carbohydrates, lower exposure to seed oils and toxins, and regular sunlight all support brain energy. These foundations help your brain lock in and maintain the gains created by dance.

When you hear the word breathlessness, you might picture someone catching their breath after a quick climb. But for many adults worldwide, it’s more than a momentary lapse: Surveys show that over 10% of adults experience breathlessness,1 underscoring how common the symptom is across everyday life.

For example, in Australia, researchers estimate that at least one in 300 people becomes housebound due to long-term breathlessness, struggling with basic chores or moving around the home.2

With these staunch realities in mind, research groups in different countries are taking a closer look at what drives breathlessness, how people live with it, and how earlier recognition might support better day-to-day health for those affected.

Basic Facts About Breathlessness

Breathlessness, also known as shortness of breath, is the sensation of not getting enough air. Although it’s common to breathe more heavily during exercise, persistent or sudden breathlessness may indicate an underlying health problem — particularly if it occurs at rest or during light activity.3

Acute breathlessness comes on suddenly and may be caused by a new or serious medical problem, such as an asthma attack or allergic reaction. Chronic breathlessness develops gradually and lasts for weeks, months, or even years.

Breathlessness has many possible causes; It may be linked to conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart disease, or anxiety. Other causes include:

• Lung diseases like asthma, and interstitial lung disease (ILD)

• Heart conditions, such as heart failure or abnormal heart rhythms

• Obesity, poor physical conditioning

• Smoking

• Long-term exposure to air pollution

Other less common causes include anemia, allergic reactions, and complications of diabetes. Breathlessness feels different for everyone. Symptoms can appear suddenly or build slowly over time. People may notice:4

• Feeling like you can’t get enough air

• Tightness in the chest

• Wheezing (whistling sound when breathing)

• Rapid or shallow breathing

• Persistent cough

• Fatigue or feeling very tired

Chronic Breathlessness Extends Hospital Stays and Escalates Costs

Research from Flinders University highlights that chronic breathlessness is a major health issue that often goes unnoticed but has serious consequences. Published in the Australian Health Review,5 the study analyzed data from nearly 12,000 Australian patients and found that ongoing breathing difficulties are one of the strongest predictors of higher hospital use and poorer quality of life.6

• Doctors tracked breathlessness scores and hospital visits — Researchers compared how severe patients’ breathing problems were during routine general practice visits with later hospital records to see whether worse breathlessness led to earlier admissions and longer hospital stays.

• Chronic breathlessness tied to extended hospital care — Patients with chronic breathlessness were admitted sooner and spent more time in the hospital, even after accounting for age, comorbidities, and hospital factors. Lead author Professor David Currow, Strategic Professor, Flinders Ageing Alliance, explained:

“Longer hospital stays increase costs, reduce bed availability, and intensify emergency department pressures. In Australia alone, chronic breathlessness is estimated to cost more than $12 billion annually in healthcare and societal expenses, a figure expected to rise with an ageing population and increasing rates of chronic illness.”

• How does it affect patients? Chronic breathlessness is not an easy burden to bear and is often overlooked. Currow states that it can disrupt nearly every aspect of daily life, contributing to disability, anxiety, depression, and even reduced ability to work.

“People often adapt by avoiding exertion, which leads to further physical decline. Yet this symptom remains largely invisible in clinical consultations, often dismissed as an inevitable part of illness rather than a treatable condition,” he explained.

• Priority actions to improve outcomes — The study recommends four priority actions:

◦ Routine screening and documentation so chronic breathlessness is consistently identified as a “sixth vital sign” in emergency and inpatient care.

◦ Accurate reporting in medical records to strengthen data quality.

◦ Early intervention research to determine whether better primary-care management can reduce emergency admissions.

◦ Hospital process review to understand why these patients face delays and longer stays.

The findings underscore that chronic breathlessness needs to be considered a serious condition, not an unavoidable side effect of aging or illness. Currow emphasizes that “By recognising and managing it more effectively, we can improve quality of life. Understanding the drivers for these longer lengths of stay is a critical next step.”

Can Breathlessness Scores Predict Your Chances of Ending Up in the Hospital?

A U.K. cohort study published in BMJ Open Respiratory Research7,8 explored whether a simple breathlessness score recorded in primary care could reliably identify people at high risk of emergency hospital visits.

Breathlessness often appears early in illness, yet it has rarely been used as a structured clinical tool. This study aimed to change that by examining how a standardized breathlessness assessment relates to future hospital use.

• A large study using routine clinical records — Researchers analyzed health data from 16,948 adults whose breathlessness was formally graded using the Medical Research Council (MRC) Breathlessness Scale. They focused on 11,911 people who eventually experienced an unplanned hospital admission, examining how breathlessness severity tracked with later healthcare use.

• How the MRC breathlessness test works — The study utilized this test, which, unlike a laboratory test or imaging scan, measures breathlessness based on functional ability. Each grade corresponds to a specific, easy-to-understand description:9

◦ Grade 1 — Breathless only with heavy exercise

◦ Grade 2 — Breathless when hurrying or walking uphill

◦ Grade 3 — Walks slower than peers or stops after a mile

◦ Grade 4 — Stops after 100 meters due to breathlessness

◦ Grade 5 — Too breathless to leave the house

• Higher breathlessness scores predicted earlier hospitalization and longer stays — Adults with milder symptoms (MRC 1) went about 1,167 days before their first unplanned admission, while those with MRC 5 were admitted in about 615 days, nearly half the time. Once hospitalized, people with higher scores also stayed longer, even after adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, comorbidities, and deprivation.

• Higher scores revealed clear risk profiles — Severe breathlessness was closely linked with older age, obesity, smoking or past smoking, greater comorbidity burden, and living in more deprived neighborhoods. These factors likely interact over time, making breathlessness a visible signal of deeper health and social challenges.

• Many diagnoses emerged only after admission — Among those eventually given a definitive diagnosis, cardiorespiratory conditions were the most common. COPD accounted for 56% of diagnoses and asthma for 33%, with smaller numbers tied to heart disease, interstitial lung disease, pleural disorders, or lung cancer. For many patients, breathlessness appeared long before these conditions were identified, suggesting missed opportunities for earlier detection.

While the MRC scale had potential, the study authors recognized that more research is needed into this area. “This is the first study to identify an association between recording breathlessness intensity and time to a person’s first unplanned hospital admission and longer inpatient length of stay. Future work must focus on whether interventions can change people’s health service use,” they noted.10

Breathing Exercises to Manage Breathlessness

Breathlessness can be scary, especially if you have a lung condition, a heart problem, or chronic anxiety. But there are small, practical steps you can take to help you feel more in control. The Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Respiratory Care (ACPRC) offers a patient guide that teaches simple breathing techniques designed to reduce anxiety, ease symptoms, and make everyday activities feel more manageable.11

• Breathing control resets panic and tension — The most basic technique is called breathing control. It helps you calm down during or after a breathless episode by focusing on gentle, relaxed breathing. Sit or lie down in a supported position, breathe in through your nose and out through your nose or mouth, and let go of tension as you exhale.

Try to make each successive exhale longer than the inhale. Closing your eyes can help you focus. Practicing this daily can make your breathing steadier and easier to recover after activity.

• Pursed-lips breathing slows your exhale and eases air trapping — When experiencing shortness of breath, especially with conditions such as COPD, exhaling can seem more difficult than inhaling. Pursed-lips breathing aids by prolonging your exhale, helping prevent air from becoming trapped.

Inhale gently through your nose and then exhale slowly through pursed lips, like blowing out a candle. This technique makes breathing less exhausting and improves the movement of oxygen in and out of your lungs.

• “Blow as you go” helps with lifting, reaching, or standing — This everyday tip reminds you to exhale during effort. Breathe in before the action (like lifting a bag or climbing stairs), then blow out as you move. Exhaling during effort engages your core and reduces strain, much like how athletes exhale while exerting force.

• Paced breathing matches movement with breath — If walking or climbing stairs leaves you breathless, paced breathing may help. Try coordinating your breath with each step — for instance, inhale for one step and exhale for two. Adjust the rhythm to what feels comfortable.

• Deep breathing before activity prevents flare-ups — Instead of waiting until you’re breathless, practice slow, deep breathing to prepare your lungs. Before engaging in activities that normally trigger symptoms — like bending, reaching, or walking — take slower, deeper breaths to help your lungs keep up.

These techniques are most effective with regular practice; that’s why the ACPRC recommends practicing daily. The more familiar you become with them, the more effectively you’ll use them when breathlessness occurs.

How Overbreathing Disrupts the Brain and Body

As people retrain their breathing to support the spine and core, it’s helpful to know that more breath isn’t always better. Pushing deep or frequent breaths can tip the body out of balance.

• Balance, not “more air,” drives efficient breathing — Peter Litchfield, Ph.D., a leading expert in breathing physiology, teaches that effective breathing is about balance, not volume. Real efficiency depends on the natural reflex that already regulates breathing. Problems begin when stress, trauma, or long-held tension override that reflex. Over time, many people develop patterns such as:

◦ Upper-chest breathing

◦ Chronic sighing

◦ Overventilation (breathing too deeply or too often)

These habits disturb the normal balance between oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2), and can produce the very fatigue, anxiety, and imbalance people are trying to fix.

