Actualités Watchman

1How does glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) help regulate blood sugar?

It lowers insulin production
It blocks glucose absorption
It controls blood sugar
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone that signals fullness after eating and helps regulate blood sugar levels. Learn more.

It speeds up digestion

2Which of the following is not a symptom of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

Hot flushes
IBD commonly causes abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, and weight loss. Hot flushes are not a typical symptom. Learn more.

Abdominal pain
Diarrhea
Weight loss

3What role do healthy fat cells play in the body?

They only store excess calories for later use
They store fats and prevent damage to organs
Healthy fat cells act as a metabolic buffer, storing unstable fats safely so they don’t circulate in the bloodstream and damage organs and tissues. Learn more.

They remove all fats from the bloodstream
They stop the body from producing new fat

4What is another name for the brain’s immune cells?

Neurons
Astrocytes
Synapses
Microglia
Microglia are the brain’s immune cells. They help protect the brain, but poor diet can impair their energy production. Learn more.

5What is one effect of long-term carbohydrate restriction on the body?

Reduced efficiency of cellular energy production
Limiting carbohydrates for long periods can slow metabolism and reduce mitochondrial energy output. Learn more.

Improved mitochondrial performance in most adults
Faster metabolism that eventually causes body fat loss
Protein fully replaces the need for carbohydrates

6How many servings of flavonoid-rich foods are linked to better mood?

Three servings per day
Eating around three servings daily of flavonoid-rich foods like berries, apples, and citrus is linked to improved mood and long-term emotional stability. Learn more.

One cup of the same fruit a day
Five servings of fruit blended with plant-based milk
Five servings of fruit with a dusting of organic sugar

7How can you get more collagen from eating fish?

Removing the skin before cooking
Keeping the skin on the fish
Fish skin is rich in Type I collagen. Keeping and eating the skin, especially on fatty fish, helps increase collagen intake. Learn more.

Cooking fish at lower temperatures only
Eating only lean cuts of fish

Test Your Knowledge with
The Master Level Quiz

1Which of the following is NOT a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) weight-loss drug?

Ozempic
Wegovy
Mounjaro
Xenical
Xenical or Orlistat blocks fat absorption, while glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) drugs act on appetite and blood sugar regulation. Learn more.

2What is the fatty, waxy substance found in every cell of the body?

Glucose
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a waxy fat-like substance present in all cells. Most of it is made by the body, mainly in the liver, while a smaller portion comes from food. Learn more.

Protein
Calcium

3What was the most common issue reported in lawsuits involving GLP-1 drugs?

Digestive injury
Most lawsuits involve digestive problems, especially gastroparesis, where the stomach slows or stops moving food properly. Learn more.

Skin irritation
Vision problems
Muscle weakness

4Which foods help support beneficial gut bacteria like Akkermansia muciniphila?

Processed snacks and sugary drinks
Fried foods (made with healthy oils) and refined grains
Polyphenol-rich fruits and inulin-containing foods
Foods like berries, garlic, and asparagus provide compounds that support beneficial gut bacteria and help maintain a healthy microbiome. Learn more.

Natural sweeteners and homemade smoothies

5What elements make up baking soda?

Sodium, calcium, oxygen, and nitrogen
Sodium, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
Baking soda, or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), is made of sodium, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. It helps maintain pH balance. Learn more.

Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur
Hydrogen, oxygen, calcium, and potassium

6Where is most of the klotho protein produced in the human body?

Liver
Kidneys
Klotho is produced mainly in the kidneys and also in the brain. It helps reduce inflammation and supports healthy aging, brain function, and tissue repair. Learn more.

Heart
Lungs

7Why do aggressive diets increase metabolic stress?

They release large amounts of stored fats into the bloodstream at once
Extreme dieting speeds up fat breakdown, releasing large amounts of stored fats at once, which increases inflammation and metabolic stress. Learn more.

They improve fat processing by making a person sweat more, leading to fat loss
They lower energy demand and slow metabolic activity in the body
They prevent fat from being used as fuel during energy production

8Which cells in the gut are responsible for producing protective mucus?

Stem cells
Immune cells
Epithelial cells
Goblet cells
Goblet cells produce mucus that protects the gut lining. When these cells are reduced, the intestinal barrier weakens. Learn more.

9Which waste materials does the brain need to clear to stay healthy?

Calcium and sodium
Glucose and oxygen
Beta-amyloid and tau proteins
The brain clears beta-amyloid and tau proteins through the glymphatic system. Buildup of these wastes is linked to neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s. Learn more.

Cholesterol and fatty acids

10What term describes a cell’s ability to adjust energy production when needed?

Metabolic flexibility
Metabolic flexibility is the ability of cells to adjust energy output. Aging brains lose this ability, making it harder to respond to stress and maintain function. Learn more.

Cellular respiration
Oxidative stress
Energy storage

11Which type of meat is a better alternative to conventionally raised chicken?

Farmed fish like tilapia
Meat from ruminant animals like cows and sheep
Ruminant animals like cows and sheep have unique digestion that helps reduce harmful fats, making them a better meat choice compared to grain-fed chicken. Learn more.

Processed deli meats made using traditional, organic methods
Grain-fed pork products

12Which of the following is not a heavy metal?

Lead
Mercury
Aluminum
Lead, mercury, and arsenic are classified as heavy metals linked to toxicity, while aluminum is not typically grouped with them in this context. Learn more.

Arsenic

13Why are breast cancer survival rates higher in high-income regions?

Access to early detection and effective treatment differs
High-income regions detect cancer earlier and provide better care, leading to lower death rates than regions with limited access. Learn more.

Genetic risk is higher in low-income countries
Climate affects how breast cancer develops
Lifestyle choices fully explain survival differences

14What type of strength is most important for preventing falls?

Hip strength in the hip abductors
Strong hip abductors help control side-to-side balance and stability, making it easier to step, recover, and avoid falls. Learn more.

Arm strength in the shoulders
Core strength in the abdomen
Grip strength in the hands

15Which two vegetables were shown to remove most microplastics from water?

Spinach and kale
Carrots and cabbage
Broccoli and cauliflower
Okra and fenugreek
Natural okra and fenugreek removed up to 93% of microplastics from water by trapping particles and helping them clump together for easier removal. Learn more.

16Which of these foods is also a good source of choline?

Pastured eggs
Pastured eggs are rich in choline, a nutrient linked to lower anxiety and better brain function, helping support a stable mood. Learn more.

Cooked white rice
Grilled chicken breast
Unvetted olive oil

17How does cognitive shuffling help rewire your brain for better sleep?

It trains the mind to stay completely silent before sleep
It encourages focused thinking to prepare the brain for rest
It trains the brain to associate repetitive thoughts with sleep
Repeating simple, random thoughts helps the brain link this pattern with winding down. Over time, it becomes a cue that signals the body to relax and fall asleep. Learn more.

It increases mental alertness to delay the onset of fatigue

18Which of these is not a symptom of an ingrown toenail?

Redness around the nail
Swelling and tenderness
Improved nail growth
Ingrown toenails cause redness, swelling, pain, and possible infection. Improved nail growth is not a symptom. Learn more.

Pain or signs of infection

19Which cut of meat contains the least amount of collagen?

Oxtail
Beef shank
Pork knuckle
Tenderloin
Tenderloin is a lean cut with very little connective tissue, so it contains less collagen compared to tougher cuts like shank or oxtail. Learn more.

20Which of the following is not a threat to cellular energy production?

Seed oils high in linoleic acid
Exposure to plastics
Complex carbohydrates
Seed oils, plastics, and electromagnetic fields (EMFs) can damage mitochondria. Complex carbohydrates support energy production and are not a threat. Learn more.

Electromagnetic fields

21How do low vitamin K2 levels affect calcium in the body?

Calcium is fully absorbed into bones and strengthens them
Calcium builds up in arteries while bones become weaker
Without vitamin K2, calcium is not directed to bones and instead accumulates in arteries, leading to weaker bones and increased cardiovascular risk. Learn more.

Calcium is completely removed from the bloodstream
Calcium is converted into energy for the body instead of going into the bones

A compound hidden inside certain weight-loss tablets raises serious questions about gut health. Most people recognize semaglutide through brand names such as Ozempic and Wegovy. These drugs belong to a class called GLP-1 receptor agonists — they mimic a natural gut hormone that tells your brain you’re full, slows stomach emptying, and helps regulate blood sugar.

Injectable versions deliver the drug directly under your skin, but oral formulations require a chemical absorption enhancer called salcaprozate sodium, or SNAC, so the drug can cross your stomach lining. Even with that assistance, only about 0.4% to 1% of the dose becomes available in the bloodstream.

The remaining 99% travels the full length of your digestive tract, where it washes over the trillions of microbes that ferment your food, train your immune system, and maintain the protective lining of your gut. Researchers writing in the Journal of Controlled Release report that this overlooked ingredient reshapes that ecosystem in ways that could undermine the very metabolic health these drugs claim to improve.1

What makes these findings especially striking is that your gut already contains the machinery to produce GLP-1 naturally — butyrate-producing bacteria fuel the very cells that release this appetite-regulating hormone — and the ingredient meant to deliver a synthetic version of that signal may be destroying the biological original.

GLP-1 Tablets Hidden Delivery Ingredient Reshapes Your Gut Ecosystem

For the study, researchers looked at SNAC, the ingredient that helps semaglutide tablets pass through your stomach wall and enter the bloodstream. They wanted to know what happens when this chemical moves through the digestive system day after day.

To test this, they gave healthy rats semaglutide, SNAC alone, or both together for 21 days. Afterward, they examined changes in gut bacteria, inflammation signals, and metabolic markers. The goal was to find out whether the delivery ingredient itself disrupts the gut microbiome that supports metabolic health.

• Even healthy animals showed clear biological changes within a few weeks — The experiment used young, healthy rats that didn’t have diabetes or obesity. This allowed researchers to see how the compound affects the body under normal conditions.

Despite starting with healthy animals, repeated exposure to SNAC caused noticeable shifts in gut bacteria, inflammation markers, and digestive metabolism in just three weeks. This finding matters because many people take GLP-1 drugs for long periods of time to control weight or blood sugar.

• Weight gain slowed mainly because the drug reduced appetite — During the first week of treatment, animals receiving semaglutide or SNAC gained less weight than untreated rats. By the end of the 21-day experiment, weight gain dropped about 7.8% in the semaglutide group and about 4.9% in the SNAC group. Researchers traced this effect to lower food intake. The drug worked by making the animals eat less, not by speeding up their metabolism.

• Helpful gut bacteria and enzymes dropped sharply during treatment — Two important groups of bacteria declined significantly. Muribaculaceae fell by 53% with semaglutide and 62% with SNAC alone. Bacteroidaceae dropped by 60% and 77% respectively. These microbes normally break down complex carbohydrates and fibers that reach the lower intestine. When they do this job, they produce helpful compounds that support colon cells and help control inflammation.

Several enzymes that help break down carbohydrates also dropped significantly in the SNAC group. This means the microbial community lost some of its ability to convert complex carbohydrates into beneficial compounds that support gut and immune health.

• Bacteria linked to inflammation expanded — While beneficial microbes declined, another group of bacteria called Desulfovibrionaceae increased about sevenfold in animals receiving SNAC. This bacterial family produces hydrogen sulfide — the same gas responsible for the smell of rotten eggs — which irritates the intestinal lining and erodes the protective barrier that keeps toxins sealed inside your gut.

• Production of butyrate — a key gut fuel — dropped dramatically — One of the most important findings involved butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) made when gut bacteria ferment certain carbohydrates. SNAC lowered fecal butyrate levels by about 77%, while the semaglutide-SNAC combination lowered it by about 75%. Colon cells rely on butyrate as their main energy source. When levels fall, those cells struggle to maintain a strong gut lining.

Lower butyrate weakened the gut barrier and affected the liver. Butyrate helps colon cells maintain tight junctions — tiny seals that keep bacteria and toxins inside the intestine. When butyrate levels drop, those seals loosen and harmful substances move into the bloodstream more easily.

The study also found signs that this change affected the gut-liver connection. Blood from your intestine flows directly to your liver through the portal vein, so when the gut barrier leaks, the liver is the first organ to absorb the damage. Rats treated with SNAC showed a 12.9% increase in liver weight and a 30% drop in cecum weight — the cecum is a pouch at the start of the large intestine where gut bacteria ferment food — both signs that fermentation inside the gut had changed.

• Inflammation markers increased as the microbiome shifted — Blood tests revealed higher levels of inflammatory signals after SNAC exposure. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha rose about 70% in the SNAC group, and IL-6 increased in animals receiving the combined treatment.

These molecules act like alarm signals in the immune system and often rise in metabolic conditions such as obesity and insulin resistance. The same animals also showed an 85% drop in brain-derived neurotrophic factor, or BDNF, a molecule that supports brain cell health and nerve communication. Butyrate stimulates BDNF production through signaling pathways that connect your gut to your brain — so when butyrate collapses, BDNF falls with it.

How to Restore Gut Signaling So Your Body Produces Its Own GLP-1

If you’re taking oral semaglutide, these findings deserve your attention — because the very ingredient that delivers the drug may be dismantling the microbial machinery your body uses to produce GLP-1 on its own. That means the pill could be quietly deepening your dependence on it. The good news is that the system it disrupts is also the system you can rebuild.

Your gut microbes produce SCFAs, especially butyrate, which act like metabolic messengers throughout your body. Butyrate serves as the primary fuel for colon cells, including L-cells that produce GLP-1. So, your body already contains a highly effective system to manage weight and regulate your metabolic health — it depends on butyrate-fueled GLP-1 production, not injections.

However, many people produce very little butyrate because modern diets contain far less fermentable fiber than traditional diets. As a result, your gut barrier weakens, inflammatory signals rise, and the metabolic signals that regulate appetite become less stable. Rebuilding the microbial community that produces these molecules restores your body’s own appetite-regulation system — the same one these drugs were designed to replace.

1. Rebuild butyrate production so your gut barrier strengthens again — Your gut bacteria produce SCFAs when they ferment certain carbohydrates and fibers. Butyrate stands out as the most important one. It fuels the cells lining your colon and tightens the microscopic junctions that keep toxins inside your digestive tract.

When butyrate levels drop, your gut barrier weakens and inflammatory compounds leak into circulation. Restoring butyrate production strengthens the intestinal lining and restores metabolic signaling that influences appetite and fat metabolism. Begin by eliminating seed oils high in linoleic acid (LA), which weaken your colon’s protective lining and suffocate beneficial bacteria.