• CO2 helps keep vessels open and energy steady — CO2 is one of the body’s most reliable vasodilators — it helps blood vessels stay relaxed and open. When CO2 drops from overbreathing, blood vessels constrict, energy dips, and the brain gets less oxygen — the opposite of what “big breaths” are meant to achieve.

• Brain chemistry changes can spark sudden waves of emotion — When your brain isn’t getting enough oxygen and glucose, it shifts into a less efficient way of making energy. This builds up lactate and changes your brain chemistry, which Litchfield says can trigger “disinhibition” — those sudden rushes of fear, anger, or panic that seem to come out of nowhere.

These emotional bursts can feel strangely relieving in the moment, which makes your brain more likely to repeat the same overbreathing pattern. Later, when stress or old memories get stirred up, your body can fall right back into that rhythm, lowering CO2 again and restarting the whole cycle.

• A quick rescue to reset after overbreathing — Litchfield recommends a quick method to determine if low CO2 levels are behind your symptoms: Gently breathe into a paper bag (never use plastic). The bag should not be too small or too large; an ideal size is 6 inches by 15 inches, or 15 centimeters by 38 centimeters.

Breathe into the bag with your mouth and nose covered until you feel better. With each exhale, you expel CO2. By rebreathing the CO2 inside the paper bag, you effectively raise your CO2 level. CO2 plays a direct role in easing breathlessness and panic by stabilizing blood chemistry, oxygen delivery and nervous system signaling.

When CO2 levels drop too low, distress rises. When it returns to a normal range, symptoms often calm. This is not a long-term solution, but it can help restore balance in acute situations when you’re feeling out of breath or panicked.

Since each person takes approximately 20,000 breaths a day, understanding proper breathing is crucial. Read practical tips in “How Proper Breathing Builds Better Strength and Lasting Power.”

Drug-Free Habits That Support Better Breathing

Simple daily choices can either strain your lungs and nervous system, or help them recover. These foundational lifestyle shifts work with your body, not against it.

1. Quit smoking once and for all — Did you know that smoking just two cigarettes a day is associated with a 50% increased risk of heart disease? Smoking constantly irritates and inflames the airways, making every breath more effort than it needs to be. Avoiding cigarettes — or even exposure to secondhand smoke — takes a huge load off your lungs, allowing them to repair and breathe more freely over time.

2. Improve your diet so you can breathe easier — A good diet is one of the easiest ways to support your breathing. It keeps your energy up and can help control conditions like diabetes or anemia that worsen breathlessness.

One helpful change is to cut back on seed oils like soybean, canola, corn, sunflower, safflower, which are high in linoleic acid (LA) and can fuel inflammation. Keep your LA intake low — ideally below 5 grams a day — and choose more stable fats like ghee, coconut oil, or beef tallow.

3. Try rhythmic yoga breathing to settle your system — Rhythmic breathing is simply inhaling and exhaling at a steady pace. It gives your nervous system something predictable to follow, which helps your heart rate slow down, and your muscles release some of their tension.

4. Use mindfulness techniques to help you relax — Stress and anxiety can make breathlessness feel much worse, so learning ways to calm your system can really help. Techniques like Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) and tai chi, a slow, flowing movement practice, can ease tension and help you feel more in control of your breath.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Chronic Breathlessness

Q: What is breathlessness?

A: Breathlessness, also called shortness of breath, is the feeling that you can’t get enough air. It can happen during activity or at rest and often means your lungs, heart, metabolism, or nervous system are under strain.

Q: Why is chronic breathlessness a serious health issue?

A: Chronic breathlessness means breathing difficulty that lasts for weeks or longer. Studies show it’s linked to disability, anxiety, depression, and longer hospital stays, even when other diseases are already being treated.

Q: Can breathlessness show up before a diagnosis is made?

A: Yes. Research found breathlessness often appears years before conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or heart disease are formally diagnosed, making it an early warning sign that’s often missed.

Q: What is the MRC breathlessness scale?

A: The Medical Research Council (MRC) Breathlessness Scale is a simple tool doctors use to grade breathlessness based on daily activity, from breathless only with heavy exercise to being too breathless to leave the house.

Q: Why can breathing too much make symptoms worse?

A: Overbreathing lowers carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood. CO2 helps keep blood vessels open, so when levels drop, less oxygen reaches the brain, which can trigger fatigue, dizziness, anxiety, and panic.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) may be one of the most overlooked factors when it comes to optimizing cellular health. It is a cellular coenzyme that plays a role in many metabolic and signaling reactions.

For example, it partakes in redox reactions — chemical exchanges that transfer energy between molecules — which lead to the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), your body’s energy currency.1 In fact, research shows that a deficiency is linked to an array of conditions, such as sarcopenia and diabetes.2

But that’s not all — Alzheimer’s disease, the most common form of dementia,3 has now been linked to declining NAD+ levels. Following this line of thought, emerging research shows that boosting NAD+ intake can reverse the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. This discovery could be one of the biggest breakthroughs in recent times, as most people believe that Alzheimer’s only worsens the longer it goes,4 and treatment focuses on slowing decline rather than reversing it.

Video Link

Restoring Brain Energy Reversed Advanced Alzheimer’s in Animal Models

A study published in Cell Reports Medicine set out to discover how Alzheimer’s disease can be reversed by boosting NAD+ levels. For the experiment, the researchers used multiple mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease that already showed severe cognitive impairment, brain inflammation, tau pathology, and structural brain damage.5

Mice were administered P7C3-A20 at a dosage of 10 milligrams (mg) per kilogram (kg) of weight each day. Analysis involved observing changes across behavior, brain chemistry, and physical brain structure. For context, P7C3-A20 is a carbazole compound that can readily cross the blood-brain barrier. It works by binding to NAMPT (an enzyme that controls how much NAD+ is made from niacinamide) to enhance NAD+ production6 at safe levels.

• One striking finding is the rate of improvement — The authors reported that in treated mice, cognitive function recovered fully, meaning their memory performance returned to levels seen in healthy animals. These mice performed just as well as non-diseased controls on learning and memory tests.

• What changed inside the brain samples — Multiple hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease improved at the same time. Tau pathology, which refers to tangled protein structures that disrupt neuron function, decreased after NAD+ restoration. Neuroinflammation markers dropped, indicating a calmer immune environment in the brain. Signals of oxidative stress and DNA damage — both signs of energy failure inside cells — also declined.

• Results were observed right away — The intervention occurred after the disease had fully developed in these animals. Again, this directly challenges the long-standing belief that Alzheimer’s damage becomes permanent once it crosses a certain threshold.

• Other disease models were used to solidify the findings — The researchers tested the same approach in two different forms of Alzheimer’s pathology. In amyloid-driven mice and in tau-driven PS19 mice, restoring NAD+ reversed advanced disease features. That distinction matters because amyloid and tau represent different biological drivers of Alzheimer’s. Seeing improvement in both strengthens the argument that NAD+ disruption sits upstream of these visible brain lesions.

• Blood biomarkers also benefited — Treated animals showed reduced levels of phosphorylated tau 217, a biomarker now used clinically to track Alzheimer’s severity. This helps bridge the gap between animal research and its implications for Alzheimer’s disease in humans.

• At the center of all the changes is NAD+ homeostasis — NAD+ is required for cells to convert nutrients into usable energy and to repair daily damage to proteins and DNA. That said, the study found that Alzheimer’s disease severity correlated with how disrupted NAD+ balance became in the brain. In other words, as energy systems failed, disease features worsened and restoring that balance reversed the cascade.

The researchers described this as a “resilience” model rather than a single-target approach. Instead of attacking amyloid alone or tau alone, restoring NAD+ stabilized multiple systems at once — energy production, inflammation control, blood-brain barrier integrity, and cellular repair. Thus, the findings reframe Alzheimer’s as a system-level energy failure rather than a mystery buildup of toxic debris in the brain.

• Human relevance strengthened the findings further — Using human brain samples and sophisticated molecular analysis techniques, the authors reported that NAD+ disruption also tracked with Alzheimer’s severity in people. They identified overlapping biological nodes between mice and humans that responded to restored NAD+ balance.

• Mechanistic explanation of the benefits — The paper explained that NAD+ acts as a central coordinator for enzymes involved in DNA repair, mitochondrial function, and stress resistance. When NAD+ levels fall, these systems stall. Neurons, which require constant energy, suffer first. Restoring NAD+ reactivated these pathways simultaneously.

The study also highlighted why focusing solely on plaques has delivered limited success. Amyloid and tau accumulation appeared downstream of NAD+ disruption rather than as isolated causes. Once energy systems failed, the brain lost its ability to manage protein turnover, immune balance, and structural integrity. Fixing the upstream energy deficit corrected multiple downstream failures at once.

From a practical standpoint, the findings support the idea that improving cellular energy changes the trajectory of Alzheimer’s disease rather than simply slowing damage. It shows that neurons under metabolic stress can recover when you address cellular energy production at its root.

NAD+ Restores Memory by Rewriting Neuronal Instructions

In a related study published in Science Advances, researchers examined how restoring NAD+ reverses Alzheimer’s features inside brain cells from a genetic perspective. Specifically, the researchers focused on gene regulation, which influences how neurons read and process instructions that control memory and brain resilience.7

• Core findings of the analysis — Increasing NAD+ corrected widespread errors in gene instruction processing and restored memory performance, but only when a specific control protein, EVA1C, remained intact. When this was suppressed, the memory benefit disappeared, even with NAD+ restoration.