These fragile fats make it harder for your gut cells to burn butyrate. The result is a gut full of oxygen that kills off the bacteria you rely on for metabolic balance. The more of these oils you eat, the hungrier and more inflamed you become. The goal is to get your LA intake below 5 grams, and ideally closer to 2 grams, daily. To track your intake, sign up at the Pax health platform, which includes the Seed Oil Sleuth feature that calculates LA exposure with precise accuracy.

2. Stabilize your gut environment before adding large amounts of fiber — If your digestion is unstable — bloating, unpredictable bowel habits, or discomfort after meals — start by calming the microbial environment. Simpler meals and temporarily lower fermentable fiber reduce excessive fermentation and the release of endotoxins — toxic fragments from bacterial cell walls that slip through the loosened tight junctions described earlier and enter your bloodstream.

Once there, they trigger the same inflammatory cascade the study detected in SNAC-treated animals. This phase allows your intestinal lining to rebuild and creates conditions where beneficial bacteria that produce butyrate can return.

3. Gradually expand plant diversity to rebuild beneficial microbes — Once your digestion becomes calmer — less bloating, predictable bowel habits, and better tolerance to meals — your gut is ready for more fiber. Most adults function best with roughly 250 grams of carbohydrates daily once metabolic stability improves. The key is introducing those carbohydrates in forms your gut can tolerate.

Whole fruits and well-cooked starches such as white rice provide glucose for mitochondrial energy production without overwhelming a compromised microbiome with heavy fermentation. From there, rebuild fiber gradually. Start with root vegetables — they’re easy to digest and provide moderate fiber. Then add non-starchy vegetables. Starchy vegetables like squash and sweet potatoes come next. Beans, legumes, and minimally processed whole grains come last, and only if you tolerate them well.

4. Feed the microbes that specialize in producing butyrate — Resistant starch foods play an important role during this stage. Cooked-and-cooled white potatoes and green bananas feed specific bacteria that specialize in producing butyrate.

As those microbes multiply, butyrate levels rise, your intestinal barrier tightens, and inflammatory compounds remain contained inside your digestive tract. This single metabolic shift strengthens gut integrity, reduces inflammation signals, and restores communication between your microbiome and the rest of your body.

5. Activate GLP-1 naturally by restoring the gut systems drugs attempt to mimic — Your intestine already produces GLP-1, the hormone that regulates appetite and blood sugar. Drug companies attempt to replicate that signal with injections such as Ozempic and Wegovy.

My book, “Weight Loss Cure: Melt Fat Naturally With Your Own GLP-1,” now available in ebook and hard copy, explains how to restore the natural version of that system through diet and metabolic support. When your gut microbiome produces enough SCFAs — especially butyrate — your body regains the ability to regulate appetite, metabolism, and fat loss through its own biological signals.

FAQs About the Hidden Ingredient in Oral Ozempic and Wegovy

Q: What hidden ingredient in oral semaglutide tablets raised concerns in this study?
A: Researchers focused on SNAC, a chemical added to oral semaglutide tablets so the drug can cross the stomach lining and enter the bloodstream. Because only about 0.4% to 1% of the drug actually reaches circulation, most of the compound continues through the digestive tract, where it interacts with the gut microbiome — the community of microbes that helps regulate digestion, immunity, and metabolic health.

Q: What did researchers discover about SNAC’s effects on gut bacteria?
A: In a 21-day experiment using healthy rats, scientists found that repeated exposure to SNAC significantly altered the gut microbiome. Beneficial bacteria that normally ferment carbohydrates and support metabolic health declined sharply, while bacteria linked to inflammation increased. These changes occurred even in animals that were otherwise healthy.

Q: Why is the drop in butyrate important for gut health?
A: Butyrate is an SCFA produced when gut bacteria ferment certain carbohydrates and fibers. It serves as the primary fuel for colon cells and helps maintain the tight junctions that keep bacteria and toxins inside the intestine. When butyrate levels drop, the intestinal barrier weakens, making it easier for harmful substances to enter the bloodstream and trigger inflammation.

Q: What other health signals changed when the microbiome shifted?
A: The study found that animals exposed to SNAC showed clear signs of increased inflammation. One immune signal called tumor necrosis factor-alpha rose by about 70%, and another called IL-6 also increased when semaglutide and SNAC were given together. At the same time, levels of BDNF — a substance that helps brain cells grow, repair themselves, and stay healthy — dropped by about 85%.

Q: How can gut health be restored after microbiome disruption?
A: Improving gut health begins with rebuilding the microbial environment that produces beneficial compounds such as butyrate. Stabilizing digestion, gradually increasing fiber-rich foods, and including resistant starch sources like cooked-and-cooled potatoes or green bananas help nourish bacteria that support the gut barrier. As the microbiome recovers, metabolic signaling that helps regulate appetite and inflammation becomes more stable.

Test Your Knowledge with Today’s Quiz!
Take today’s quiz to see how much you’ve learned from yesterday’s Mercola.com article.

How much of your body’s total protein is made up of collagen?

10%
20%
30%
Collagen makes up about 30% of total body protein, providing structure to skin, joints, bones, and connective tissues throughout the body. Learn more.
50%

Adequate protein intake is important for optimal health. However, it’s not simply about eating enough protein, you also need to consider the kind of protein. I recommend getting one-third of your overall daily protein intake from collagen-rich sources, as 30% of your body is comprised of this protein. It provides structure for your skin and bones, and it even lines your blood vessels and organs.1

Unfortunately, many people aren’t getting enough collagen from their diet, which has led to the creation of a wide variety of collagen supplements. These products certainly have their place, but not all collagen products are created equal. Choose unwisely, and poor efficacy could be the least of your problems.

The State of Collagen Supplements Today

Unfortunately, many supplement manufacturers have jumped on the collagen bandwagon with an eye on profit rather than true wellness. Here are some of the most common red flags to look out for:

• Lack of transparency in sourcing and processing — Some lower-cost collagen supplements use low-grade raw materials, including hides processed through industrial channels — so-called “tannery grade” hides. Reputable manufacturers use food-grade, traceable sources and disclose how their collagen is processed.
Many high-quality products use hydrolyzed collagen peptides, which are broken down into smaller units for ease of digestion. Other formats, such as properly prepared bone broth collagen, may provide collagen in a whole-food matrix that some individuals prefer. The key is transparency in sourcing and processing.
In my research, I discovered that roughly 1 in 4 leading collagen supplements fail basic quality standards. Some don’t even bother printing the amount of protein or collagen on the label, while others can’t (or won’t) pinpoint where their collagen came from.

• Lack of toxicology testing — Because many collagen products are sourced from conventionally raised animals, they likely contain heavy metals like lead, arsenic, and cadmium that accumulate in bones and hides. Independent tests in 2020 found that 64% of the collagen brands tested had measurable arsenic, 37% contained lead, and 17% had cadmium.2 Third-party labs are available to test for all of these contaminants, but many brands don’t bother getting certified.

• Label protein can be spiked — When companies do test their products, some game the system. A common trick is “nitrogen spiking” — adding cheap amino acids (like glycine or taurine) that artificially boost the protein content reading. Lab tests measure total nitrogen to estimate protein; extra non-collagen aminos can inflate those numbers. The result? Even if a collagen powder’s lab report looks compliant, you might be ingesting fillers instead of functional collagen peptides.
If a product advertises a certain amount of collagen but doesn’t list any protein on the nutrition label, the true collagen content may be negligible. Mislabeling like this means you could be paying for collagen you’re not actually getting.

• Marine collagen is often a mystery mix — Some marine collagen products fail to disclose the fish species or sourcing method. High-quality marine collagen should clearly identify the species and origin of the fish used. If a label only says “marine collagen” but won’t name the species or source, consider that a red flag.

• Beware the add-ins — Finally, beware of collagen products jazzed up with flavors, sweeteners, and trendy add-ins instead of focusing on quality. I’ve seen collagen powders with artificial flavors and dyes to make them more appealing or marketed as “keto collagen coffee creamer” with lots of fillers. Branding and added ingredients should not distract from what matters most: a clean, well-sourced collagen product with transparent labeling and quality testing.

An Overview of Popular Collagen Supplements

The table below is a summary of our review of some of the most popular collagen supplements sold on Amazon for quick comparison.

Product
Peptide type
Collagen per serving
3rd-party tested?
Red flags/additional comments

Alaya Multi Collagen
Multi (bovine, marine, chicken, eggshell)
8.6 g (per scoop)
No
Lack of testing. But company indicates that product is made from grass fed, wild-caught, and hormone-free sources3

Ancient Nutrition Multi Collagen Protein*
Multi (bovine, chicken, fish, eggshell)
10 g
Yes4
Lacks specific testing dates; certificates of analysis are provided as “typical for all lots” only5,6,7

Anthony’s Collagen Peptide Powder
Bovine (Type I/III from bovine)
11 g
No8
n/a

Bulletproof Collagen Peptides
Bovine (grass fed)
20 g
No9
n/a

ForestLeaf Advanced Collagen
Bovine (hydrolyzed and grass fed)10
1 g (2 capsules)
No
Very low dose

Garden of Life Collagen Peptides
Bovine (grass fed pasture-raised)
20 g
Yes11
Contains additional probiotics

Great Lakes Wellness Collagen
Bovine (grass fed pasture-raised)
20 g
Yes12
Testing confirmed by IGEN

Live Conscious Collagen Peptides*
Bovine (pasture-raised)
15 g
Yes
Third-party tested but not specified13

Microingredients Multi Collagen
Multi (bovine, fish, poultry, eggshell)
~10.88 g
Yes
Third-party tested but not specified14

NativePath Collagen Peptides
Bovine (grass fed)
10 g
Yes
Met label claim; no major red flags besides lack of specific third-party certification15

Nature Made Collagen Gummies
Unknown (likely bovine or porcine)
100 mg (0.1 g)
No
Collagen content not disclosed as protein; extremely low dose16

Nature Target Multi Collagen Peptides
Multi (bovine, marine, poultry, and eggshell)
10 g
Yes
Source not disclosed; third-party tested but not verified17

Orgain Collagen Peptides
Bovine (grass fed)
18 g
No
No third-party certification, only internal testing18

Physician’s Choice Collagen*
Bovine (grass fed) plus digestive enzymes and probiotic blend
7 g
Yes
Moderate dose; instructions say to take it two to three times a day to achieve ideal daily intake. Third-party tested but not specified or shared19

Primal Harvest Primal Collagen
Bovine (grass fed)
10 g
No
No source transparency beyond “grass fed.” No other certifications20

Sports Research Collagen Peptides
Bovine
11 g
Yes (Certified NSF Gluten-Free)21
Company does extensive quality testing. Results can be viewed via their website22

Vitauthority Multi Collagen Burn
Multi (bovine, marine, poultry, and eggshell)
7.8 g
No
“Burn” marketing gimmick, which is their weight-loss blend23

Vital Proteins Collagen Peptides
Bovine (grass fed)
20 g
Yes (NSF Certified for Sport)24
Top quality product; no notable red flags

Vital Proteins Collagen Advanced
Bovine + hyaluronic acid, vitamin C
20 g
No
Contains added nutrients; no major red flags except no testing certifications25

Vital Proteins Marine Collagen
Marine (wild-caught cod)
12 g
No
Testing is done internally only26

Vital Vitamins Multi Collagen Complex
Multi (bovine, poultry, marine, and eggshell)
1.6 g (capsules)
Yes
Collagen amount not disclosed as protein; very low dose per serving; uses “proprietary blend.” Third-party tested but not specified27

Wholesome Wellness Multi Collagen
Multi (bovine, marine, chicken, eggshell)
7.83 g
Yes
Third-party tested but not specified28

Youtheory Collagen (Advanced Type 1, 2 and 3)
Not specified, but likely bovine
6 g
No
Protein not listed on label (collagen assumed ~5 to 6 g); contains added vitamin C; no third-party testing29

*Right of Reply: Companies with red flag concerns were contacted for comment; received responses can be found at the bottom of this article.

How to Choose a High-Quality Collagen Supplement

The good news is that there are safe, effective collagen supplements out there — you just have to know what to look for. Research shows that humans taking 2.5 to 10 grams of high-purity hydrolyzed collagen daily yield real benefits for skin,30 joint pain,31 and nails.32 To actually reap those rewards, you’ll want a high-quality product that contains what it says and is free of unwanted extras. Here are my recommendations:

• Check for third-party certification of purity — Seals from organizations like National Sanitation Foundation (NSF), U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP), or Informed Sport provide a layer of assurance. Other brands may use independent third-party laboratories and provide certificates of analysis upon request. The important factor is verifiable quality testing.
• Analyze the ingredients — Look for a simple, transparent ingredient list. You want to see the source explicitly named. Avoid products that hide the collagen amount in a “proprietary blend.” If the label doesn’t reveal exactly how much collagen you get per serving (in grams) or doesn’t identify the collagen source, put it back on the shelf.
High-quality collagen will often specify the trademarked ingredient if it uses one — for instance, VERISOL® bovine peptides for skin health, or Peptan® collagen. These branded collagen peptides usually have clinical studies behind them, which is a good sign.
• Verify the source — As noted, know where your collagen comes from — both the animal and how it was raised. High-quality collagen is typically derived from grass fed, pasture-raised cattle, wild-caught fish, or pastured chickens.
Marine collagen should tell you what fish is used and, ideally, be sustainably sourced. Bovine collagen should ideally be grass fed and hormone-free. The source informs the collagen type. Bovine and fish mainly provide Type I (and III for bovine), which are great for skin, hair, nails, and bones, whereas chicken provides Type II, more targeted to joint cartilage. Some “multi-collagen” blends include all types, but again, only trust those that are upfront about ingredients.
• Spot marketing red flags — Don’t fall for over-the-top claims like “age-defying,” “miracle cure for wrinkles,” or “instant joint repair.” Also, be cautious of gimmicky combos such as collagen infused with weight-loss blends, or collagen coffee with a laundry list of additives. These trends are usually about riding multiple fads at once. You’re better off with pure collagen and taking other supplements separately if needed.

How to Boost Your Collagen Intake Naturally

While a good supplement can help, I’m a big proponent of food first. You can boost your collagen intake through diet, and this approach offers a broader range of nutrients that work together for body-wide benefits.