Another important improvement that was observed is memory retention. Animals receiving NAD+ showed clear restoration of learning and recall ability, measured through standardized behavioral tests used in neuroscience research. When researchers interfered with EVA1C expression in the hippocampus, those gains vanished, even though NAD+ levels rose.

• A deeper look into the mechanism at play — The study showed that NAD+ corrected abnormal alternative splicing events across many genes. For context, alternative splicing refers to how cells assemble genetic instructions before building proteins.

Think of the process as editing a recipe. If the editing goes wrong, the cell produces dysfunctional proteins. In Alzheimer’s models, these editing errors appeared widespread. NAD+ restored normal editing patterns, but only through EVA1C.

• The largest benefits appeared in hippocampal neurons — This is especially observed within the CA1 region. For context, the hippocampus is the brain’s memory hub, and CA1 neurons act as a relay station for forming and retrieving memories. When EVA1C levels dropped in this region, NAD+ no longer improved memory performance.

• Comparisons between test variables — NAD+ alone improved memory only when EVA1C function remained intact. Meanwhile, EVA1C suppression alone worsened memory outcomes even when energy levels improved. This shows that NAD+ and EVA1C did not work independently — they functioned as a linked system, with EVA1C acting as the gatekeeper for the cognitive benefits of NAD+.

The study also included human data. Researchers reported that EVA1C expression was reduced in the hippocampus of participants with Alzheimer’s disease compared to cognitively normal controls.

• A closer analysis of the mechanisms involved — Ribonucleic acid (RNA) splicing determines which protein versions neurons produce. In Alzheimer’s disease, incorrect splicing led to dysfunctional proteins that weaken synapses and disrupt communication between brain cells. Now, NAD+ restored normal splicing patterns by regulating EVA1C activity, which stabilized protein production inside neurons.

Again, the researchers emphasized that this process represented a form of resilience. Neurons did not simply slow deterioration — they regained the ability to produce functional proteins required for learning and memory.

Before Boosting Levels, It’s Important to Get a Baseline

Based on the findings, boosting NAD+ has enormous potential when it comes to managing Alzheimer’s disease. Hence, testing your current levels is important, as it would be wise not to take any supplement without proper direction or planning.

• A new test will be launched in the future — I’m excited to introduce the upcoming Mitochondrial Wellness Test Kit, which is designed to offer you a current snapshot of your mitochondrial function. While this provides an overview, additional targeted testing may still be needed to fully understand the more intricate nuances of your health.

• Existing NAD+ tests fall short — NAD+ is highly unstable once it’s outside the cells and degrades quickly, making reliable measurement difficult. To maintain accuracy, it requires immediate processing and advanced laboratory methods.

In practice, this means blood samples need to be collected and analyzed rapidly within the same research facility, which is not possible at most clinics. Moreover, transporting samples between labs further compromises integrity. Despite these obstacles, my team and I have remained committed to advancing practical health testing for everyone.

• A higher standard for NAD+ assessment — Mercola Labs is developing a novel solution that avoids the pitfalls of measuring NAD+. Instead, we assess NAD+ levels by analyzing redox balance among these essential biomarkers — acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate, lactate and pyruvate, and the oxidized and reduced forms of glutathione. Additional details will be shared closer to release.

Niacinamide Supports NAD+ Production

Taking niacinamide is a convenient way of boosting your NAD+ levels. However, this approach calls for precision and balance — the reason why I encourage proper testing. While high doses have shown benefits in clinical settings, smaller and consistent amounts are far more appropriate for everyday use. This approach supports mitochondrial and metabolic function without placing unnecessary stress on the body, since excessive intake can disrupt methylation pathways and raise the risk of adverse events over time.

• Take small, evenly distributed daily doses — For daily support, take 50 milligrams of niacinamide three times per day. This modest dose supports NAD+ production without the risks associated with high-dose vitamin B3 supplementation. You can even divide it into four servings per day. Take one dose upon waking, one before bed, and space the remaining doses evenly throughout the day.

• Excessive B3 intake can be counterproductive — Taking too much vitamin B3, whether as niacin or niacinamide, will lead to negative outcomes. Research cited by the Cleveland Clinic indicates that high doses can increase cardiovascular risk.8 Although both compounds are forms of vitamin B3, niacin does not activate NAMPT the way niacinamide does, making niacinamide the preferred option.

• Don’t forget the other B vitamins — Adequate intake of other B vitamins is essential for overall health and mitochondrial function, particularly niacin, riboflavin, and folate. Suboptimal mitochondrial health is often linked to B-vitamin deficiencies,9 which can typically be corrected with a low-dose, high-quality B-complex supplement.

When it comes to food sources, vitamin B3 is abundant in grass fed beef and mushrooms.10 Vitamin B6 is found in grass fed beef, potatoes, and bananas.11 Folate (vitamin B9) is plentiful in spinach, broccoli, and asparagus,12 while vitamin B12 is concentrated in foods such as grass fed beef liver, wild rainbow trout, and wild sockeye salmon.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About NAD+ and Its Link to Alzheimer’s Disease

Q: What is NAD+ and why is it essential for cellular and brain health?
A: NAD+ is a core cellular coenzyme required for energy production, mitochondrial function, DNA repair, and metabolic signaling. Low NAD+ levels impair cellular energy and are linked to aging, metabolic disease, and neurodegeneration.

Q: How is NAD+ connected to Alzheimer’s disease progression?
A: Research shows Alzheimer’s disease severity correlates with disrupted NAD+ balance. Declining NAD+ levels impairs neuronal energy, repair, and resilience, suggesting the condition is driven by upstream energy failure rather than plaque buildup alone.

Q: Can restoring NAD+ reverse Alzheimer’s-related damage?
A: In advanced animal models, restoring NAD+ led to full cognitive recovery, reduced inflammation, improved tau pathology, and lower blood biomarkers, even after severe disease was established, challenging the idea of irreversible damage.

Q: How does NAD+ improve memory at a genetic and cellular level?
A: NAD+ restores proper gene instruction processing through EVA1C-dependent RNA splicing, particularly in hippocampal neurons. This allows neurons to rebuild functional proteins required for learning and memory, promoting true neuronal recovery.

Q: What is the safest way to support NAD+ levels?
A: Modest, consistent niacinamide dosing, combined with adequate B vitamins, supports NAD+ production safely without disrupting methylation or increasing health risks.

Test Your Knowledge with Today’s Quiz!

Take today’s quiz to see how much you’ve learned from yesterday’s Mercola.com article.

Which type of oil supplies linoleic acid that accumulates in tissues and drives inflammation?

Seed oils

Seed oils are rich in linoleic acid, which oxidizes easily, builds up in tissues, and fuels inflammatory damage inside arteries for years before symptoms appear. Learn more.

Olive oil
Beef tallow
Ghee

If you wake up tired despite eight hours in bed, if your workouts leave you depleted instead of energized, if you feel like you’re running on fumes no matter how well you eat — your stress response is likely stuck in overdrive. This pattern has a name in traditional medicine. For centuries, Ayurvedic practitioners recognized it as a state of depletion requiring restoration, not more effort.

The remedy they reached for was ashwagandha, a root classified as an adaptogen, meaning it helps your body adapt to stress by restoring balance rather than forcing a response in one direction. Unlike stimulants that push energy or sedatives that suppress it, adaptogens support equilibrium. That ancient intuition now has modern validation.

Stress is woven into daily life in ways that are easy to normalize and hard to escape. Long work hours, irregular sleep, and relentless mental load quietly shift your body into chronic strain. Over time, that strain shows up as poor sleep, unstable energy, slower recovery, and a feeling that your body doesn’t fully reset — symptoms often ignored until performance, health, or motivation starts to slide.

Athletic training magnifies this problem rather than offsetting it. Physical effort demands recovery, and when stress stays elevated, recovery remains incomplete. Picture someone who trains four days a week, eats clean, and still can’t shake the brain fog or build the muscle they expect. They assume they need to train harder or find a new diet.

But when stress hormones run constantly high, the body treats every workout as another threat to survive rather than a stimulus to adapt to. No amount of effort overcomes that biochemical roadblock.

At the center of this connection sits the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, or HPA axis, your body’s stress thermostat. When it’s working properly, it ramps up cortisol to meet a challenge, then dials back down once the threat passes. Chronic stress miscalibrates this thermostat, leaving it stuck in the “on” position, pumping cortisol even when there’s no real threat.

Ashwagandha helps recalibrate this system so your body recognizes when it’s actually safe to rest and repair. Its active compounds, called withanolides, modulate stress signaling, support calming neurotransmitter activity, and provide antioxidant protection. Understanding these connections sets the stage for examining why ashwagandha has become a focus of serious scientific interest and what the research shows when stress regulation moves back in the right direction.

Ashwagandha Improves Stress, Hormones, and Recovery in Active Adults

A paper published in the Journal of Education, Health and Sport analyzed human clinical trials that examined ashwagandha supplementation in relation to cortisol control, testosterone balance, and physical recovery outcomes.1

The researchers focused on randomized, placebo-controlled studies conducted in adults between 2010 and 2025, prioritizing trials that measured objective markers such as blood hormones, aerobic capacity, and recovery indices. The goal was to determine whether ashwagandha meaningfully improves how the body handles stress and rebounds from physical demand.

• Ashwagandha benefits adults under psychological or physical strain — The review highlighted consistent benefits in chronically stressed adults, physically active individuals, and athletes exposed to demanding training loads. These groups showed measurable reductions in stress markers alongside improvements in perceived stress, anxiety scores, and physical readiness.

This matters because stress-related fatigue and stalled recovery often share the same root: excessive cortisol signaling.

• Cortisol dropped at a rate that clearly separated ashwagandha from placebo — One standout trial gave stressed adults 300 milligrams (mg) of ashwagandha root extract twice daily for 60 days. Their cortisol dropped 27.9% — nearly four times the reduction seen in the placebo group. That gap represents a meaningful shift from chronic stress physiology toward recovery physiology.

For someone running on stress hormones, a 28% drop in cortisol could mean finally sleeping through the night, waking up without an alarm, or noticing that afternoon slump disappears. Cortisol drives muscle breakdown, sleep disruption, and hormonal suppression when it stays elevated. So, lower cortisol shifts your body out of constant defense mode and back into repair.

• Multiple stress-related outcomes improved at the same time — Beyond cortisol, participants reported lower perceived stress scores and improved emotional stability across several trials. Anxiety ratings dropped, sleep quality improved, and subjective fatigue declined.

These outcomes cascade: lower stress hormones enable deeper sleep, deeper sleep accelerates recovery, faster recovery unlocks training gains. One improvement sets the next in motion. Rather than forcing performance, the herb supported the HPA axis, helping the body respond appropriately instead of overreacting.

• Hormonal balance shifted in a favorable direction — The review reported repeated findings of increased testosterone and DHEA-S levels, especially in physically active men and older adults with lower baseline hormone levels. Testosterone supports muscle repair, strength development, and motivation.

DHEA-S is a precursor hormone, a building block your body uses to make testosterone and estrogen. When chronic stress depletes it, your hormonal reserves run low. Restoring DHEA-S helps replenish that reserve tank. Importantly, these increases appeared alongside cortisol reductions, not through overstimulation.

Cortisol and testosterone have an inverse relationship — when one rises, the other tends to fall. This is why chronically stressed men often experience low testosterone symptoms (fatigue, reduced motivation, slow recovery) even when their levels test “normal.” By reducing cortisol, ashwagandha creates hormonal room for testosterone to rise naturally.

• Physical performance and recovery showed objective gains — Trials summarized in the review demonstrated improvements in VO2 max, a measure of how efficiently your body uses oxygen during exertion. A higher VO2 max means you can climb stairs, finish a workout, or keep up with your children without gasping for air. It’s the difference between feeling winded and feeling capable.

Participants also showed improved recovery and lower post-exercise fatigue scores, meaning they bounced back faster between training sessions.

Chronically elevated cortisol breaks down muscle tissue for fuel, impairs glycogen replenishment, and delays tissue repair. When cortisol normalizes, your body can finally use the protein you eat for building rather than burning, store carbohydrates efficiently in muscle, and repair micro-damage from training. The performance gains aren’t from stimulation — they’re from removing the brake that was preventing adaptation.

Most positive outcomes emerged after eight weeks or longer of daily supplementation. Short-term dosing produced smaller effects, while sustained use aligned with larger cortisol reductions and performance gains.

Why Ashwagandha’s Benefits Show Up Across Sleep, Metabolism, and Performance

These findings raised an obvious question: why does lowering cortisol produce such wide-ranging benefits? A review in Nutrition & Metabolism attempted to untangle the mechanisms.2 Rather than asking whether outcomes occur, this study focused on why they occur.

The review covered healthy adults, people under chronic psychological stress, recreational and trained athletes, and older adults experiencing fatigue or metabolic decline. Across these groups, improvements clustered around sleep quality, metabolic markers, and physical and mental performance.

• Sleep quality emerged as a primary driver of downstream benefits — Multiple randomized trials showed improvements in sleep onset time, total sleep duration, and sleep efficiency, especially at doses of 600 mg per day or higher over eight weeks or more. Sleep efficiency simply means how much time in bed you actually spend asleep.

Better sleep improves recovery, hormone balance, and next-day energy, which explains why performance metrics improve. The review detailed ashwagandha’s interaction with GABA receptors in the brain, which helps quiet overactive neural signaling tied to poor sleep and anxiety. GABA acts like the brain’s “off switch” for racing thoughts. When ashwagandha enhances GABA activity, it’s easier for your mind to quiet down at night instead of replaying the day’s stressors on a loop.

• Stress markers improved alongside sleep — The review reported consistent reductions in morning cortisol paired with better subjective stress scores and quality-of-life ratings. Morning cortisol reflects how hard your stress system runs at baseline. Lower values signal a calmer starting point each day, which supports steadier energy and emotional control.

• Metabolic health showed measurable improvement in several trials — Ashwagandha supplementation was linked to reductions in fasting blood glucose, insulin, and LDL cholesterol in adults. Lower insulin and glucose mean your cells handle fuel more efficiently. That efficiency supports endurance, reduces energy crashes, and speeds recovery between workouts.

• Body composition shifted in a favorable direction when paired with training — Trials summarized in the review showed greater muscle gains and fat reduction in participants who combined resistance training with ashwagandha supplementation compared to training alone. These changes tracked with improved sleep and lower stress hormones, not appetite suppression.

• Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways played a role — Human trials showed reductions in markers of oxidative stress along with increases in antioxidant defenses. Oxidative stress is like rust accumulating inside your cells. Intense exercise, poor sleep, and chronic stress all accelerate this “rusting.” Ashwagandha helps your body produce more of its natural rust-proofing compounds. Lowering oxidative stress protects muscles, nerves, and mitochondria during repeated training.

This creates a virtuous cycle: lower cortisol enables deeper sleep. Deeper sleep enhances growth hormone release and tissue repair. Better recovery allows more productive training. More productive training builds fitness and resilience. Ashwagandha doesn’t create this cycle — it removes the cortisol block that was preventing it from turning.

Most benefits emerged after four to 12 weeks, with stronger outcomes at eight weeks or longer. Shorter trials showed smaller shifts. Across dozens of trials using 300 to 600 mg daily for up to 12 weeks, researchers reported no meaningful changes in blood counts, thyroid markers, or vital signs. Mild side effects occurred at similar rates in placebo groups. Rare liver injury cases resolved after stopping supplementation, reinforcing the importance of appropriate dosing and quality control.

How to Lower Stress Load and Recover Faster on Purpose

When your body feels stuck in survival mode, pushing harder rarely fixes the problem. High stress keeps cortisol elevated, which interferes with sleep, recovery, and training progress. The goal here is to calm the stress-response system first, then build habits that help your body repair and regain momentum instead of spinning its wheels.

1. Lower daily stress signals — If you wake up tired, feel on edge during the day, or notice that workouts leave you wiped out instead of energized, your nervous system is under constant pressure. Start with simple changes. Anchor your sleep with consistency: same bedtime, same wake time, even on weekends.
Dim lights after sunset, since bright screens tell your brain it’s still daytime. Treat the last hour before bed as a decompression zone, not a time to catch up on email. These habits reduce baseline cortisol and make ashwagandha far more effective instead of asking it to fight constant stress noise on its own.

2. Use ashwagandha to calm your system, not to push harder — When stress hormones stay high, adding stimulants or training intensity makes things worse. Ashwagandha works best as a steady, daily support that helps quiet stress signaling. If you’re mentally overloaded, training often, or sleeping lightly, consistency matters more than timing tricks. The real benefit comes when your body finally gets the message that it doesn’t need to stay on high alert.

3. Match your workouts to what your body can actually recover from — Too much intense exercise causes more harm than good. Long, exhausting sessions drive cortisol even higher and slow recovery. Moderate-intensity workouts, like walking, combined with shorter, focused workouts and real rest days protects recovery hormones. When stress drops, ashwagandha supports adaptation instead of acting as damage control.

4. Keep your blood sugar steady to avoid hidden stress spikes — Energy crashes act like stress to your body. If you feel shaky, irritable, or drained between meals, cortisol rises to fill the gap. Regular meals with enough carbohydrates and protein help keep energy steady throughout the day.

When blood sugar crashes, your body releases cortisol to compensate — it’s an emergency fuel system. Preventing those crashes with regular, balanced meals keeps cortisol from spiking unnecessarily. Start by aiming for 250 grams of carbs per day, which supports sustained metabolic health and ensures that your mitochondria function efficiently.

Prioritize easy-to-digest options like fruit and white rice. When your gut is ready, meaning no bloating and no irregular bowel movements, gradually add in root vegetables, then legumes, additional vegetables, and well-tolerated whole grains.

5. Give your body enough time to reset — Stress doesn’t unwind overnight. If you’re coming out of burnout, heavy training, or long-term pressure, your nervous system needs repeated signals that things are safe again. Staying consistent with sleep, nutrition, recovery-focused training, and daily ashwagandha use for at least eight weeks allows cortisol to settle, sleep to deepen, and energy to return.

Performance improves as a result, not by forcing it. If you are an athlete, a busy professional, or someone who simply feels run down, this approach helps your body stop fighting itself and start rebuilding again.