I recommend planning your protein intake so that about 15% of your daily calories come from protein, and about one-third of that protein is collagen. Again, roughly 30% of your body’s protein is collagen, so it makes sense to proportionally include these collagen-building amino acids in your diet. Here are four ways to do it:

1. Make your own bone broth — Take the time to learn how to simmer high-quality bone broth at home. It’s one of the best natural sources of collagen — when you slowly cook bones, tendons, and ligaments, the collagen breaks down into gelatin that enriches the broth. I recommend using bones from grass fed beef, pastured poultry, or wild-caught fish. Throw in vegetables and herbs for additional minerals and dietary fiber (plus flavor!).
2. Eat collagen-rich cuts — Don’t shy away from cuts of meat that naturally contain a lot of connective tissue. Beef shanks, oxtail, osso buco, and pork knuckles are loaded with collagen that releases during cooking. These “odd bits” are often cheaper and, when cooked low and slow, they yield tender, flavorful meals and gelatin-rich sauces.
If those are too adventurous for your palate, even choosing bone-in, skin-on chicken thighs is a good way to get extra collagen, provided you eat the skin and gnaw on the bones. The skin and connective tissue around the joints are rich in collagen. Slow-cooker stews, braised meats, and soups made with these cuts will also boost your collagen intake significantly.
3. Consume organ meats — Organ meats like liver and heart contain connective tissue and collagen, not to mention a wealth of micronutrients. Organ meat may not be everyone’s favorite, but when prepared well, they can be delicious and incredibly nourishing. Always source organ meats from clean, pasture-raised animals to minimize toxin exposure.
4. Leave the skin on your fish — If you enjoy seafood, here’s a simple hack — when you cook salmon, trout, or cod, eat the skin. The skin of fish (especially wild-caught fatty fish) is rich in Type I collagen. Crispy salmon skin can be a real treat when cooked right.
Similarly, if you make fish soup or stew, include fish heads or skin in the broth. They’ll dissolve down to add collagen (and great body) to your dish. Just be sure your fish is from unpolluted waters to avoid heavy metals. Smaller wild fish like sardines are a safe bet, and you can eat them whole, bones and skin included, for collagen and calcium.

Red Meat Doesn’t Contain Much Collagen

You might be wondering why I keep recommending unusual cuts and organs to boost collagen, instead of the standard steak or chicken breast. The answer is simple — regular muscle meat (the red meat and white meat we commonly eat) doesn’t have much connective tissue and thus is not a significant collagen source. You could eat plenty of beef or pork muscle and get lots of protein, but almost none of it would be collagen.

Eating enough muscle meat will meet your general protein needs, but it won’t specifically support collagen-rich tissues. In fact, it’s important not to confuse muscle protein with collagen — they serve different roles and have very different amino acid profiles. Collagen is extraordinarily high in glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline (amino acids that have anti-inflammatory and tissue-repair functions), whereas muscle meats are higher in amino acids like methionine and cysteine, which, in excess, can be pro-inflammatory.

The table above provides an overview of my argument — when comparing amino acid content, red meat contains very little glycine and proline (I highlight those as “good for you” in green), while collagen is mostly glycine and proline. Meanwhile, red meat is rich in tryptophan and cysteine (marked in red as they can promote inflammation if unbalanced), whereas collagen has virtually none.

In other words, simply eating a lot of steak won’t give your body the collagen it needs for strong connective tissues, supple skin, or strong bones.33 In fact, too much muscle meat without balancing collagen-rich foods might even skew your amino acid intake toward a more inflammatory profile.

The great thing about collagen (and its cooked form, gelatin) is that it’s extraordinarily low in those pro-inflammatory amino acids. This is one reason I personally aim to have about one-third of my daily protein come from collagen or gelatin sources.

Since embracing this balance — for example, I cut my egg and muscle meat intake in half and replaced that portion with collagen/gelatin — I’ve noticed improvements in joint comfort and recovery. This concept was inspired in part by the late Dr. Ray Peat, who emphasized the importance of balancing muscle meats with gelatin to support overall health.

Company Responses

• Ancient Nutrition — Thank you so much for reaching out and for the opportunity to provide additional information for your upcoming article. To address your note regarding testing transparency — we’re happy to share documentation confirming our third-party testing practices. Please find our Certificates of Analysis at the links below:

◦Multi Collagen Protein Powder
◦Multi Collagen Capsules

Additionally, lot numbers are printed on the bottom of each container (in white or yellow ink), alongside the product’s expiration date.

• Physician’s Choice — Thanks for reaching out! Our grass fed bovine collagen delivers 7 grams of high-quality collagen per serving. In regards to the moderate dose, our updated packaging recommends using the product up to 2 to 3 times daily, allowing users to easily achieve an ideal daily intake to support optimal benefits.

We’ve formulated this product with a proprietary blend of digestive enzymes and probiotics designed to support nutrient absorption and promote overall digestive well-being.

To ensure safety, purity, and potency, all of our products undergo third-party testing at cGMP-compliant laboratories that are ISO/IEC 17025 accredited. This internationally recognized standard confirms that the testing facilities operate with proven technical competence and use validated analytical, chemical, and microbiological methods to deliver consistent, reliable results.

• Live Conscious — Thank you for reaching out to Live Conscious. We appreciate your interest in our collagen product and the detailed review process you’re undertaking at Mercola.com.

I understand the importance of transparency when evaluating product quality. Our collagen product undergoes rigorous manufacturing and testing in facilities that are cGMP-compliant, meeting U.S. federal safety regulations. Due to confidentiality agreements with our manufacturing and testing partners, we’re unable to disclose the name of the third-party testing organization or provide supporting documentation.

We remain committed to complying with quality standards and ensuring our products meet all regulatory requirements, and we hope this reassures you about our dedication to product integrity.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Collagen Supplements

Q: Why is collagen important for health?
A: Collagen makes up about 30% of your body’s total protein. It provides structural support for your skin, bones, tendons, ligaments, and the lining of blood vessels and organs. In essence, collagen is the “glue” that holds our tissues together. Getting enough collagen (and the amino acids within it) supports the integrity of connective tissues, helping keep skin elastic, joints resilient, bones strong, and arteries flexible.

Q: Why should I be cautious about collagen supplements?
A: Not all collagen supplements are created equal. Many are sourced from questionable materials like tannery-grade hides (industrial leather scraps) processed with harsh chemicals. Others contain fillers, heavy metals, or have much less actual collagen than the label claims. Quality varies widely across the collagen industry, making careful label review essential.

Q: How can I choose a trustworthy collagen supplement?
A: Look for supplements that explicitly state their collagen source and clearly describe the collagen form — whether hydrolyzed peptides or whole-food bone broth collagen. The label should list collagen content per serving in grams. Choose products that have been certified by an independent lab such as NSF or USP, which ensures it meets purity and content claims.
Avoid vague “proprietary blends” that don’t tell you how much collagen you’re getting. Also, be wary of products making miraculous claims or using lots of additives. Reputable brands tend to be transparent and focus on clinically backed dosages.

Q: Can I naturally boost my collagen without supplements?
A: Absolutely. Collagen-rich foods are readily available. Consuming homemade bone broth is a fantastic way to get collagen (from the simmered bones and connective tissue). Eating meat with the skin and connective tissue (like chicken thighs with skin, or slow-cooked tough cuts full of cartilage) will give you plenty of collagen.
Organ meats and dishes made with gelatin (like natural fruit gelatin desserts or aspic) also contribute collagen. And don’t forget fish skin — crispy salmon skin and fish head soup are time-honored collagen sources. Aim to get a variety of these in your diet. I recommend that about one-third of your total protein intake be collagenous protein.

Q: Why isn’t red meat sufficient for collagen?
A: Regular red meat (muscle meat) contains very little of the key amino acids needed to produce collagen. It’s great for other proteins like hemoglobin and muscle fiber, but it won’t replenish collagen stores. The primary amino acids in collagen — glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline — are only minimally present in lean muscle cuts.
Additionally, collagen’s amino acids have special benefits. For example, glycine and proline are known to have anti-inflammatory properties. Many amino acids abundant in muscle meat (like methionine) can actually promote inflammation if not balanced with collagen’s glycine. Thus, relying solely on steaks and chicken breasts won’t support your skin, joints, and bones the way collagen-rich foods will. Balance is key.

Test Your Knowledge with Today’s Quiz!
Take today’s quiz to see how much you’ve learned from yesterday’s Mercola.com article.

Which fruits are most strongly linked to sustained happiness?

Strawberries, blueberries, apples, oranges, and grapefruit
Strawberries, blueberries, apples, oranges, and grapefruit were linked to up to 16% higher optimism and about 8% improvement in sustained happiness. Learn more.
Bananas, mangoes, apples, grapes, and pineapples
Watermelon, papaya, oranges, berries, and melons
Grapes, cherries, peaches, plums, and nectarines

Editor’s Note: This article is a reprint. It was originally published September 15, 2024.

I had the privilege of speaking at the Ron Paul Institute, addressing a room full of courageous individuals who are standing up for truth and freedom in these challenging times. It was an honor to share my insights and passion for health with such an engaged audience.

You can listen to my speech in its entirety above, as I share the culmination of my decades of research into the true causes of disease and premature death, along with groundbreaking insights that can transform your health and longevity.

The Courage to Stand Up for Truth

I began by acknowledging the bravery of those in attendance. As an example, I highlighted Mike, the event’s recording technician, who lost his job for refusing to take the COVID jab. This kind of courage is exactly what we need more of in society today.

For over 50 years, I’ve been passionately pursuing the truth about health and technology. This journey has led me to write 18 bestselling books and build one of the world’s largest natural health websites. However, my work has also made me a target of the mainstream media and medical establishment.

As I shared with the audience, the biggest honor I ever achieved in my life was being named the No. 1 source of misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic. While said somewhat tongue-in-cheek, this “honor” underscores how threatening truthful information is to those controlling the narrative.

The Corruption of Modern Medicine

Let me be clear: modern medicine has been hijacked. It’s controlled primarily by pharmaceutical companies and has been thoroughly corrupted, tracing back to the influence of John D. Rockefeller. Medical schools teach doctors to follow rigid protocols focused on diagnosing conditions and prescribing medications or surgical interventions, without addressing the true, foundational causes of disease.

Society is now so reliant on pharmaceuticals that 6.3 billion prescriptions are filled every year in the U.S. That’s 17 prescriptions per year for every American.1 These pharmaceuticals are not improving public health, however. Despite spending $4.5 trillion annually on health care,2 the U.S. has some of the worst health outcomes among developed nations.

The Unified Theory of Cellular Health

The core of my speech focused on what I call the unified theory of health. This theory, which I’ve developed over decades and detail in my book “Your Guide to Cellular Health,” explains why people get sick and die prematurely.

The fundamental issue is that your cells are not producing enough energy. This energy, in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), is critical for every function in your body. Without energy, your cells can’t repair and regenerate themselves.

Our bodies produce energy through a fascinating process that starts with the sun. The sun’s energy is converted into chemical bonds in our food, which we then break down and transport to our cells. Inside our cells, we have these incredible structures called mitochondria — they’re like tiny power plants.

These mitochondria produce ATP, which is basically the energy currency of our bodies. To give a sense of scale, a healthy person produces about 200 million quadrillion ATP molecules per second — that’s a two followed by 21 zeros. If you were to weigh all the ATP molecules you produce in a day, it would be roughly equivalent to your body weight. However, that’s if you’re healthy. In reality, most people are only making half their body weight in ATP daily.

The 3 Major Threats to Cellular Energy

So why aren’t we producing enough energy? There are three primary factors decimating our cellular energy production:

1. Seed oils (vegetable oils) — I cannot overstate the damage caused by the consumption of processed seed oils, which are ubiquitous in the modern diet. These oils, high in linoleic acid, wreak havoc on your mitochondria. I even called out the catering at the event itself, noting that nearly everything served was damaging to mitochondrial health — including alcohol, which is a mitochondrial poison.

2. Plastics — The proliferation of plastics in our environment is another major threat. I shared a startling projection. By 2060, it’s anticipated that we will be producing 1.3 billion tons of plastic annually.3

These plastics last for hundreds of years and are incredibly dangerous because they disrupt our hormonal systems, particularly by activating estrogen receptors. This leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and contributes to cancer, heart disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, obesity, and other chronic diseases.

3. Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) — The rapid increase in EMF exposure from wireless technologies is the third major threat to your cellular health. EMFs, like seed oils and plastics, increase calcium ion concentrations within your cells, leading to the production of damaging free radicals.

The Gut-Mitochondria Connection

Another critical piece of the health puzzle is the relationship between mitochondrial function and gut health. When mitochondria are damaged, they can’t properly remove oxygen from your intestines. This allows harmful bacteria to flourish, producing endotoxins that further damage your health.

A thriving intestinal ecosystem encompasses a wide range of microorganisms that collaborate to safeguard your health. Cultivating beneficial oxygen-intolerant bacteria, including key species such as Akkermansia, enhances your gut’s defense mechanisms and creates an environment conducive to overall well-being.

These advantageous bacteria break down dietary fibers to generate short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly butyrate. Butyrate serves as nourishment for your colon’s epithelial cells, fortifying the intestinal barrier. SCFAs also encourage mucin production, establishing a protective layer against harmful bacteria.

A decrease in oxygen-intolerant bacteria results in heightened intestinal permeability, commonly known as leaky gut. This condition allows toxins, partially digested food particles, and harmful microbes to penetrate your bloodstream, initiating systemic inflammation and long-term health complications.

Oxygen-intolerant bacteria play a crucial role in transforming indigestible plant fibers into beneficial fats. They flourish in an oxygen-free environment, which necessitates sufficient cellular energy to maintain. However, the factors mentioned above — seed oil consumption, exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) found in plastics and EMFs — hinder this energy production, making it challenging to sustain the ideal oxygen-free gut environment.

Further, in my opinion, a primary cause of death is endotoxemia leading to septic shock. This occurs when endotoxin is secreted by facultative anaerobes, also referred to as oxygen-tolerant bacteria, which should not be present in your gut.

These pathogenic bacteria produce a highly potent form of endotoxin, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which triggers inflammation if it crosses your compromised gut barrier into systemic circulation. Consequently, leaky gut or an imbalanced microbiome is one of the fundamental causes underlying all diseases.

The Path Forward — We Will Win

Despite the grim picture painted by these health threats, we will ultimately prevail in this battle for health freedom and truth. Regarding the censorship and suppression I and many others have faced from tech giants like Google, their power is waning. In a lawsuit, the U.S. Department of Justice declared Google a monopoly,4 and there’s going to be an avalanche of additional lawsuits against them.

This creates an opportunity for new, more ethical technologies to emerge. I’m at the forefront of developing AI tools that will revolutionize how we access and interact with health information.

This system will leverage cutting-edge technology to make personalized, evidence-based health guidance accessible to billions of people around the world. I’m particularly excited about the AI-powered system we’re developing that will allow individuals to engage in real-time, personalized conversations about their health, drawing from the vast body of scientific literature.

This technology has the potential to revolutionize not just health care, but education as a whole. It’s a one-to-one, individualized approach that will transform how we learn and understand complex information. I want to emphasize how crucial it is for you to take control of your own health. This starts with understanding what you’re putting into your body, particularly through diet.

A Movement for True Health

My speech at the Ron Paul Institute was an opportunity to share the culmination of my life’s work in health and technology. The enthusiasm and engagement from the audience reinforced my belief that we are on the cusp of a health revolution.

By understanding the true causes of disease — particularly the threats to our cellular energy production — and leveraging new technologies to spread this knowledge, we can create a world where vibrant health is the norm, not the exception.

I left the event more motivated than ever to continue this fight for health freedom and truth. Together, we can and will transform the landscape of health and medicine, empowering individuals to take control of their well-being and live life to its fullest potential.

Our goals are ambitious. We’re not just talking about health care — we’re talking about replacing plastics with biodegradable alternatives, destroying industrial agriculture and completely transforming our food system. Because at the end of the day, food is medicine. Remember, knowledge is power, but only when it’s applied.

Take what you’ve learned here, dive deeper into the resources I’ve mentioned and start taking control of your health today. Also, I recommend reading my book “Your Guide to Cellular Health.” Together, we can create a healthier, more vibrant world — one person, one cell, one mitochondrion at a time.

The Revolutionary Path to Healing and Longevity

“Your Guide to Cellular Health: Unlocking the Science of Longevity and Joy” is not just a manual — it’s your passport to a revolution in personal wellness. This comprehensive guide will empower you with life-changing knowledge to help unlock your body’s innate healing abilities and achieve lasting vitality. This isn’t about quick fixes or temporary solutions. It’s about fundamentally transforming your health at its very foundation — your cells.

One of the many paradigm-shifting concepts that I explored in-depth throughout the book is a revolutionary approach to carbohydrate consumption that may challenge your preconceptions. In the following section, I’ll give you a glimpse of this groundbreaking content.

Keep in mind that this represents only a fraction of the innovative strategies and insights waiting for you in the full text. Let this serve as a tantalizing preview of the transformative knowledge you’ll learn in this book.

Carbs Made Simple — A Color-Coded System to Guide Your Gut Health Journey

The method that I discuss in my book ranks carbohydrates based on their impact on your biology, specifically in relation to your gut health. This approach recognizes that the traditional complex vs. simple carb dichotomy likely does not tell the whole story when it comes to individual health outcomes.

Instead, it suggests that the relationship between your gut health and carbohydrate metabolism could be key to unlocking improved overall wellness. It’s not about following a one-size-fits-all diet, but rather about understanding how your unique gut biology interacts with different types of carbohydrates.

Surprisingly, for many people, this approach favors simple carbs over complex ones. This is because they usually have less-than-optimal gut health. If you have a compromised gut system and you consume complex carbs, the fiber and prebiotics in these carbs can feed oxygen-tolerant gut bacteria and worsen your symptoms.

The following chart breaks down several types of carbohydrate sources and how they fit into this plan. We can categorize them into three groups: green, yellow, and red.

In the green category are the most easily digestible simple carbs that provide quick energy without overtaxing your compromised digestive system. You will focus on these carbs initially, because simple carbs provide a quick energy boost for your cells and mitochondria. It’s like giving your body’s energy factories an immediate fuel injection, while allowing your gut to rest and heal at the same time.

Next is the yellow category, which includes carbs that offer more nutrients and fiber compared to the green category, yet are still relatively easy on the digestive system. Finally the red category, the most complex carbs, offers many health benefits but can be challenging for a compromised gut to handle.

So how can you begin implementing this approach? If you have severely compromised gut health, start with pure sugar water. This is a temporary measure to jumpstart the healing process. Mix one-half pound, up to a full pound, of pure dextrose (glucose) into a half gallon of water and sip it slowly all day. Don’t drink more than an ounce at a time to avoid spiking your insulin.

Once your gut health has improved, you can switch your primary carb source to whole foods. More than likely, you’ll also need to eat more frequently than you’re used to during this transition to avoid hypoglycemia. Eating every three to four hours, with snacks throughout the day, is crucial when relying on simple carbs for energy.

As your mitochondrial energy production continues to improve and your gut starts to heal, you will begin the transition back to complex carbs. This is a slow and steady process — don’t rush it.

Once you’re able to include more complex carbohydrates in your diet, you’ll start to notice significant benefits. You’ll be able to extend the time between meals to between four and six hours, and many people find they can comfortably switch to a three-meals-a-day approach. This is because complex carbs digest more slowly, providing a steady stream of energy.

Are You Ready to Revolutionize Your Understanding of Health and Vitality?

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Editor’s Note: This article is a reprint. It was originally published March 9, 2025.

For decades, the conventional advice for optimal bone health has been to take calcium supplements — but the fact is that without the right co-factors, like vitamin K2, this nutrient doesn’t end up strengthening bones, and could cause damage instead.

Vitamin K2 ensures that calcium binds to bone where it belongs. Without sufficient amounts of K2, calcium builds up in places where it shouldn’t — like your arteries — while leaving your bones weak and brittle. This is why people with low vitamin K2 levels often develop both osteoporosis and hardened arteries, a paradox that drastically increases their risk of fractures and heart disease.

Vitamin K2 Strengthens Bones and Protects Against Fractures

A review published in Nutrients examined the role of vitamin K2 in bone health, specifically its impact on bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk in adults. The researchers focused on how K2 influences calcium utilization in the body, ensuring that this essential mineral strengthens bones rather than accumulating in arteries.1

• Vitamin K2 strengthens skeletal function — The study analyzed a population of older adults, who are particularly vulnerable to bone loss and fractures. They found that participants who regularly consumed vitamin K2, whether through diet or supplementation, exhibited stronger bones and a lower risk of fractures compared to those with lower intake levels.

The researchers noted that K2 supplementation was especially beneficial for postmenopausal women, who are at the highest risk for osteoporosis-related fractures.

• Bone mineral density is higher — One of the most striking findings was the measurable increase in BMD among those supplementing with K2. Bone density improved significantly within months, reducing the likelihood of fractures over time. Individuals with low K2 intake had signs of weakened bone structure, making them more susceptible to breaks from minor falls or injuries.

• Risk of fractures is reduced — The study also looked at fracture rates over time. Participants with higher K2 intake had fewer fractures, particularly in the hip and spine, two of the most vulnerable areas in aging individuals.

The difference was significant — those with insufficient K2 intake experienced nearly twice as many fractures as those who maintained adequate levels. This suggests that K2 not only improves bone density but also enhances bone strength and resilience.

• Vitamin K2 directs calcium — The biological mechanism behind these findings is straightforward but powerful. Vitamin K2 activates key proteins — osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein (MGP) — which direct calcium where it is needed and prevent it from accumulating where it shouldn’t.

Osteocalcin ensures calcium binds to the bone matrix, while MGP prevents calcium deposits from forming in arteries. Without sufficient K2, these proteins remain inactive, leading to both weakened bones and arterial calcification.

• Vitamin D interplays with vitamin K2 — To summarize, the researchers said, “[W]e find that an adequate supply of vitamin K, on top of an optimal vitamin D status, seems to add to the benefit of maintaining bone health. More research related to synergism and the possible mechanisms of vitamins D3 and K interaction in bone health is needed.”2

Concerns and Challenges Regarding Vitamin K2 Absorption

However, there are significant challenges when it comes to optimizing vitamin K2. For example, testing isn’t widely available, as most doctors do not consider it part of routine health screenings. There are also individual factors that affect your ability to utilize K2, one of which is your genetics.

• The journey to testing vitamin K2 — In the video above, Nadir Shah, a licensed structural engineer and educational consultant who runs the YouTube channel “Knowledge for Quality of Life,” shares his personal health journey and how he discovered that your genetic makeup influences the amount of vitamin K2 you absorb.

His research began back in 2021, when he and his wife (who has osteopenia, or bone density loss) became curious if they are meeting the optimal levels of nutrients — particularly for vitamin K2.3

• Vitamin K2 testing is challenging — According to Shah, “There is no such test that which can test all the micronutrients and all the vitamins, all the minerals, because I’ve been hunting those tests, basically in the insurance literature, health insurance, which I’m covered with, and there’s none basically.

We’ve been taking vitamin K2 along with vitamin D, which I have mentioned in my previous vlogs. We’ve been taking 100 micrograms, myself and my wife, both. We’ve been taking the same dosage. But there is no test for vitamin K2,” Shah explained.4

After an extensive search, Shah was able to find two labs that offered testing for K2 — Genova Diagnostic and Vibrant Labs of America. However, there is no separate K2 test; it’s actually part of a micronutrient panel test that costs nearly $400. What’s more, the test needs to be prescribed by a physician.5

• Finding a solution — According to Shah, he found an integrative medicine doctor in Phoenix, Arizona who recommend Vibrant Labs of America for micronutrient panel testing. After this encounter, his family got their results after four to six weeks.

• The importance of getting tested — Shah noted that, “[T]he eye-opening thing for me in that test … was the vitamin K2 level. I came OK in vitamin K2, but my wife was a bit short. She was OK at the serum level, when I say serum level means it’s the blood level, but at the blood cells at the cellular level, she falls short. And that was an alarming point for me …”

As Shah and his wife were taking the same dose, he then sought answers as to why there was such a significant difference in their levels. Her cellular levels of this nutrient were not reaching the optimal amount, which means it’s not activating the vitamin K-dependent proteins, matrix Gla protein and osteocalcin. It took him months, but he eventually found the answer in a research paper.6

The Role of ApoE Genotype in Vitamin K2 Absorption

Your apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype is one of the key genetic markers involved in processing vitamin K2. This gene influences how your body processes fats and vitamins, including vitamin K2. There are different variations of the ApoE gene, and depending on which one you inherit, your body may either clear vitamin K2 quickly or retain it for a longer time. In Shah’s case, he and his wife have different ApoE genotypes.7

• The differences in genotypes — According to Shah, “There are genotypes which we have inherited from mom and dad. There are basically three copies: 2, 3, and 4. Then there is a combo 2/3, 3/3, 3/4, and 4/4. So, there’s a combination of six altogether. These are called ApoE genotype alleles.”

• Genotypes determine vitamin K2 clearing — Shah continues, “I found out in that paper that people who are ApoE 2/2, they clear vitamin K2 very slow; particularly, their clearance rate is very slow. Now, 3/3 are typically neither slow nor fast, but 3/4 and 4/4 people — people who carry ApoE one copy of 4 or double copy of 4 — they clear their vitamin K2 from the body pretty fast.

It means that the dosage which I’ve been taking, 100 micrograms … was okay because I’m 3/3. We got both tested after that and that was like a light bulb went on,” Shah says.8

Many people do not know their ApoE genotype because it is not a standard diagnostic test. However, getting tested provides valuable insights into how your body processes vitamin K2 and other nutrients. After learning this information, Shah increased his wife’s K2 dose, and since then they have seen noticeable results.

• The impact of increasing vitamin K2 intake — Shah recalls their story, “Since 2021, we did another DEXA scan. Her osteopenia stopped progressing at two locations. That’s a good sign. Very good sign. Because if … the T-score doesn’t go in the negative further, it means that it has stopped. It means that she is getting enough K2 …”

• Boosting your vitamin K2 intake has no side effects — According to Shah, his wife is “eating natto as well. She is in the range of probably 800, 900 micrograms — eight- or ninefold than what she was taking before. And I am the same way. I increased even though I was okay, but I increased because there is no, we don’t feel any side effect, nothing whatsoever.”9

He adds that understanding your ApoE genotype is also useful for other aspects of your health. Certain variations are linked to a higher risk of Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular issues, and how your body handles cholesterol. Knowing this information will help you make better choices about your diet, supplements, and overall lifestyle.

The Type of Vitamin K2 You Take Matters

Shah also mentions that the form of vitamin K2 affects how efficiently you absorb it. The most common forms are menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7).

• The difference between MK-4 and MK-7 — Shah explains, “MK-4’s half-life is only four hours and MK-7’s half-life is 72 hours. It stays in the system in the body longer … So, it means that MK-7 is not good for people who are ApoE genotype 2/2, because I’ve been seeing a lot of people when they take K2 MK-7, they feel palpitation.

What happens is that, based on the literature, if they take [it] on daily basis, the body is not clearing because it’s clearing slow, it’s going to back up and then it’s going to give you a side effect.”

• Your genotype dictates which form of vitamin K is better — From Shah’s findings, he noted that “People who are ApoE genotype 2/2, based on the literature, they are better off with MK-4 because it clears fast. Now, if you are 2/2 — the only way we are going to know what type of ApoE genotype we carry is we need to get tested, and it’s a once in a lifetime test.”10

• Top sources of MK-4 — MK-4 is a short-chain form of vitamin K2 found in animal products such as meat, eggs, liver, and dairy.11,12 However, it has a short biological half-life, which makes it a poor candidate as a dietary supplement. However, MK-4 from food is important for good health as it plays a role in gene expression. For example, research has found it helps lower your risk of liver cancer.13

• Top sources of MK-7 — Meanwhile, MK-7 is a longer-chained vitamin K2 found in fermented foods such as sauerkraut, certain cheeses, and natto. It’s produced by specific bacteria during the fermentation process. However, not all strains of bacteria make it, so not all fermented foods will provide it.14

How to Make Sure Calcium Goes to the Right Places

If you want strong bones and flexible arteries, getting enough vitamin K2 is non-negotiable. Without it, calcium ends up in all the wrong places — clogging your arteries instead of strengthening your bones. The good news is, you have control over this. By making a few simple adjustments, the calcium you ingest will work for you, not against you.

1. Get enough vitamin K2 from the right sources — Your body needs K2 to activate the proteins that direct calcium into your bones and keep it out of your arteries. The best natural sources are natto, hard cheeses like Gouda, egg yolks, and organ meats.

If you don’t regularly eat these foods, consider a high-quality vitamin K2 supplement. If you opt for an oral K2 supplement, it’s best taken with your evening meal, along with any vitamin D and/or calcium and magnesium you’re taking.