6. Choose a quality ashwagandha extract and use it consistently — Not all ashwagandha products are equal. Look for root extract (not leaf) standardized to contain a consistent percentage of withanolides, the active compounds responsible for stress-lowering effects. Capsules offer convenience; powders can be mixed into smoothies or warm milk (a traditional Ayurvedic preparation).

Aim for 300 to 600 mg daily, taken morning or evening — some prefer evening due to the calming effects. Plan for at least eight weeks of consistent use before evaluating results. The benefits build gradually as your stress signaling recalibrates.

Signs ashwagandha is working often appear gradually: falling asleep faster, waking feeling more refreshed, steadier energy without caffeine dependence, better workout recovery, and a general sense of feeling less “wired but tired.” Consider keeping a simple journal of sleep quality and energy levels for the first eight weeks.

Those with autoimmune thyroid conditions should consult their doctor, as ashwagandha stimulates thyroid function. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid it due to insufficient safety data. If you take sedatives, thyroid medications, or immunosuppressants, check with your health care provider first.

FAQs About Ashwagandha

Q: What does ashwagandha actually help with?
A: Ashwagandha helps lower chronic stress by reducing cortisol, which supports better sleep, steadier energy, hormonal balance, and faster physical recovery. When stress signaling calms down, your body shifts out of breakdown mode and back into repair.

Q: Who benefits the most from using ashwagandha?
A: The higher your baseline stress, the more room there is for improvement. Someone already sleeping well with low anxiety may notice little change. Someone running on fumes, sleeping poorly, and feeling constantly on edge often notices significant shifts within weeks. This includes athletes, highly active adults, busy professionals, and anyone dealing with poor sleep, fatigue, or slow recovery.

Q: How long does it take to notice results?
A: Most clinical benefits show up after consistent daily use for at least eight weeks. Shorter use produces smaller effects, while longer, steady use aligns with deeper cortisol reduction, improved sleep quality, and better recovery.

Q: Does ashwagandha work on its own, or does lifestyle still matter?
A: Ashwagandha works best when stressors are reduced at the same time. Consistent sleep schedules, appropriate exercise intensity, and stable blood sugar allow the herb to reinforce calm stress signaling instead of fighting constant overload.

Q: Is ashwagandha safe when used correctly?
A: Clinical trials using standard doses for up to 12 weeks report no meaningful changes in blood markers or vital signs, with mild side effects occurring at rates similar to placebo. Using appropriate doses and high-quality preparations supports safe, predictable results.

You’ve done everything right. You’ve chosen organic produce, filtered your water, avoided alcohol during pregnancy. You’re breastfeeding your baby, knowing it’s the gold standard for infant nutrition. But new research reveals an uncomfortable truth: your breast milk also carries a chemical signature of modern life — traces of plastics from takeout containers, disinfectants from household cleaners, pesticides from conventional produce, even breakdown products of medications taken years ago.1

Early development depends on tightly regulated hormonal and metabolic signaling. When hormone-disrupting chemicals appear during this stage, researchers pay close attention, even when levels are low. These chemicals mimic natural hormones like estrogen or block hormone receptors, interfering with growth signals, metabolism, and brain development during a period when these systems are still forming.

What stands out in this research is not the presence of one dominant toxin, but the repeated detection of many different chemicals that originate from routine activities such as food storage, household cleaning, and personal care product use.

At the same time, breast milk remains the gold standard for infant nutrition, delivering immune protection and biological signals that no substitute matches. The concern is not whether breastfeeding is safe, but how modern environments influence what passes through breast milk — and its effects on future generations.

Breast Milk Carries a Mixture of Modern Industrial Chemicals

Researchers from McGill University used a non-targeted screening approach — essentially casting a wide net to identify any chemical signature present, rather than testing for a predetermined list of suspects.2 Think of it as the difference between searching for specific known criminals versus photographing everyone who passes through airport security to see who shows up.

Most safety testing evaluates chemicals in isolation — as if you encounter BPA alone, without simultaneous exposure to phthalates, parabens, and pesticides. But daily life doesn’t work that way. You’re exposed to dozens of chemicals simultaneously through food, air, water, and products. Regulatory science hasn’t caught up to this reality. The researchers analyzed 594 human milk samples collected in Montreal, Canada, and in Vhembe and Pretoria, South Africa, between 2018 and 2019, with eye-opening results.

• The study revealed chemicals that had never been reported in human milk before — Among the newly identified substances were antimicrobial preservatives, which appear in soaps, disinfectants, and personal care products. Plastic-related antioxidant additives also showed up, reflecting exposure from food packaging and manufactured materials. For parents, this confirms that everyday products leave biological traces in breast milk, even without obvious overuse.

• Agricultural and household chemicals appeared alongside personal-care residues — The researchers also detected propanil, an agricultural herbicide, and chloroxylenol, an antimicrobial common in household disinfectants. None of these compounds had been previously documented in human milk.

• Medication byproducts offered a real-world snapshot of treatment history — In samples from South Africa, scientists identified a breakdown product of efavirenz, a medication once widely used to treat HIV. When chemicals enter your body, they don’t necessarily stay in their original form. Your liver and other organs chemically modify them into metabolites — breakdown products that can be more or less toxic than the parent compound.

This is why researchers now track both the original chemicals and their transformed versions. According to study co-author Stéphane Bayen, the presence of the HIV drug breakdown product indicated maternal use during or before the sample years, before treatment guidelines changed after 2019. This shows how past medical decisions remain visible in biological samples years later.

Bayen described the results as evidence that people experience a “complex cocktail of chemical residues,” shaped by diet, environment, and lifestyle. This matters because chemicals rarely act alone. Two chemicals that seem safe individually might amplify each other’s effects when combined — or create entirely new effects. Regulatory testing evaluates one chemical at a time, but your baby receives them all at once.

• Some chemical levels correlated with measurable infant outcomes — Concentrations of certain chemicals, including bisphenol A and bisphenol AF, aligned with altered growth patterns among South African infants. Jonathan Chevrier, an associate professor of epidemiology involved in the work, stressed that this was the first study of its kind and that replication remains necessary before drawing firm conclusions. Still, this link explains why scientists track growth signals so closely during infancy.

• Breast milk remains the gold standard for infant nutrition — Bayen stated that the detected substances appeared at low concentrations and that the health effects of many remain unknown. Establishing baseline data allows regulators and scientists to expand testing targets beyond the usual suspects.

That creates a practical pathway for reducing exposure over time instead of guessing where risks originate. Once you understand the exposure pathways — how these chemicals travel from products to your bloodstream to your milk — the leverage points for intervention become obvious. You can’t control industrial contamination of the entire food supply, but you can control whether you microwave leftovers in plastic or store them in glass.

5 Separate Studies Point to the Same Exposure Problem

The McGill research didn’t rely on one analysis. It drew from five separate studies, each asking a different question about what ends up in breast milk, how those chemicals get there, and whether they relate to infant growth or development. Together, these studies show not only what turns up in human milk, but also how replacement chemicals, household habits, and regional differences shape what infants receive during a critical stage of growth.

• Bisphenols in breast milk linked to measurable changes in infant growth — A study published in Environmental Research examined bisphenols — plastic-related chemicals that disrupt hormones — in breast milk from South Africa and Canada.3 Levels of BPA, BPS, and BPAF were highest in rural South Africa and lowest in Montreal, where only BPS was detected.

Microwaving food in plastic containers and maternal diet strongly influenced exposure. Among South African infants, BPAF aligned with greater body length and head circumference, while higher BPA aligned with smaller head size.

This contradictory pattern reveals a problem with chemical substitution: manufacturers replace BPA with structurally similar cousins (BPS, BPAF), assuming safety, but these “replacements” interact with the body’s hormone receptors in entirely different ways. Same chemical family, opposite biological effects.

• Testing revealed chlorinated chemicals not previously found in human milk — Research published in Exposome used a broad scanning method rather than a preset chemical list.4 This approach identified six chlorinated compounds, including disinfectant antimicrobials, pesticide-related chemicals, a UV filter, and a breakdown product of an HIV medication.

Several of these substances had never been reported in human milk before. The findings show that standard testing overlooks meaningful exposures from cleaning products, agriculture, and medical treatments combined.

• Plastic substitutes appeared alongside the chemicals they replaced — A Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology study looked beyond BPA and searched for structurally similar replacements.5

Researchers identified 11 additional compounds, including chemicals used in thermal receipt paper, ultraviolet filters, and synthetic antioxidants. Two plastic stabilizers were detected in human milk for the first time. This demonstrates that removing one known chemical often results in exposure to newer alternatives rather than true reduction.

• Parabens showed up in multiple processed forms, not just their original state — A Chemosphere study focused on parabens, preservatives common in cosmetics and personal care products.6 Scientists identified common parabens, newly recognized parabens, and sulfated forms that show how the body chemically modifies these compounds.

Some parabens appeared only in South African samples. The same analysis detected phthalates, PFAS, and even a tire-related chemical, illustrating how environmental contamination reaches breast milk through indirect and unexpected routes.

• Country-specific patterns revealed chemical substitution rather than elimination — An Environmental Pollution study measured nine bisphenols using a sensitive extraction method.7 South African samples showed higher BPA levels, mostly in processed form, while Canadian samples showed a shift away from BPA toward BPS. BPAF appeared only in South Africa. These findings show that regulatory changes often swap one chemical for another, leaving overall exposure intact rather than reduced.

Practical Steps to Reduce Chemical Exposure While Protecting Your Baby

These findings might feel overwhelming — and the instinct might be to panic or dismiss breastfeeding altogether. But breast milk remains the best source of infant nutrition — irreplaceable, in fact — even in a world saturated with environmental chemicals. The goal here is not to create fear around breastfeeding.

The goal is to reduce the everyday exposures that contribute to chemical residues in human milk. When daily habits change, what transfers to your baby changes as well. That gives you meaningful control at a time when control often feels limited.

1. Keep breastfeeding as the nutritional foundation — If you’re breastfeeding, staying the course supports your baby’s immune defenses, gut development, and brain growth, while supplying antibodies, enzymes, and hormones that help guide healthy metabolism.

The researchers behind the breast milk findings stated clearly that breast milk remains ideal for infants because it delivers nutrition and immune protection no substitute can match. Lowering environmental exposure strengthens these benefits by reducing what transfers alongside those protective compounds rather than replacing breastfeeding itself.

2. Filter your drinking water — Drinking water and cooking water contribute to ongoing chemical intake, including residues from pesticides, plastics, and disinfectants. Install a high-quality water filtration system to intercept contaminants before they enter every glass of water you drink, every meal you cook, and every bottle you prepare. This single step lowers cumulative intake without changing routines.

3. Simplify personal care and household products — Many of the unexpected compounds identified in breast milk trace back to soaps, disinfectants, and cosmetic products. Reducing the number of products you use each day lowers the number of preservatives and antimicrobial agents absorbed through your skin.

Fewer products create fewer exposure pathways. Choosing natural personal care products and cleaning agents, or making your own at home, also reduces your exposure to toxic chemicals. Specific swaps that matter:

• Replace antibacterial hand soap with natural soap
• Skip body lotions with long ingredient lists; use organic coconut oil instead
• Eliminate triclosan-containing toothpaste (check labels)
• Make a simple deodorant from baking soda and coconut oil

4. Limit plastic contact with food and beverages — Plastic-related additives detected in breast milk originate largely from food packaging and storage materials. Switch to glass, stainless steel, or ceramic containers to eliminate contact with plastic stabilizers and antioxidants — especially when heating food, since heat dramatically accelerates chemical migration into whatever you’re eating or drinking. Prioritize these changes in order of impact:

• Don’t microwave in plastic (this showed the strongest correlation with BPA levels in the research)
• Switch hot food/beverage containers first (coffee cup lids, takeout containers for hot food, plastic wrap touching hot dishes)
• Replace plastic food storage gradually with glass (mason jars work for most needs; focus on acidic foods like tomato sauce first, as acids leach more chemicals)
• Avoid canned foods with BPA linings
• Don’t reuse disposable plastic bottles (reuse increases leaching)

5. Use my homemade formula recipe if breastfeeding is not possible — Some parents can’t breastfeed, and that reality deserves a practical solution. In those cases, my homemade formula recipe avoids industrial seed oils and unnecessary additives common in commercial formulas. This option allows greater control over ingredients and reduces exposure to avoidable contaminants.

Below is my preferred dairy-based formula, which will make 36 ounces of milk. If you need to make large batches to last several days, you can do so, but make sure to freeze the finished product. For children who are unable to tolerate milk proteins, I recommend trying my hypoallergenic milk formula instead.

Healthy Homemade Infant Formula

Procedure

1. Warm 1 7/8 cups of filtered water (to get this amount, measure out 2 cups of water and remove 2 tablespoons) over medium heat.
2. Add 2 teaspoons of grass fed beef gelatin and 4 tablespoons of lactose to the water; occasionally stir until dissolved.
3. Place 2 cups of raw organic whole cow’s milk into a clean glass blender. Add the remainder of ingredients to the blender:

• 1/4 cup of liquid homemade whey (for instructions, see Pope’s video. You can also visit the Weston A. Price Foundation’s website for their own homemade whey recipe)
• 2 to 3 tablespoons of raw cream
• 1/4 teaspoon acerola powder
• 1/4 teaspoon bifidobacterium infantis (a probiotic)
• 2 teaspoons Frontier Brand nutritional yeast flakes
• 1/2 teaspoon high-quality non-fermented cod liver oil. You could substitute the cod liver oil with wild-caught Alaskan Salmon oil or krill oil
• 1 teaspoon coconut oil
• 1 teaspoon organic ghee

4. Remove the pot of water from the stove. Add 2 teaspoons of coconut oil and 1/4 teaspoon high-vitamin butter oil to the water to melt. Once melted, add the water mixture to the blender ingredients and blend for about three to five seconds.

5. Pour the blended ingredients into glass jars or glass baby bottles and refrigerate. Before feeding, warm the formula by placing the glass bottle in a pot of hot water. A baby bottle warmer can also be used. Never microwave infant formula, as this will destroy many valuable nutrients and enzymes and pose a burn risk.

FAQS About Chemicals in Breast Milk

Q: Why are chemicals showing up in breast milk at all?
A: Breast milk reflects a mother’s daily environment. Chemicals from plastics, pesticides, disinfectants, and personal care products enter your body through food, water, air, and skin contact, then transfer into milk in small amounts.

Q: Does the presence of these chemicals mean breast milk is unsafe?
A: No. The researchers emphasized that breast milk remains the gold standard for infant nutrition because it delivers immune protection, hormones, enzymes, and growth signals no substitute can replicate.

Q: Which everyday habits most strongly influence exposure?
A: Studies linked higher chemical levels to common behaviors such as microwaving food in plastic containers, frequent use of personal care products, contact with food packaging, and environmental contamination tied to diet and household products.

Q: Are all plastic-related chemicals the same in how they affect infants?
A: No. Different bisphenols behaved differently. Some aligned with larger infant growth measures, while others aligned with smaller head size, showing that chemical substitutes do not act the same in the body.

Q: What matters most for parents who want to reduce exposure?
A: The biggest leverage points are reducing plastic contact with food, improving water quality, simplifying personal care and cleaning products, and maintaining breastfeeding whenever possible to preserve its well-documented health benefits.

Every year, more than 5 million Americans are admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) to get life-saving treatment. Thanks to modern technology, survival rates have never been higher — however, recovery is often brutal. Up to 80% of ventilated patients experience delirium,1 and nearly half develop severe muscle weakness that can linger for months. These complications stretch hospital stays and drive costs, with ICU care expenditures averaging over $4,000 per day.2

Heavy reliance on sedatives and opioids adds another layer of risk. Ironically, the very drugs meant to ease suffering can slow recovery, extend time on mechanical ventilation, and leave patients mentally foggy for weeks after discharge.3 In response to these concerns, researchers are exploring gentler, complementary approaches to support healing — including acupuncture, a therapy rooted in ancient tradition.

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A Legacy of Helping People Feel Less Pain

Acupuncture has been practiced for over 2,500 years in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and is based on the concept of ‘Qi’ (pronounced ‘chee’) — energy that flows through the body via pathways called meridians. The procedure involves inserting hair-thin, sterile needles into specific points on the body.4

These needles activate nerve pathways that run to the brain and spinal cord, triggering the release of your body’s natural painkillers. Acupuncture also signals the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, the master control centers for hormones and immune function.5

Understanding how acupuncture works is important if you’re curious about its role in critical care. You’re about to learn why this ancient therapy is gaining attention as a supportive option for ICU patients.

Acupuncture Could Hold the Key to a Speedy Recovery

A mini-review published in Frontiers in Neurology6 examined whether acupuncture can help ill patients recover more quickly in ICUs. The authors reviewed randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and mechanistic studies to evaluate their strengths and limitations.7 They focused on ICU patients who often struggle with persistent pain, delirium, muscle weakness, and digestive problems after prolonged stays.8

• Acupuncture reduces dependence on drugs — Acupuncture, especially electroacupuncture (EA) and transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS), is increasingly used in ICU recovery care. According to their findings, these approaches may reduce the need for sedatives and pain medications, help patients come off ventilators sooner, and shorten ICU stays.

• Muscle weakness improves with acupuncture — ICU-acquired weakness (ICU-AW), which involves significant muscle loss after extended hospital stays, impacts up to 50% of patients. Trials indicate that combining acupuncture with rehabilitation enhances muscle strength scores and reduces ventilation duration by approximately two days. Some studies also reported increased muscle thickness, suggesting improved recovery prospects.9

• Delirium-free days were reported — Recent studies suggest acupuncture may help prevent and treat delirium in ICU patients by balancing brain chemicals, calming inflammation, and supporting normal circadian rhythms. Early findings show more delirium-free days and lower delirium rates, though larger studies are still needed.

• Gut health benefits add another layer — Acupuncture helps normalize gut function by easing constipation and reducing diarrhea. Studies show it can increase bowel movements, relieve opioid-related constipation, and lower diarrhea rates in patients receiving tube feeding.

• What do the researchers say? — The authors stressed that acupuncture should be viewed as an add-on, not a replacement for standard treatments. They also added that:

“Current evidence shows that it can safely and effectively reduce dependence on analgesic and sedative drugs, facilitate ventilator weaning, mitigate ICU-AW, decrease the incidence of delirium, and improve gastrointestinal function.