2. Balance your vitamins D3 and K2 intake — If you are supplementing with calcium and vitamin D3 but not vitamin K2, you’re making a huge mistake. Vitamin D3 increases calcium absorption, but, as discussed, you need K2 to prevent that extra calcium from going where it doesn’t belong.

Always make sure that for every 5,000 IUs of vitamin D3 you take, you’re also getting around 180 micrograms (mcg) of vitamin K2. This keeps calcium metabolism in balance and prevents calcification where you don’t want it.

3. Eliminate vegetable oils and processed foods — Too much linoleic acid (LA), found in vegetable oils like soybean, canola, and corn oil, damages your arteries, making them more vulnerable to calcium buildup.

Processed foods are packed with these inflammatory oils, so eliminating them from your diet is one of the best strategies to support your heart and overall health. Instead, cook with saturated fats like grass fed butter, ghee, or tallow, and avoid anything that lists vegetable oil as an ingredient.

4. Get more magnesium to keep calcium in check — Along with vitamin K2, magnesium is another key to proper calcium regulation. It helps prevent calcium from accumulating in soft tissues. If you’re not getting enough magnesium, your body struggles to properly use both vitamins K2 and D3.

The easiest way to find your ideal magnesium dose is by using magnesium citrate — slowly increasing the amount until you notice loose stools, then backing off slightly. Once you know your threshold, you can switch to other forms of magnesium, such as magnesium threonate (which doesn’t cause loose stools), for better brain and bone benefits.

If you’re eating a balanced diet with dairy, leafy greens, and bone broth, you probably don’t need extra calcium. Instead, focus on getting the right co-factors mentioned above, and let your body handle the rest naturally.

Frequently Asked Questions on Vitamin K2 and Bone Health

Q: Why is vitamin K2 important for bone health?

A: Vitamin K2 plays a crucial role in directing calcium to the bones, where it strengthens bone mineral density (BMD) and reduces fracture risk. Without sufficient K2, calcium accumulates in arteries instead, increasing the risk of both osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.

Q: How does vitamin K2 impact bone density and fracture risk?

A: Studies show that vitamin K2 supplementation improves BMD and significantly reduces fractures, especially in older adults and postmenopausal women. It activates osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein (MGP), which ensure calcium binds to bones rather than accumulating in arteries.

Q: What factors affect vitamin K2 absorption in the body?

A: Genetics, specifically the ApoE genotype, influence how quickly your body clears vitamin K2. Individuals with ApoE 3/4 or 4/4 genotypes clear K2 faster and will need higher doses, while those with ApoE 2/2 clear it slowly and are better suited to the MK-4 form of vitamin K2.

Q: What are the best sources of vitamin K2?

A: Natural sources of vitamin K2 include fermented foods like natto, cheese made from grass fed dairy, egg yolks, and organ meats. For supplementation, MK-4 has a shorter half-life and is better suited for fast K2 metabolizers, while MK-7 remains in the body longer and is preferable for slower metabolizers.

Q: How can I ensure calcium is used properly in my body?

A: To direct calcium to bones and prevent arterial calcification, maintain a balance of vitamins K2, D3, and magnesium. Aim for 180 mcg of vitamin K2 for every 5,000 IUs of D3. Also, avoid processed foods and vegetable oils, which contribute to arterial damage and improper calcium distribution.

A New Series of Health Insights Is on the Way

IMPORTANT

A New Series of Health Insights Is on the Way
Our team has been working behind the scenes to prepare new research and practical health strategies for our readers. While we finish preparing what’s coming next, we invite you to explore one of the most-read articles from our library below. See exactly what’s changing →

Have you ever wondered why humans have nails in their fingers and toes in the first place? While they are small, they are one of the most important traits in the human body. For example, fingernails protect the ends of your fingers and provide tactile feedback1 for regular human activities, such as pushing a button or playing an instrument.

In the case of your feet, toenails help with proprioception, which is your body’s ability to sense movement and spatial recognition.2 Now, when an ingrown toenail develops in any one of the toes, your proprioception is thrown out of balance, affecting your quality of life.

Why Ingrown Toenails Develop

According to the Cleveland Clinic, ingrown toenails are common among Americans. It’s estimated that every two out of 10 people visit a doctor for this very problem, and there are several reasons why this happens.3

• Improperly nail-cutting technique — For example, when the toenail is cut too short or rounded, it will eventually embed into the flesh.

• Tight footwear — Certain shoes, such as high heels, or any shoe that’s too tight for you, will eventually affect the shape of your nail.4

• Physical trauma — Getting stepped on or stubbing your toe increases the likelihood of ingrown toenails.

• Physical imbalances — Sometimes, the way your body grows affects your risk, like when the toenail is larger than your toe.

When a toenail becomes ingrown, you likely won’t feel a thing at first. Instead, you’ll see redness and some swelling, but not to the point where it’s bothering you. Eventually, a mild ingrown toenail will feel swollen, and when this occurs, the edge of the nail grows deeper into the flesh of the toe, allowing bacteria to enter, causing infection. Symptoms begin to appear, such as:5

• Liquid or pus in the affected toe
• Pain in the toe
• Swelling
• Inflamed toe that feels warm

Simple Home Remedies for an Ingrown Toenail

If you’re able to catch the ingrown toenail at its earliest stages, you’ll be able to cut it at home. But according to The Hearty Soul, this process can be difficult, especially if you’ve never done it before. If you decide to try this method, I recommend you have a family member assist you.6

1. Soak your feet in warm water mixed with either Epsom salt or Castile soap for about 20 minutes to help soften the toenails and skin and reduce any swelling.
2. Using clean fingers, push back the swollen skin carefully. This will likely be uncomfortable. Don’t force it back more than the swollen skin allows.
3. Cut the nail straight across. Start with the edges of the toenail, cutting the nail from the sides, not from the middle.
4. Place a small piece of cotton between the ingrown nail and skin. This helps the ingrown toenail from coming back, allowing it to grow correctly.
5. Apply ointment (check out The Hearty Soul’s homemade ointment recipe7) to the affected area and bandage it carefully.
6. To help with healing, avoid wearing socks and shoes while at home. Wear shoes that avoid dirt but allow open air.
7. It’s important to prevent infection by changing the cotton daily, maybe even twice a day.

In addition to the procedure described above, there are other remedies available before you resort to visiting a podiatrist (a doctor who specializes in foot problems). Here are some recommendations:8

• Soak your foot — Dip the affected foot in warm soapy water to keep the skin clear from bacteria. Do this four times a day to reduce the risk of infections. For improved results, add Epsom salt to the water often. This allows the skin to soften, allowing you to draw out the toenail from the flesh.
• Wash with castile soap — If you’re not able to find some downtime to soak your foot several times a day, try washing it in soap and water twice a day. Consider using castile soap because it uses natural and pure ingredients.
• Apple cider vinegar wash — Mix a quarter cup of apple cider vinegar with warm water for a foot soak. Alternatively, apply a diluted mix by combining vinegar with purified water to your affected foot. This will help clean the area and help relieve symptoms while your toe heals.
• Essential oil solution — Essential oils known for their anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties include tea tree, lavender, or clove oil — mix these with a carrier oil, like coconut oil and massage this to the affected area. This helps create a clean environment to help provide relief.

If Home Remedies Don’t Work, Try These Nonsurgical Treatments

There are several nonsurgical options available that address the affected toenail itself or the surrounding nail folds. The goal here is to separate the toenail between the nail fold, providing immediate relief. Best Practice Advocacy Centre (BPAC) New Zealand shares commonly used treatments below.9

• The cotton wick (packing) method — This involves lifting the lateral edge of the affected toenail and placing a small cotton wick under the edge, preventing the toenail from burrowing into the tissue.
It is generally performed without the use of an anesthetic, but a silver nitrate is used to cauterize any surrounding granulation tissue. Once the procedure is complete, the operation is taught to the patient, allowing them to repeat it as necessary. In addition, it’s recommended that the wick is only used for one week because the risk for a fungal infection under the nail bed develops.

• Dental floss technique — This procedure is similar to the cotton wick method but using dental floss instead. The floss is inserted in an oblique direction under the corner of the ingrown toenail and pushed inward.

Again, the procedure is done without an anesthetic, and relief is already experienced. The floss is usually left in place until it reaches near the edge of the nail plate, also known as the hyponychium. If the floss becomes dislodged or dirty, you’ll need to repeat the procedure to avoid infections.

• The gutter splint technique — A small plastic tube, usually from an IV line, is split lengthwise and placed under the lateral edge of the nail. Then, a diagonal cut is made on one end of the tube to facilitate smooth insertion, and the nail corner and lateral edge are lifted so the tube can be inserted between the nail and soft tissue. A local anesthetic is needed for this.

The splint is secured with an adhesive, sutures or acrylic resin. Then, it is covered properly to prevent it from catching onto clothing or beddings. According to BPAC New Zealand, this procedure is highly effective.

• Taping method — For this technique, an elastic tape, such as strapping tape, is used to pull the lateral nail fold away from the affected toenail. Specifically, one end of the tape is placed on the toenail then wrapped around the toe, creating an overlap without covering the toenail. While this is the least invasive method, it’s recommended that the tape be reapplied every three to seven days for two months to ensure proper recovery.

• Orthonyxia — Also called the brace technique, this procedure involves using a metal brace to pull the edge of the affected toenail away from the soft tissue after removing the spicule. According to reviewed literature by BPAC New Zealand, orthonyxia led to complete healing after six to 10 months of treatment.

• Angle correction technique — A podiatrist will file the entire surface of the ingrown toenail, reducing the thickness by 50% to 75%. This helps reduce the pressure on the nail fold and is repeated every two months. A different file is used to reshape the edge of the nail.

As you can see, there are several options available. I recommend visiting an experienced podiatrist, emphasizing your intent to use nonsurgical treatments as much as possible. Only consider surgery once all other treatments have failed to provide relief.

BS Brace — A Novel, Noninvasive Treatment

One of the most unique treatments for ingrown toenails is the BS brace, invented by Dr. Bernd Stolz, a German podiatrist, back in 1987.10 As the name implies, the brace is placed on the ingrown toenail, slowly fixing the curvature until relief is achieved. For those who are looking for a long-term solution, this could be the answer. Azure Advanced Aesthetics (AAA), a surgery practice in Canada, explains the principle behind it.11

• How the BS brace works — The brace is applied on the ingrown toenail, which pulls on the ingrown side until the nail returns to a normal shape. Since it is not applied anywhere else except the toenail, the brace is virtually allergy-free. According to AAA’s patients who tried this procedure, noted that relief is felt within 30 minutes. But those who suffer from severe cases will feel the results in three days.

• Diabetics will benefit from the BS brace — The BS brace is a helpful tool for diabetics, as it does not require any procedure that will lead to bleeding, which is a common issue for this condition.

• No interruption in your daily activities — Once the brace is applied and pain relief occurs, you’re able to resume your routine.

• Additional braces will need to be reapplied — Depending on your ingrown toenail’s condition, you may need to return to your podiatrist for repeat applications of the BS brace. AAA estimates that it could take anywhere from one to four braces to completely resolve the issue.

To give you an idea on what the BS brace looks like, refer to the images below, courtesy of Mackay Ingrown Toenail Clinic:12

Before brace application.
  

One month later. Note the transparent brace above the toenail.
  

Six months later. Note the transparent brace still attached to the toenail.
 

How to Prevent Ingrown Toenails from Forming

Ingrown toenails will inevitably affect your quality of life once they occur. But like most other conditions, prevention goes a long way. Here are some strategies to help lower your risk, according to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons:13

• Protect the feet from trauma — Wear appropriate protective shoes when working around heavy equipment or moving heavy items.
• Choose well-fitting footwear — Take time to shop for shoes and socks that provide adequate room for the toes.
• Trim your toenails properly — Cut toenails straight across with a clean, sharp nail trimmer without tapering or rounding the corners. Lastly, cut the nails no shorter than the edge of the toe.
• Always keep your feet clean and dry — Except when you’re bathing, swimming, or doing other activities in the water, clean, dry feet will help lower your risk of ingrown toenails.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Home Remedies for Ingrown Toenails

Q: Why do we have toenails, and what happens when they become ingrown?
A: Toenails support balance and spatial awareness. Ingrown toenails occur when the nail burrows into the skin, leading to pain, swelling, and infection.

Q: What causes ingrown toenails to develop?
A: Common causes include improper nail trimming, wearing tight shoes, foot trauma, and natural nail or toe shape imbalances. These factors cause the toenail to grow into the surrounding skin.

Q: How can I treat an ingrown toenail at home?
A: Early treatment involves soaking the foot in warm water with Epsom salt, trimming the nail straight across, inserting cotton under the nail edge, applying ointment, and keeping the area clean and uncovered.

Q: What are nonsurgical treatment options for ingrown toenails?
A: Techniques like the cotton wick, dental floss, taping, gutter splint, orthonyxia, and angle correction lift the nail from the skin to relieve pressure and promote proper nail growth without surgery.

Q: What is the BS Brace, and how does it work?
A: The BS Brace is a noninvasive treatment that gradually reshapes the toenail to reduce pressure and pain. It’s suitable for diabetics and allows patients to continue daily activities during healing.

A New Series of Health Insights Is on the Way

IMPORTANT

A New Series of Health Insights Is on the Way
Our team has been working behind the scenes to prepare new research and practical health strategies for our readers. While we finish preparing what’s coming next, we invite you to explore one of the most-read articles from our library below. See exactly what’s changing →

Many people struggle to fall asleep not because of pain, noise, or light — but because their minds won’t shut off. The internal noise of planning, worrying, or reliving conversations keeps your brain in a state of high alert, long past the moment your head hits the pillow. It’s not just frustrating. Sleep deprivation has been linked to anxiety, depression, cognitive decline and even heart disease.

You lie in bed exhausted, but your thoughts feel like a ping-pong match between memory and future stress. Conventional advice like “just relax” or “clear your mind” often backfires, intensifying the stress. Instead of trying to silence your brain completely, there’s a smarter approach that works with how your mind naturally transitions into sleep.

Luc Beaudoin, a cognitive scientist at Simon Fraser University, developed a technique called cognitive shuffling to mimic your brain’s natural shift into disorganized, dreamy thought patterns.

Rather than demanding stillness, it steers your thinking toward low-stakes, random associations that gently ease your nervous system into rest. If your mind is constantly busy at night, cognitive shuffling offers a practical, accessible way to break the cycle — and tonight might be the right time to try it.