These benefits position acupuncture as a reproducible, low-risk, and potentially individualized adjunct, particularly valuable when conventional therapies are limited by adverse effects.

Future research should prioritize large multicenter [Randomized Controlled Trials] or RCTs, establish standardized operating procedures and dose — response frameworks, and incorporate real-world data with long-term outcome measures.”

To build on these findings, another team of researchers reviewed additional studies to determine how often acupuncture helps ICU patients manage multiple symptoms and even prevent infections.

Acupuncture as a Complement to Shock and Sepsis Care

To determine whether acupuncture’s benefits extend beyond limited studies, a team of researchers analyzed 12 clinical trials involving 682 critically ill patients.10 The systematic review, published in the Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine in 2023, focused broadly on ICU care, but also touched on conditions like shock and sepsis, where acupuncture might offer supportive benefits. Here’s what the evidence suggests:

• Animal studies show heart benefits — In one experiment, stimulating a nerve similar to acupuncture reduced heart strain and improved blood flow. This effect may result from calming the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which controls involuntary functions such as heart rate and blood pressure.

• Case reports hint at better blood flow — Stimulating acupoints on the legs and feet may help improve circulation in patients with shock (a life-threatening drop in blood flow). These findings are preliminary and require further research.

• Acupuncture may fight inflammation in sepsis — Sepsis is a severe infection that triggers widespread inflammation and organ stress. Studies suggest that acupuncture can lower inflammation, reduce cell damage caused by unstable molecules, and improve blood flow through tiny vessels that keep organs alive.

• Boosts immune defenses in lab tests — Electrically stimulating an acupoint below the knee increased immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and T-cells, which help fight infections and maintain immune balance.

• Small trials show symptom improvement — Patients who received acupuncture along with standard care had lower sepsis severity scores and fewer inflammatory markers. Mortality didn’t change, but these results are encouraging for future research.

Acupuncture Framed as Whole-System Support in the ICU

A 2024 narrative review in the Eurasian Journal of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care takes a big-picture look at acupuncture in critical care. Their goal was to identify how it not only works for one symptom, but also supports the entire system during severe illness.11 The researchers examined acupuncture as a whole-body support tool, drawing on both traditional acupuncture theory and modern ICU practice. Here’s what they found:

• Acupuncture is designed to restore balance during critical illness — In the ICU, where multiple systems are under stress simultaneously, acupuncture may help stabilize the body rather than targeting a single symptom.

• Multiple ICU-related health concerns are addressed at the same time — The authors grouped acupuncture’s potential benefits into eight areas, including pain management, anxiety and stress relief, improving sleep quality, side effect reduction, respiratory problems, treatment of circulatory shock, nutritional support, and functional recovery after critical illness.

• Mental health and sleep take center stage — Anxiety and poor sleep weren’t treated as secondary issues. They’re highlighted as primary targets for acupuncture due to their impact on healing and overall well-being.

• Reducing side effects from drugs is a major benefit — By easing symptoms like pain or nausea, acupuncture could help lower medication doses, reducing risks from sedatives and opioids.

Acupuncture Can Help with Multiple Conditions

Providing support for ICU-related problems and alleviating chronic pain are just some of the health advantages associated with acupuncture. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it also shows promise for helping improve the following conditions:12

Neurological and pain-related conditions
Internal and digestive disorders
Women’s reproductive health
Other conditions

Headaches
Dysentery, acute bacillary
Dysmenorrhea
Allergic rhinitis (including hay fever)

Facial pain (including craniomandibular disorders)
Epigastralgia (peptic ulcer, gastritis, gastrospasm)
Induction of labor
Depression (including depressive neurosis and post-stroke depression)

Neck pain
Biliary colic
Malposition of fetus
Adverse reactions to radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy

Knee and back pain
Renal colic

Sciatica
Morning sickness

Stroke
Leukopenia

Tennis elbow
Hypertension

Sprain
Hypotension

Rheumatoid arthritis
Nausea and vomiting

Pain in dentistry (including dental pain and temporomandibular dysfunction)

Postoperative pain

Thinking About Trying Out Acupuncture?

If you’re dealing with back pain or other nagging issues, acupuncture might be a natural way to find relief. It’s safe, effective, and supported by growing research — but it’s not something you can easily try at home. Ideally, acupuncture requires the help of a trained professional and needs to be done in a clean setting, using sterile, single-use needles. Here are tips to keep note of:13

1. Talk to your doctor first — Before booking your first session, check in with your primary care doctor. They’ll review your health history and make sure acupuncture is safe for your situation, especially if you’re pregnant, on blood thinners, or have cancer or a bleeding disorder.

2. Look for a licensed expert — In the U.S., choose someone with the credential LAc, short for licensed acupuncturist. This means they’ve passed national exams or met your state’s training requirements. If you’re outside the U.S., check with your local health board or traditional medicine council for certified providers.

3. Know what to expect at your visit — A typical acupuncture session lasts about an hour. Your first visit might run longer because you’ll discuss your symptoms and goals. The needling part usually takes 30 to 40 minutes, and you’ll rest quietly during that time.

4. Pay attention to how you feel afterward — Some people notice immediate results after one session, while others may need several. It’s common to feel sleepy, relaxed, or even more alert right after. You might also notice better sleep, digestion, or mood over time — your body will respond in its own way.

If you want to learn more about how it works, read, “Study Reveals Previously Unknown Mechanism Behind Acupuncture’s Ability to Reduce Pain.”

Not a Fan of Needles? Here’s How You Can Still Try Acupuncture

Acupuncture involves more than just needles — methods like electricity, lasers, and acupressure can also stimulate acupuncture points. For example, cancer patients receiving radiotherapy experienced reduced nausea and better sleep and mood, regardless of whether they received real or simulated acupuncture.

One popular needle-free technique is Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT), also called psychological acupressure. EFT involves tapping specific meridian points with the fingertips while focusing on a problem and voicing positive affirmations.14 This process helps clear emotional blocks and restore balance in your body’s energy system, which is essential for healing and overall well-being. You can practice EFT on your own, but for better results, working with a skilled practitioner is recommended.

Drug-Free Therapies That Support ICU Recovery

Acupuncture isn’t the only tool that helps the body heal without relying on more medications. ICU patients often deal with pain, sleep disruption, anxiety, and muscle weakness — issues that aren’t always solved with pharmaceutical interventions alone. You can also try out:

• Mindfulness practices — Practices like focused attention meditation can help dial down pain intensity. These techniques change how the brain interprets pain signals, offering relief with virtually no side effects.

•  Massage therapy — Massage has been shown to ease muscle tension, reduce anxiety, and improve sleep in patients recovering from surgery or critical illness. It’s a gentle, noninvasive option that may improve circulation and reduce discomfort associated with long-term bed rest.

• Music therapy — Live or recorded music — especially when personalized to the patient — has been shown to reduce ICU-related anxiety, lower blood pressure, and help calm patients during mechanical ventilation. Music stimulates brain areas involved in healing and relaxation, making it a powerful complement to acupuncture and other sensory-based therapies.

• Post-ICU lifestyle habits that help with recovery — After ICU discharge, implementing healthy lifestyle habits is vital to support the healing process. Here are important considerations to remember:

◦ Swap seed oils for stable fats — Too much linoleic acid (LA) from oils like soybean, corn, and sunflower drives chronic inflammation. Reducing LA to below 5 grams per day may support mitochondrial health and reduce oxidative stress in recovery. Cut out vegetable oils and choose stable fats like ghee or beef tallow.

If you want to take the guesswork out of seed oils, I recommend signing up for the Mercola Health Coach app, which is due out shortly. Its Seed Oil Sleuth feature will help you track your LA intake automatically.

◦ Eat more omega-3s from clean sources — Krill oil or wild-caught fish like Alaskan salmon help cool inflammation and protect cells. These fats support recovery of the heart, brain, and immune system after illness or trauma.

◦ Get regular, safe sun exposure — Sunlight boosts vitamin D, which plays a role in immune function and pain sensitivity. Just 15 to 30 minutes a day can help rebalance circadian rhythms and mood after hospitalization. However, make sure to eliminate LA from your diet for at least four to six months before getting peak midday sun exposure. Read “Beyond Vitamin D Production — How Sensible Sun Exposure Supports Overall Health” for more information.

Acupuncture isn’t here to replace modern medicine — it’s here to help the body remember how to heal. In the ICU, machines and medications keep patients stable, but recovery begins when balance returns. Even when illness drains strength, sleep, and clarity, acupuncture offers steady hope: it calms the nervous system, eases stress and pain, and creates the quiet conditions where healing can begin again.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About How Acupuncture Supports ICU Recovery

Q: What is acupuncture, and how does it work?
A: Acupuncture is a natural therapy that involves stimulating specific points on the body, usually with thin, sterile needles, to promote healing. It is based on the flow of ‘Qi’ (pronounced chee), or life energy. When Qi is blocked, pain and illness can develop. Acupuncture helps restore that flow, reducing pain, enhancing sleep, and supporting the immune system, all by activating the body’s own healing response.

Q: How can acupuncture help with inflammation and sepsis in ICU patients?
A: Studies suggest acupuncture may reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and tiny blood vessel damage seen in sepsis, while supporting immune balance. Small trials found lower sepsis severity scores, though it does not replace standard infection treatment.

Q: What ICU problems can acupuncture support at the same time?
A: Reviews report acupuncture may support pain control, anxiety and stress relief, sleep quality, reduced medication side effects, breathing support, circulation and immune function, digestion and nutrition, and physical recovery during critical illness.

Q: What role does EFT play in ICU-friendly acupuncture care?
A: Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) use fingertip tapping on acupuncture points to calm the nervous system and release emotional tension. It’s a needle-free option that offers many of acupuncture’s benefits for patients uncomfortable with or ineligible for needles.

Q: What lifestyle changes support drug-free recovery after ICU discharge?
A: Reducing seed oils, consuming clean omega-3s, and getting safe sunlight can decrease inflammation, aid immune repair, and restore your body’s rhythm — all without needing additional medications.

1 What is glyphosate’s primary role in conventional agriculture?

Killing weeds by disrupting plant growth pathways
Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide designed to kill plants by blocking a metabolic process essential for their growth. Learn more.
Preventing insect infestations in crops
Increasing the vitamin content of grains
Speeding up seed germination in organic farms

2 What is a risk of excess high-intensity exercise?

Sleep quality may suffer because of extra energy
Metabolism may slow down, depending on genetics
Social anxiety may worsen especially for younger people
Mitochondria and glucose control get disrupted
Extreme training can shut down mitochondria and disrupt blood sugar control. Learn more.

3 What mainly changes in your brain after lots of short-form video exposure?

Language skills and creativity
Sense of humor and optimism
Impulse control and stress regulation
Short-form video habits can also affect your attention aside from your self-control, and how your brain regulates stress. Learn more.
Hand-eye coordination and reflexes

4 How long does it take to see improvements in liver health from regular exercise?

Within one to two weeks of starting activity
After several years of consistent training
Only once major weight loss occurs
Within eight to 12 weeks of consistent exercise
Studies show liver fat reduction usually appears within eight to 12 weeks, while programs lasting six months or longer deliver stronger, longer-lasting metabolic benefits. Learn more.

5 Which factor receives little research funding despite being a major driver of heart disease risk?

Genetic cholesterol disorders
Environmental and endothelial damage
Pollution, lead exposure, chronic stress, and vessel damage drive heart disease risk but attract little funding because they cannot be patented or monetized like drugs. Learn more.
Dietary cholesterol intake and monitoring
Optimal statin dosing strategies

6 Why did Europe release its first clinical guide for photobiomodulation (PBM) in cancer care?

To standardize supportive light-based care in oncology
A clinical guide provides consistent treatment standards, making it easier for cancer centers to use PBM safely and effectively across Europe. Learn more.
To replace chemotherapy with light-based treatments
To limit PBM use to experimental research only
To regulate cosmetic light therapy clinics

7 Where does Big Food concentrate much of its marketing?

Whole food co-ops and local markets
Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs)
Ultraprocessed foods aimed at children
Big Food targets children by marketing ultraprocessed snacks as fun, normalizing poor nutrition early. Learn more.
Public health clinics and nutritionists

Test Your Knowledge with
The Master Level Quiz

1 Why should regulatory claims about glyphosate safety be questioned?

Key studies with secret industry backing were retracted
Confidence in glyphosate safety is weakened when key studies are retracted for ethical reasons and hidden industry ties. Learn more.
Regulators have banned all research on glyphosate for profit motives
Organic farmers control most of the published studies
Safety claims are based only on animal testing and not human consumption

2 Why is it hard to get much thymoquinone from black cumin seed oil?

The oil is hard to find
Thymoquinone is destroyed by cooking
There’s very little thymoquinone in the oil
Thymoquinone is the main beneficial compound in black cumin seed oil, but only tiny amounts are present in the oil. Learn more.
Most brands add sugar, which disrupts the chemical makeup

3 What is one effective way to reduce glyphosate exposure?

Choosing organic or regeneratively farmed foods
Eating organic or regeneratively farmed foods helps lower glyphosate exposure by avoiding crops treated with herbicides. Learn more.
Rinsing all produce with hot water to remove residue
Avoiding all fresh fruits and vegetables sold in grocery stores
Taking daily vitamin supplements to increase antioxidant effectiveness

4 Which activity is most reliable for long-term brain health?

Heavy weightlifting
Daily sprint intervals
Marathon training
Regular moderate walking
Moderate, consistent walking is linked to slower brain decline and fewer metabolic problems. Learn more.

5 Which is a recommended way to avoid per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in cosmetics?

Check labels for “perfluoro-” or “polyfluoro-”
Checking for “perfluoro-” or “polyfluoro-” on labels is the most direct way to avoid per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in cosmetics. Learn more.
Choose only fragrance-free beauty products
Wash your face more often with cold water
Buy products labeled “hypoallergenic”

6 What opportunistic pathogen often rises in the gut after a colonoscopy?

Bacteroides
Lactobacillus
Firmicutes
Proteobacteria
Proteobacteria thrive when the gut is disrupted, quickly taking advantage of higher oxygen and stress after procedures like colonoscopies. Learn more.

7 Which approach is most effective for rebuilding focus?

Relying on willpower alone
Ignoring phone use and multitasking
Creating focus blocks
Changing your environment and setting daily focus periods helps restore attention better than relying on willpower. Learn more.
Taking daily memory supplements

8 Why do vision problems often appear before heart symptoms?

Large arteries handle stress longer than small vessels in the body
Eyesight conditions need more time to develop than chest pain
Heart and eye symptoms always appear together
Small eye vessels show damage from poor blood flow sooner
Tiny blood vessels in the eyes are affected by poor circulation before larger heart arteries show problems. Learn more.

9 How many Americans are affected by Type 2 diabetes?

Fewer than 5 million
About 8 million
Nearly 18 million
Over 38 million
More than 38 million Americans have Type 2 diabetes, and the number keeps rising. Learn more.

10 Which combination of exercise produces the strongest improvements for fatty liver disease?

Stretching, flexibility exercises, and some calisthenics
Aerobic exercise combined with resistance training
Combining aerobic and resistance exercise improves fat burning, insulin signaling, and blood sugar regulation more effectively than either exercise type alone. Learn more.
Resistance training without cardiovascular activity
Light walking performed a few times per week

11 Which kind of fat is most strongly linked to low vitamin D levels?

Visceral fat
Visceral fat, stored deep around organs, has the strongest association with low vitamin D levels. Learn more.
Subcutaneous fat
Fatty acids
Neck fat

12 Which neurotransmitter helps with memory, attention, learning, and emotional regulation?

Dopamine
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine supports memory, attention, learning, and mood by helping nerve cells communicate. Learn more.
Serotonin
GABA

13 Which substance found in plaques explains why clots resist breaking down?

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or bad cholesterol
Red blood cells
Lipoprotein A
Lipoprotein A helps patch artery damage but makes clots harder to dissolve, promoting plaque buildup and raising heart attack risk. Learn more.
Dietary fats

14 Which of these isn’t released by microbes from fermented foods?

Acids
Enzymes
Metabolites
Hormones
Fermented food microbes release acids, enzymes, and metabolites — but not hormones — when passing through your gut. Learn more.

15 What role does brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play in mental health?

It slows down brain development in childhood
It raises stress hormones during anxiety
It blocks new connections between brain cells
It supports learning, mood stability, and stress resilience
BDNF helps brain cells grow and connect, promoting learning, stable mood, and the ability to handle stress. Learn more.

16 Which cancer-related complications have the strongest clinical support for photobiomodulation (PBM)?

Fatigue and nausea from chemotherapy
Oral mucositis and radiation-related skin damage
Clinical research shows PBM is especially helpful for easing pain and healing mouth sores and skin reactions caused by cancer treatment. Learn more.
Hair loss and immune suppression
Infection risk and blood cell loss

17 What hormone is commonly known as the “bonding hormone”?

Oxytocin
Oxytocin is called the “bonding hormone” because it promotes connection and lowers stress. Learn more.
Cortisol
Insulin
Adrenaline

18 What happens to the brain when someone has long-term high blood pressure?

Attention and learning get a measurable boost
More oxygen reaches all brain regions over time
Blood flow drops and memory-related areas shrink
Long-term high blood pressure reduces brain blood flow and shrinks areas critical for memory, focus, and decision-making. Learn more.
Nerves controlling relaxation become more active

19 Which of the following is not considered a real food alternative to Big Food?

EatWild.com and Local Harvest
Digital farmers market platforms
Pasture-based meat and raw dairy
National frozen meal distribution centers
Industrial frozen meal brands reflect Big Food’s model, unlike small-scale, regenerative, or farm-direct options. Learn more.

20 Overconsumption of which type of oil poses a major threat to mitochondrial and skin health?

Seed oils high in omega-6 fatty acids
Omega-6-rich seed oils impair mitochondrial energy production and increase vulnerability to sun-related skin damage when consumed in excess. Learn more.
Olive oil high in monounsaturated fats
Fish oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids
Coconut oil high in saturated fats

21 How many daily grams (g) of carbohydrates helps maintain metabolic health?

50 g
100 g
250 g
Around 250 g of carbohydrates daily supports thyroid function and lowers stress hormones, while overly low-carb intake raises cortisol and strains metabolism. Learn more.
400 g