Cognitive Shuffling Gives Your Brain Something Better to Do Than Overthink

An article by Calm explains that when you’re on the edge of sleep, your brain naturally shifts from focused, linear thinking to random, fragmented images and ideas.1 This is your brain’s way of loosening its grip on reality and preparing for dream states. Cognitive shuffling nudges this process along by introducing random, emotionally neutral words into your thoughts, helping your brain shift gears sooner.

• Cognitive shuffling is simple and requires no training or tools — All you have to do is choose a short, boring word — like “lamp” — and then think of other words that start with each of its letters. For “L,” you might think of “lemon,” “ladder” or “lint.” Once you run out of “L” words, you move to “A,” then “M,” then “P.” This exercise uses just enough mental energy to keep you from spiraling into anxious thoughts, but not so much that it keeps you awake.

• It’s designed to gently override your overactive mind — The goal isn’t to clear your mind — it’s to give it something else to do. Calm explains that trying to force your thoughts to stop usually makes you more awake. Instead, cognitive shuffling works by steering your brain into the exact kind of scattered thinking that happens naturally when you’re falling asleep. It’s a redirect, not a shutdown.

• You don’t need to be good at it for it to work — This is not a concentration game. If you forget the word you started with, lose track of where you are in the letter sequence or fall asleep mid-list, you’re doing it right. The randomness of the process is the point — it mimics the way dreams begin and distracts your brain just enough to let sleep take over.

Cognitive Shuffling Rewires Your Sleep Routine Through Repetition and Rhythm

For many people, bedtime becomes a performance: You’re trying to fall asleep, watching the clock, worrying about the next day and judging yourself when you fail. Cognitive shuffling removes the performance aspect. There’s no success or failure — just a quiet, low-effort distraction. Calm points out that this technique is forgiving, repeatable and adaptable to your preferences and mood each night.2

• Consistency helps your brain learn the routine — Calm notes that cognitive shuffling doesn’t always work instantly. It’s often a gradual process, especially for people who are used to being mentally active at night. But with regular use, your brain starts to associate the word-listing process with winding down. Over time, it becomes a cue for sleep, helping you build a healthy routine without needing supplements or sleep aids.

• The method uses natural brain rhythms to support rest — Beaudoin discovered that the mind transitions into sleep by becoming disorganized — flashes of disconnected ideas and images replace structured thoughts. By mimicking this disorganization intentionally, cognitive shuffling gets ahead of the curve and helps you enter the pre-sleep state faster.

• It aligns with cognitive load management principles — The strategy works because it respects how your brain processes information under stress. Instead of demanding mental silence — which increases cognitive strain — cognitive shuffling reduces your brain’s workload to something simple and rhythmic. This drop in cognitive load encourages your nervous system to relax, making it easier for you to fall asleep.

• Gamifying sleep makes it less stressful — Calm suggests choosing a new word every night to keep the process interesting and playful. Turning the exercise into a sort of mental puzzle adds novelty, which keeps your attention just enough to hold off stress. This light gamification introduces a small sense of fun into your sleep routine, which makes a big difference in how your body responds.

Mental Overactivity Blocks Sleep by Hijacking Your Executive Brain

An article by Renée Miller, perinatal clinical psychologist with the Antenatal & Postnatal Psychology Network in Australia, explains how your brain’s executive functions — planning, evaluating, remembering, and problem-solving — keep your mental engines running long after you’re physically exhausted.3 Beaudoin developed the term “mental perturbance” to describe this persistent overactivation that hijacks your ability to relax at night.

• Busy parents and overstimulated adults are especially affected — The article focuses on parents trying to fall asleep after a long day — when the house is finally quiet and it’s supposed to be “your time.” But rather than shutting down, your brain starts sorting tasks, reliving mistakes or strategizing the next day.

This isn’t simple stress — it’s the result of an executive system that doesn’t know when to quit. That’s where cognitive shuffling offers a practical way to break the cycle.

• Adding visualization deepens the effect and calms your body — The technique is more powerful when you not only think of the words but also picture them. If your word is “broom,” you imagine the broom. Then the next “B” word, like “beach,” you picture that too.

Visualization helps draw your attention away from internal dialogue and creates a sensory experience that mimics dreaming. This visual layering enhances the disorganization that helps your brain drift off.

• Breath control is a hidden part of the shuffle’s success — You can also use intentional breathing as part of the technique. Try breathing in while thinking of the word and breathing out while visualizing it. Longer exhales naturally activate your parasympathetic nervous system — your body’s “rest and digest” mode — making the process even more physically relaxing.

How to Use Cognitive Shuffling to Quiet Your Mind and Fall Asleep Faster

If your mind feels like it’s running a marathon the moment you lie down, you’re not alone. Racing thoughts don’t just keep you awake — they trigger your stress response, keep cortisol elevated, and pull your brain into high-alert mode when it should be shifting into sleep. The root of the issue is that your brain’s executive system doesn’t know how to shut down without help.

Instead of trying to force silence, the smarter move is to redirect that mental energy with a technique that mimics how your brain naturally falls asleep. That’s where cognitive shuffling comes in. This isn’t meditation. It’s not about clearing your mind or focusing on your breath.

It’s about giving your brain something harmless, simple and disorganized to do — so it stops trying to solve tomorrow’s problems at 11 p.m. If you’re wired at night or wake up and can’t get back to sleep, try these five steps:

1. Start with your sleep environment — Get your bedroom as calm, dark and quiet as possible. Turn out all lights, power down your devices — or better yet your Wi-Fi — and keep the temperature cool. If you live in a noisy area or your partner snores, turn on a fan or try a white noise machine to block out distractions. The less stimulation you have from the outside, the easier it is for your brain to switch gears.

2. Pick a simple, neutral word to start the shuffle — Choose something ordinary that doesn’t trigger emotion or memories. Words like “lamp,” “chair” or “apple” work well. You want something familiar but boring — nothing connected to your work, relationships or problems. If you’re a visual thinker, try picking a word you can picture clearly, like “ball” or “tree.”

3. Break the word into letters and think of other words — For each letter of your chosen word, think of new words that start with that letter. If your word is “blanket,” for example, you’d start with “B” and think of “book,” “bird,” “bucket,” etc. Then move to “L” and do the same. Don’t worry if you run out of words or forget where you were — that’s actually a good sign your brain is losing steam.

4. Add visualization and breath to deepen the effect — Picture each word you think of in your mind. If you think of “balloon,” imagine the shape, color and how it floats. Breathe in when the word comes to mind. Breathe out as you visualize it. The longer exhale helps your body relax and settle into rest. This adds a physical layer of calm on top of the mental distraction.

5. Repeat with a new word if needed — If you’re still awake after one round, don’t get frustrated. Just pick a new word and start again. The goal isn’t perfection — it’s distraction. The more you practice, the more your brain learns to associate this shuffle with winding down. Over time, it becomes a cue for your body to enter sleep mode, just like brushing your teeth or turning off the light.

This technique gives your mind something to do that doesn’t involve stress, problem-solving or memory. It works with your biology instead of against it. And best of all, it’s something you can try tonight — no tools, no tracking, just you and your thoughts, gently shuffled into sleep. For more help, review my 50 Tips to Improve Your Sleep.

FAQs About Cognitive Shuffling

Q: What is cognitive shuffling, and how does it help with sleep?
A: Cognitive shuffling is a mental technique that uses random, neutral word associations to gently distract your brain and help you fall asleep. Instead of forcing your mind to go blank, you give it a light, non-stimulating task — like thinking of words that start with each letter of a chosen word. This mimics your brain’s natural transition into sleep and reduces nighttime overthinking.

Q: Why do racing thoughts keep me awake at night?
A: When your brain’s executive functions — like planning, evaluating, or problem-solving — stay active, they prevent your body from entering a restful state. Cognitive shuffling interrupts that cycle by scrambling structured thinking and encouraging your brain to let go.

Q: How do I practice cognitive shuffling?
A: Start by choosing a simple word, such as “lamp” or “table.” Then, think of other words that begin with each letter of your chosen word. Add visualization by picturing each new word, and coordinate it with slow breathing — in on the thought, out on the image. If you lose track or fall asleep mid-process, that’s a sign it’s working.

Q: What makes cognitive shuffling different from other relaxation techniques?
A: Unlike meditation or breathing exercises that require focus or stillness, cognitive shuffling uses mild mental stimulation to redirect your thoughts. It’s a practical, low-effort technique that doesn’t rely on silence or concentration — and it’s especially helpful for people who struggle to shut off their minds at night.

Q: Can cognitive shuffling work for everyone, including children or anxious sleepers?
A: Yes. This method is simple, adaptable and doesn’t require any special tools or training. It works well for adults, busy parents and even children. You can personalize it by choosing different words each night or turning it into a mental game. The key is consistency — over time, your brain will associate the technique with bedtime, making it easier to fall asleep.

What you eat doesn’t just fuel your body — it directly changes your brain chemistry, your blood flow, and how stable your emotions feel from hour to hour. Flavonoids, the natural compounds found in colorful fruits and vegetables, actively influence neurotransmitters like dopamine, improve blood flow to your brain, and interact with your gut microbiome in ways that regulate inflammation and emotional stability.

What makes this especially worth paying attention to is that the relationship works both ways. Higher happiness and optimism make it easier to maintain better eating habits, while poor mood pushes you toward processed, nutrient-poor foods that worsen how you feel. That cycle either builds momentum in your favor or works against you — and understanding how that loop begins starts with the foods you choose every day.

How Flavonoid-Rich Foods Reshape Your Mood Over Time

A study published in Clinical Nutrition followed 44,659 women from the long-running Nurses’ Health Study to examine how flavonoid-rich foods influence happiness and optimism over time.1 Researchers analyzed diet data collected years earlier and compared it with emotional well-being tracked across multiple time points. This gave them the ability to see not just short-term effects, but how everyday food habits shape how you feel over an entire decade.

• Higher intake led to measurable improvements in happiness and optimism — Women who consumed the highest amounts of flavonoid-rich foods had a 3% higher likelihood of sustained happiness and a 6% higher likelihood of sustained optimism compared to those with the lowest intake.
Over time, those small daily choices shift your emotional baseline — the default mood you wake up with and return to throughout the day. Even small percentage shifts matter when they persist over years, because they shape how often you feel positive, motivated, and resilient.
• Specific fruits delivered stronger results than general diet patterns — Not all foods carried the same weight. The strongest effects came from strawberries, blueberries, apples, oranges, and grapefruit. These foods were linked to up to a 16% greater likelihood of sustained optimism and about an 8% improvement in sustained happiness. That gives you a clear, simple starting point. Instead of guessing, you can focus on a short list of foods that consistently show results.
• The more variety you eat, the stronger the effect becomes — Researchers created something called a “flavodiet score,” which measures how many different flavonoid-rich foods you eat each day. Women who averaged about three servings per day had the best outcomes. This matters because it turns nutrition into a simple daily target. Think of it as a daily score you’re building: berries at breakfast, an apple at lunch, an orange after dinner.
• The relationship works both ways, creating a feedback loop — One of the most important findings is that mood and diet reinforce each other. Women with higher happiness and optimism at baseline were more likely to maintain a higher intake of flavonoid-rich foods over time.
On the flip side, lower mood made it harder to stick with healthier eating patterns. This creates either an upward spiral or a downward one. Improve your food, and your mood follows. Improve your mood, and better food choices come more naturally. That’s the cycle — and once it starts turning in your favor, each day reinforces the next.

How Colorful Foods Target Multiple Mood Pathways at Once

The study broke flavonoids into subclasses and found that some had stronger effects than others. For example, flavones and flavanones were linked to about a 9% to 10% higher likelihood of sustained happiness, while anthocyanins — the compounds that give berries their color — were tied to about a 6% improvement.

For optimism, some subclasses showed even stronger effects, with increases ranging from 6% up to 18%. This tells you that diversity matters. Eating a range of colorful foods gives your brain multiple types of support at once.

Researcher Aedín Cassidy, with Queen’s University Belfast, told The Times, “There are lots of different types of flavonoids, including the anthocyanins in berries, grapes and aubergines, flavan-3-ols in tea and apples, flavonols in broccoli and kale. Some of them are good for blood pressure, others for lipid profile, others for the brain, so the more diversity of them in your diet over time the better it will be for your health and mental wellbeing.”2

• Your brain chemistry responds directly to these compounds — Flavonoids influence key neurotransmitters like dopamine and GABA, which regulate mood, focus, and emotional balance. These are the chemical signals that determine whether you feel calm, motivated, or overwhelmed. By increasing the production and activity of these neurotransmitters, flavonoids help stabilize your emotional state from the inside out.
• Blood flow and brain communication improve at the same time — These compounds also enhance blood flow to your brain. Better blood flow means more oxygen and nutrients reach brain cells, which helps them function efficiently.
At the same time, flavonoids support synaptic plasticity — your brain’s ability to form and strengthen connections. That directly impacts how quickly you think, how well you adapt, and how resilient you feel under stress.
• Your gut plays a hidden role in how these foods affect your mood — After you eat flavonoid-rich foods, your gut bacteria break them down into more active compounds. These metabolites influence the production of short-chain fatty acids — compounds that calm inflammation in your gut and send mood-regulating signals directly to your brain.
In other words, your gut acts like a processing center that turns food into mood-supporting signals. This explains why consistent daily intake matters more than occasional bursts — your microbiome adapts based on what you feed it.

The Everyday Eating Habits That Rapidly Boost How You Feel

In The Times article, psychologists and nutrition researchers answered a simple question: what foods and habits make you feel better fast and keep that effect going?3 The focus is practical. What you eat today changes how you feel within hours and sets the tone for tomorrow.

• You can feel a mood boost within hours of eating certain foods — Katie Barfoot from the University of Reading noted, “Sometimes there is an immediate response with people feeling more positive within two hours of consuming these foods.” This means it’s not just about long-term health. You can use meals as a tool. Eat something supportive in the morning, and you shift your entire day’s emotional baseline.
• Timing matters more than most people realize — Researchers from the University of Warwick and Bielefeld University analyzed more than 28,000 mood reports and found that morning coffee or tea led to a stronger improvement in positive emotions than drinking it later in the day.4
This works because caffeine blocks adenosine receptors — adenosine being the chemical that accumulates in your brain throughout the day and makes you feel progressively sleepier — which increases dopamine activity, the signal tied to motivation and alertness. When you time it right, you get more mental clarity and a better mood from the same drink.
• Whole, unprocessed foods have a stronger effect than packaged ones — Fruits and vegetables eaten in their natural state were more strongly linked to better mental health than processed versions.5 The study identified foods like carrots, leafy greens, berries, citrus fruits, and bananas as top performers when eaten in an unprocessed state. This gives you a simple rule to follow: the closer your food looks to how it grew, the stronger the effect on your brain.
• Small nutrient gaps directly affect how you feel — Researchers from the University of California Davis found that low levels of choline — a nutrient needed for brain development and emotional regulation — were linked to anxiety.6 People with anxiety disorders had lower levels of choline in the prefrontal cortex, the part of your brain responsible for decision-making and emotional control. Foods like pastured egg yolks and shiitake mushrooms help correct that gap.
• Ultraprocessed foods work against your brain in multiple ways — Diets high in ultraprocessed foods are linked to higher rates of depression in studies involving tens of thousands of adults.7 These foods crowd out key nutrients like B vitamins, magnesium, and zinc — all required for brain function. When those nutrients drop, your brain struggles to regulate mood, focus, and stress. This explains why junk food does not just affect your weight. It directly affects how you think and feel.
• Blood flow to your brain plays a direct role in mood changes — Experts explained that certain foods and drinks improve blood flow to your brain. Daniel Lamport from the University of Reading stated that mood improvements from foods like orange juice have “to do with the mechanisms of increased blood flow to the brain.”
Better circulation delivers more oxygen and nutrients, which supports faster thinking and a more stable emotional state. It’s important to focus on the whole fruit, however. Lamport said, “The whole fruit should be juiced as with oranges, for example, the pithy bits on the outside of the flesh are where a lot of the flavonoids are present. It’s the whole fruit that has the psychological benefits.”

Simple Daily Habits That Stabilize Your Mood

Your mood reflects what your brain is consistently given to work with. When key nutrients are missing, when blood flow is sluggish, or when processed foods crowd out what matters, your emotional state shifts in the wrong direction. Fixing that starts with restoring what your brain needs and removing what interferes.

If you deal with low energy, irritability, or difficulty staying positive, the goal isn’t complexity. The goal is consistency. Build a simple daily structure that supports brain chemistry, and repeat it until it becomes automatic.

1. Hit a daily target of three flavonoid-rich whole foods — The research points to a clear sweet spot — about three servings of whole fruits like berries, apples, and citrus per day. That is the range where the women in the Nurses’ Health Study showed the strongest improvements in sustained happiness and optimism.
The key is spreading those servings across your day so your brain gets a steady supply rather than one big dose. Have blueberries with breakfast, an apple with lunch, and an orange after dinner.
2. Focus on whole foods that also correct key nutrient gaps — Mood problems aren’t always about what you’re eating. Sometimes they’re about what you’re missing. Researchers found that low levels of choline, for example, were directly linked to anxiety — people with anxiety disorders had measurably lower choline.
Foods like pastured egg yolks help fill that gap. Including minimally processed, nutrient-dense options at every meal gives your brain the raw materials it needs to keep your emotional state steady, especially the B vitamins, magnesium, and zinc that ultraprocessed diets tend to strip away.
3. Time your coffee or tea early to set your emotional baseline — Researchers found that morning coffee or tea produced a stronger boost in positive emotions than the same drink consumed later in the day. If you drink coffee or tea earlier in the day, your brain gets a sharper sense of focus and positive momentum during the hours that matter most.
Pushing caffeine into the afternoon disrupts that rhythm and makes your mood less predictable. Think of the first part of your day as the window where you set the emotional tone for everything that follows. How you choose and prepare your coffee matters, however. Choose organic, single-origin Arabica beans to minimize pesticide exposure. Grind them fresh and brew with filtered water.
Skip artificial creamers, flavored syrups, and sugar, which disrupt your body’s ability to maintain steady energy and can undermine the mood benefits you are trying to build.
4. Remove ultraprocessed foods that block progress — This is the other side of the equation. You can eat all the berries you want, but if your diet is still heavy in packaged snacks, refined products like seed oils, and heavily processed meals, you’re working against yourself. Eating ultraprocessed food daily actually increases depression risk.
Start by swapping one processed item per meal for something whole and simple — a piece of fruit instead of a granola bar, pastured eggs instead of a sugary cereal, grass fed butter instead of vegetable oil. Each replacement clears the way for your brain to function the way it is supposed to.
5. Use daily movement to reinforce brain and mood function —Food lays the foundation, but movement amplifies the effect. Exercise improves cerebral blood flow — the same mechanism that makes flavonoid-rich foods so effective — and supports the neurotransmitters that regulate motivation and emotional balance. You don’t need to push yourself hard — consistency matters far more than intensity.
A daily walk, a short bodyweight workout, or even 20 minutes of stretching creates a noticeable shift in how steady and focused you feel. When you combine regular movement with better nutrition, you’re supporting the same brain systems from two directions at once, and the results compound faster than either one alone.

When these habits are repeated daily, the effect builds. Your mood becomes more stable, your focus sharpens, and emotional swings lose their intensity. That shift comes from giving your brain the consistent nutrients it was designed to run on — and once the cycle starts working in your favor, maintaining it gets easier, not harder.

FAQs About Foods That Boost Your Mood

Q: What are the best foods to improve my mood quickly?
A: Flavonoid-rich whole foods like berries, apples, and citrus fruits stand out. These foods influence brain chemicals tied to mood and improve blood flow to your brain. Some people notice a shift in how they feel within a couple of hours after eating them, especially when consumed earlier in the day.

Q: How many servings of these foods do I need each day?
A: Research points to about three servings per day as an effective target. Spreading them across meals works better than eating them all at once because it gives your brain a steady supply of mood-supporting compounds throughout the day.

Q: Why does food affect mood so strongly?
A: Your brain depends on nutrients to produce neurotransmitters like dopamine and GABA, which regulate motivation, calmness, and emotional balance. Food also affects blood flow to your brain and interacts with your gut, which plays a direct role in how you feel.

Q: What role do processed foods play in mood problems?
A: Ultraprocessed foods crowd out essential nutrients like B vitamins, magnesium, and zinc. When those nutrients drop, your brain struggles to regulate mood and stress. Diets high in processed foods are consistently linked to higher rates of depression and emotional instability.

Q: Are food changes enough, or does lifestyle matter too?
A: Food lays the foundation, but daily movement strengthens the effect. Regular exercise improves blood flow to your brain and supports the same mood-regulating systems influenced by diet. Combining consistent nutrition with daily activity creates a more stable, resilient emotional baseline.

Test Your Knowledge with Today’s Quiz!
Take today’s quiz to see how much you’ve learned from yesterday’s Mercola.com article.

Which of the following is not a modifiable factor that can affect breast cancer risk?

Diet
Physical activity
Smoking
Eye color
About 28% of breast cancer cases are linked to modifiable factors like diet, activity, and smoking. Eye color is genetic and not influenced by lifestyle. Learn more.

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A New Series of Health Insights Is on the Way
Our team has been working behind the scenes to prepare new research and practical health strategies for our readers. While we finish preparing what’s coming next, we invite you to explore one of the most-read articles from our library below. See exactly what’s changing →

Ingesting microplastics has become unavoidable. These particles — smaller than five millimeters — have already been found in drinking water, food, and even blood. Scientists estimate that the average person now consumes the equivalent of a credit card’s worth of plastic every single week.1 These plastics are not just littering the environment; they’re accumulating inside your body.

Microplastics act like sponges, absorbing, and concentrating toxic pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial chemicals. Once swallowed, these contaminated particles cross cell membranes, damage gut lining, and disrupt your endocrine system. Some are even small enough to pass through your blood-brain barrier. And because they mimic estrogen and other hormones, their long-term presence is tied to everything from infertility to neurodegenerative disease.

Conventional water treatment plants weren’t designed to remove particles this small. Worse, the water treatment chemicals currently used, like polyacrylamide, carry toxicity risks of their own. They don’t break down easily, and their byproducts linger in ecosystems long after the water leaves the plant. You’re not just drinking the residue of industrial plastic; you’re drinking the chemicals used to try to clean it up. That’s why a new breakthrough caught my attention.

In a 2025 study published in ACS Omega, researchers at Tarleton State University in Texas demonstrated that natural plant extracts, specifically from okra and fenugreek, removed up to 93% of microplastics from water sources.2 These weren’t purified lab samples. This was groundwater, freshwater, and seawater from real-world locations. So, how exactly do these humble plants outperform synthetic chemicals? That’s where the following set of findings comes in.

Okra and Fenugreek Beat Chemicals in Removing Microplastics from Water

The ACS Omega study examined the microplastic removal ability of natural polysaccharides extracted from okra and fenugreek.3 The research involved both lab-simulated and real-world water samples, including surface water, ocean water, and groundwater from different U.S. regions.

Unlike earlier lab-only trials, this study assessed the effectiveness of these natural water treatment agents in actual environmental conditions — rivers, wells, and coastal waters — contaminated with different shapes, sizes, and types of microplastics.

• The study focused on how well each plant worked individually and in combination — Using what’s called a jar test — essentially a small-scale lab method to simulate water treatment — the researchers compared three natural treatments: fenugreek alone, okra alone, and a 1:1 mix of both.

The team evaluated how long each treatment took to work, how much of the plant extract was needed, and which water conditions yielded the best results. They also tested against the synthetic chemical polyacrylamide, which is currently used in many industrial water treatment systems.

• Fenugreek removed the most microplastics overall, especially in groundwater — In groundwater samples, fenugreek achieved removal rates between 80% and 90%, outperforming all other materials, including the commercial chemical polyacrylamide.

Okra worked best in seawater, removing around 80% of microplastics. When the two were combined, they performed best in freshwater, capturing roughly 77% of contaminants. That means you’d be getting cleaner water in under an hour using a natural, plant-based method instead of relying on synthetic chemicals with known risks.

• The best results were achieved with just 1 gram (g) of plant extract per liter (L) of water — The optimal concentration was 1 g/L, and the sweet spot for contact time was 60 minutes. That’s how long it took for most of the particles to bind with the polysaccharide and settle out.
This makes it a practical method for everyday use. You don’t need a large quantity of the plant extract, and you don’t have to wait all day for it to work. Even a short soak of 30 minutes led to 70% removal in some tests.

• These plants also removed other pollutants — The study noted that fenugreek and okra were also capable of reducing total dissolved solids and suspended solids in the water. These include toxins, heavy metals, and industrial runoff. So, you’re not just removing microplastics — you’re stripping out the very chemicals that ride along with them into your bloodstream.

• Polyacrylamide, the commercial standard, lagged behind on every metric — Synthetic water treatment agents like polyacrylamide only removed about 54% of microplastics in the same water and under the same conditions. On top of that, they leave behind trace molecules called monomers that aren’t biodegradable and are suspected to carry long-term health risks.
In contrast, fenugreek and okra are not only nontoxic but also biodegradable and sourced from renewable agriculture.

These Plants Trap Microplastics by Clumping Them Together

Unlike synthetic chemicals that work by neutralizing electrical charges, these plant-based water cleaners worked through “bridging.” That means the long-chain sugars in the plants wrapped around and trapped the plastic particles like nets. Over time, the trapped particles got heavier and sank, allowing them to be filtered out of the water more easily.4

• Plant extracts with a high molecular weight did better at binding plastic particles — Fenugreek had the highest intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight, which helped it form stronger and longer-lasting bridges with microplastic particles. That’s likely why it showed the highest removal efficiency in every water type tested. The study showed that when plant extracts are larger and more viscous, they’re better at grabbing and bundling contaminants.

• The researchers used lab tests to show how the plants remove microplastics — They took close-up microscope images to show the plant extracts physically trapping the plastic particles. They also measured the electrical charge on the particles before and after treatment. Since the charge didn’t change much, they confirmed the plants worked by clumping the plastics together, not by changing their charge.

• Different types of plastic responded better to different plants — The researchers found that fenugreek was especially effective at capturing polyvinyl chloride (PVC), one of the most toxic forms of plastic. Okra worked better on lighter types of plastic commonly found in seawater. Matching the plant extract to the plastic type makes the treatment more precise and more effective.

How to Protect Yourself from Microplastics Using Natural, Proven Solutions

If you’re serious about protecting your body from microplastics, the most effective strategy is to control your environment. That means cleaning up your water, ditching plastic in the kitchen, switching out synthetic fabrics, and using smarter tools and storage for everything from leftovers to laundry. Once you know what to look for, these swaps are simple, but they have a massive impact.

1. Upgrade your water filtration and ditch plastic bottles — Drinking contaminated tap water or buying bottled water in plastic exposes you to microplastics every single day. I recommend installing a certified filtration system that’s been proven to remove particles under 5 microns.
This includes systems with sub-micron filters. If you have hard tap water, boiling it for five minutes cuts microplastic levels by up to 80%.5 Always choose bottled water in glass if you’re buying it on the go, and avoid plastic bottles.

2. Make smarter food packaging choices and don’t microwave plastic — Heat and plastic don’t mix. Microwaving food in plastic containers causes those containers to leach microplastics and endocrine-disrupting chemicals directly into your meal. Store leftovers in stainless steel, glass, or ceramic — not plastic tubs or plastic wrap. Choose grocery items in glass jars instead of soft plastic. Use cloth wraps at home instead of zip-top bags or cling film.

3. Re-evaluate your kitchen essentials — Every time you use a plastic cutting board, it sheds microscopic pieces into your food, especially when you’re slicing acidic or hot foods. Switch to wooden or tempered glass boards. Also replace plastic utensils with stainless steel or bamboo. These changes don’t just reduce your microplastic intake — they make your kitchen cleaner and safer over time.

4. Choose natural fibers and rethink how you wash clothes — If you’re wearing polyester, acrylic, or nylon, you’re wearing plastic, and it’s ending up in your water supply. Every wash releases synthetic microfibers that enter rivers, oceans, and drinking water. Start transitioning to natural fabrics like cotton, wool, or linen.
For synthetic items you already own, wash them less often, on colder settings, and use a microfiber-catching laundry bag or washing machine filter to trap the fibers before they escape.

5. Check your personal care products and go food-grade when possible — Many cosmetics, exfoliants, toothpaste brands, and skincare products still contain plastic microbeads or emulsifiers made from petroleum-based compounds. These aren’t just bad for the environment — they end up in your mouth, bloodstream, and organs.
Look for all-natural, food-grade personal care items. Read labels and avoid anything with polyethylene, polypropylene, or acrylates. If you wouldn’t eat it, don’t put it on your skin.

You’re not powerless in the face of environmental microplastic exposure. With every plastic-free choice you make, from what you store your food in to how you wash your clothes, you’re protecting your health, your hormone balance, and your long-term resilience.

FAQs About Okra and Fenugreek for Removing Microplastics from Water

Q: How do okra and fenugreek remove microplastics from water?

A: These two plants contain natural polysaccharides — long sugar chains — that act like sticky nets. When added to water, they bind microplastic particles together through a process called “bridging.” This makes the particles heavier so they settle to the bottom, allowing cleaner water to be poured off or filtered. Fenugreek was most effective in groundwater, okra worked best in seawater and the combination excelled in freshwater.

Q: Are okra and fenugreek more effective than synthetic water treatment chemicals?

A: Yes. In the study published by ACS Omega, fenugreek removed up to 93% of microplastics, while okra achieved 80% removal in seawater.6 Their combination cleared about 77% from freshwater. By comparison, polyacrylamide — the most common synthetic treatment — only removed 54% under the same conditions.

Q: What kind of water filter do I need to remove microplastics from tap water?

A: To effectively remove microplastics, your filter needs to handle particles smaller than 5 microns. Look for systems that use sub-micron carbon block filters or ceramic filters specifically rated for microplastic removal. Standard pitcher filters and faucet attachments won’t do the job. If you have hard water, boiling it for five minutes before use also removes 80% of microplastics.

Q: What else can I do to avoid microplastic exposure?

A: Avoid bottled water in plastic and don’t microwave food in plastic containers. Use glass or stainless steel for food storage, switch to wooden cutting boards and choose clothing made from natural fibers like cotton or wool. Install a water filter certified to remove sub-5-micron particles, and use a microfiber-catching bag when washing synthetic clothes.

Q: Why are microplastics dangerous to human health?

A: Microplastics act as sponges for toxic chemicals like pesticides, heavy metals, and hormone disruptors. Once ingested, they damage your gut lining, cross into your bloodstream, and accumulate in organs. They’ve been found in human blood, lungs, and placentas, posing long-term risks to metabolic, hormonal, and immune health.

A New Series of Health Insights Is on the Way

IMPORTANT

A New Series of Health Insights Is on the Way
Our team has been working behind the scenes to prepare new research and practical health strategies for our readers. While we finish preparing what’s coming next, we invite you to explore one of the most-read articles from our library below. See exactly what’s changing →

According to a study published in the Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, falls (and the injuries resulting from them) are a global health concern. Now, at the core of this problem is muscle fitness, “which is essential for balance recovery and fall avoidance.”1

While you may not consciously think about it, your hips contain one of the most important muscles in your body, particularly the abductors. As noted by the researchers:2

“Hip abductor muscle function contributes to lateral balance control and influences balance with aging in tasks such as stepping in multiple directions, obstacle walking, and standing balance.”

In essence, your hips play a huge part in keeping your body’s ability to move. These include rotating your legs, flexing your legs, supporting your weight, and walking. If your hip muscles become weak, then your balance is affected. To keep them strong, the best recourse is implementing a diverse muscle-strengthening routine, and there are many that can be done in the comfort of your own home.

Try This Simple Hip Stabilizer Exercise

> > > > > Click Here

Breast cancer begins as uncontrolled cell growth in breast tissue, often showing up as a lump, changes in shape, skin dimpling, or unusual discharge. When it progresses unchecked, it spreads beyond the breast and becomes far more difficult to treat. That reality makes early awareness important, but it also raises a pressing question — why does it develop in the first place?

Across the globe, the number of breast cancer diagnoses continues to rise, affecting millions of women each year and placing a growing strain on health systems. Yet, a large global analysis published in The Lancet Oncology points to a significant share of cases tied directly to everyday behaviors and metabolic health — not just genetics or bad luck.1

This shifts the focus from something that happens to you, to something that builds over time through repeated exposures. Your diet, activity level, blood sugar control, and exposure to harmful substances all shape the environment inside your body.

Over years, those exposures either support normal cellular function or push it in the wrong direction. Once you see breast cancer through that lens, the conversation becomes far more practical. Instead of asking only how to detect it, the better question becomes: which specific factors are driving risk — and how much of that is within your control?

Nearly 1 in 3 Breast Cancer Cases Ties Back to Daily Choices You Control

For The Lancet Oncology analysis, researchers evaluated breast cancer data across 204 countries and territories, tracking incidence, deaths, and years of life lost from 1990 through 2023.2 This type of analysis pulls from cancer registries, death records, and population data to build a full picture of how the disease develops over time. Instead of focusing on one group, it captures the entire global population, which makes the findings highly relevant to your daily life.

The data reveals that in 2023 alone, breast cancer accounted for 2.3 million new cases and 764,000 deaths worldwide. Beyond diagnoses and deaths, researchers calculated 24.1 million disability-adjusted life years, meaning years of healthy life lost due to illness or early death. This gives you a clearer picture of the real impact — not just survival, but quality of life. When you see numbers at this scale, it becomes obvious that this disease isn’t rare or isolated.

• Your daily habits account for a large share of total risk — One of the most important findings shows that 28.3% of the global breast cancer burden is tied directly to modifiable risk factors. This means, nearly one out of every three cases is linked to choices you make every day. That includes how you eat, how active you stay, and how well your metabolism functions. This shifts the focus from genetics alone to something you can actively track and improve.
• Diet stands out as the largest lifestyle contributor — The analysis found that dietary risks, particularly high consumption of red meat, account for nearly 11% of the total disease burden tied to these modifiable factors. While grass fed red meat is an ideal protein source, processed red meat is linked to cancer and other health problems. When you think about this in practical terms, each meal becomes a data point that either raises or lowers your risk over time.
• Tobacco exposure remains a major driver despite progress — Tobacco use, including secondhand smoke, contributes about 8% of the global breast cancer burden. Although rates have declined since 1990, the impact remains significant. This matters because exposure isn’t limited to active smoking. Even environments with lingering smoke increase risk, which makes your surroundings just as important as your personal habits.
• Blood sugar and metabolic health play a direct role — High fasting plasma glucose, which refers to elevated blood sugar levels even after not eating, contributes about 6% of the burden. This reflects deeper metabolic dysfunction. When your body struggles to regulate blood sugar, it creates an internal environment that disrupts normal cellular behavior. For you, this ties breast cancer risk directly to how your body handles carbohydrates and energy.
• Body weight adds another measurable layer of risk — High body mass index (BMI), which measures weight relative to height, accounts for about 4% of the burden. BMI doesn’t show where fat is located inside your body, which is a better measure of health risks. Still, excess fat tissue changes hormone levels and increases inflammatory signals throughout your body. Over time, that alters how cells grow and respond to stress, which increases the likelihood of abnormal cell development.
• Alcohol and inactivity still matter even at lower percentages — High alcohol use and low physical activity each contribute about 2% of the total burden. These numbers look smaller, but they still represent millions of cases globally. When you stack these factors together, the combined effect becomes significant. Even small improvements in activity or alcohol intake shift your overall risk profile.

Why Progress Is Uneven and Your Daily Exposure Still Drives Risk

The study highlights that between 1990 and 2023, the burden linked to alcohol use dropped by 47% and tobacco by 28%. That shows behavior change works. At the same time, other factors like high blood sugar and excess weight haven’t improved at the same pace. This imbalance explains why total case numbers continue to rise despite some progress.

• Where you live strongly influences outcomes and survival — The data shows that high-income regions have lower mortality rates, while low-income regions experience higher death rates despite lower incidence. This means access to screening, diagnosis, and treatment determines outcomes as much as the disease itself. Early detection and access to care play a major role in survival, not just risk.
• Future projections show a sharp rise in cases and deaths — Researchers forecast that by 2050, global breast cancer cases will reach 3.56 million, with deaths climbing to 1.37 million. That represents a major increase over current levels. When you view this as a trajectory rather than a static number, it becomes clear that prevention isn’t optional — it’s necessary to change that curve.
• The underlying mechanism centers on cumulative exposure over time — The study uses a comparative risk framework, which means it estimates how much disease would decrease if a risk factor were removed or reduced. In plain terms, the longer you stay exposed to harmful factors, the more they accumulate in your body. This builds stress at the cellular level, gradually shifting normal cells toward dysfunction.

How to Improve the Daily Patterns That Drive Breast Cancer Risk

The same data that quantifies the problem also points to the solution. If nearly a third of breast cancer cases are driven by modifiable factors, then improving those factors isn’t just hopeful thinking — it’s the logical response to what the evidence shows.
The data points to six drivers you can influence every day — blood sugar, diet, body composition, movement, alcohol, and toxin exposure. The steps that follow reflect my approach to addressing those factors through the lens of metabolic health. When you improve the way your body produces energy, those risk factors begin to shift in your favor.
Focus first on restoring how your cells generate fuel, because that’s the foundation everything else builds on. If your metabolism feels slow, your energy crashes, or your weight has crept up over time, that’s your signal to start here. Each step below targets the root causes identified in the research while strengthening your cellular energy at the same time.

1. Restore cellular energy by fueling your body correctly every day — Every cell in your body contains tiny energy generators called mitochondria, and when they falter, everything downstream suffers. Your mitochondria depend on carbohydrates to produce energy efficiently. Most adults function best with about 250 grams of targeted carbohydrates daily, and more if you stay active. If you’ve restricted carbs for years, your metabolism has likely downshifted.
Start simple: add whole fruits and easy-to-digest carbs like white rice, then expand to other starches as your system improves. Pair this with adequate protein — about 0.8 grams per pound of lean body mass (or 1.76 grams per kilogram) — and make one-third from collagen-rich sources like slow-cooked meats or bone broth. This supports tissue repair without overwhelming your system and directly improves blood sugar stability, one of the key risk factors.
2. Remove seed oils and excess linoleic acid (LA) to improve metabolic function — High intake of polyunsaturated fats, especially LA from seed oils, interferes with how your body burns glucose. That forces your cells to rely on less efficient energy pathways — the metabolic equivalent of running a car engine on the wrong fuel. It still runs, but it generates more exhaust and more wear.
Remove all major sources — soybean, corn, canola, sunflower, and safflower oils — along with nuts and seeds that concentrate these fats.
If you eat out often, assume these oils are present and reduce those meals to lower your exposure. Replace them with stable fats like grass fed butter, ghee, or tallow. This simple shift helps your cells use fuel cleanly instead of storing it or converting it into harmful byproducts.
3. Lower daily stress signals that slow your metabolism and raise risk — Chronic stress disrupts how your body produces energy. If you rely on caffeine, skip meals, or sleep poorly, your system shifts into survival mode. Eat at consistent times, prioritize deep sleep, and get morning sunlight to reset your internal clock. Limit blue light exposure at night to protect your sleep cycle.
Daily walking, especially outdoors, helps lower stress hormones and improves how your body handles glucose. Reducing unnecessary electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure where possible, such as by turning off your Wi-Fi at night, adds another layer of support. Each stressor you remove frees up energy for repair instead of defense.
4. Eliminate alcohol and reduce exposure to environmental toxins — Alcohol directly disrupts mitochondrial function and shows up as a clear contributor in the data. Treat it as something to remove entirely, not manage. The same applies to tobacco smoke and environmental toxins. If you are around secondhand smoke, that exposure still counts. Reducing these exposures lowers the total burden on your system and removes one of the most direct drivers of long-term risk.
5. Rebuild metabolic strength through movement and sunlight — Your body requires regular movement and light exposure to maintain strong energy production. Aim for daily walking, working up to about an hour over time. Add strength training gradually to build muscle, which acts as a metabolic engine that improves blood sugar control and body composition.
Morning sunlight supports vitamin D production, nitric oxide release, and mitochondrial function. Avoid intense sun exposure from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. until you’ve reduced seed oil intake for at least six months, since high LA levels increase your skin’s sensitivity to the sun. Even small steps — short walks, brief sun exposure — build momentum and restore resilience.

Each of these steps connects directly back to the risk factors identified in the research. When you focus on energy production first, the rest of the system begins to correct itself, and your daily choices start working in your favor instead of against you.

FAQs About Breast Cancer and Lifestyle Factors

Q: What does it mean that 28% of breast cancer cases are linked to modifiable risk factors?
A: It means nearly 1 in 3 cases is tied to everyday habits you control, including diet, blood sugar, body weight, activity level, alcohol use, and tobacco exposure. This shifts the focus from genetics alone to factors you influence daily through your lifestyle.

Q: Which lifestyle factors have the biggest impact on breast cancer risk?
A: Diet ranks as the largest contributor, followed by tobacco exposure, high blood sugar, excess body weight, alcohol intake, and low physical activity. These factors shape your internal environment over time and influence how your cells function.

Q: How does blood sugar affect breast cancer risk?
A: Elevated blood sugar reflects poor metabolic health, which disrupts normal cellular processes. When your body struggles to regulate glucose, it creates stress at the cellular level that supports abnormal growth patterns over time.

Q: Why does location affect breast cancer outcomes so much?
A: Survival depends heavily on access to early detection and treatment. High-income regions have lower death rates because cancers are found earlier and treated more effectively, while limited access in other regions leads to worse outcomes.

Q: What’s the most effective way to lower my risk based on this data?
A: Focus on improving your metabolic health and daily habits. Stabilize blood sugar with proper nutrition, eliminate alcohol, tobacco and seed oils, stay physically active, maintain a healthy body composition, and reduce exposure to toxins. These steps directly target the root causes identified in the research.

Test Your Knowledge with Today’s Quiz!
Take today’s quiz to see how much you’ve learned from yesterday’s Mercola.com article.

Which type of diet has been linked to memory problems in older adults?

High-protein diet
Low-fiber diet
A low-fiber diet impairs memory by affecting the amygdala, the brain region responsible for emotional learning and decision-making, even over short periods. Learn more.
Plant-based diet
Low-fat diet

A New Series of Health Insights Is on the Way

IMPORTANT

A New Series of Health Insights Is on the Way
Our team has been working behind the scenes to prepare new research and practical health strategies for our readers. While we finish preparing what’s coming next, we invite you to explore one of the most-read articles from our library below. See exactly what’s changing →

The organic food industry has grown tremendously over the past few decades, but concerns remain about the integrity of organic labeling and certification. In my eye-opening interview with organic industry watchdog Mark Kastel, he discusses the challenges facing organic consumers and farmers, offering insights on how to find truly healthy, ethically produced food.

Kastel co-founded The Cornucopia Institute, which celebrates its 20th anniversary in 2024, and is also executive director and founder of OrganicEye. He notes that while the 1990 Organic Foods Production Act was well-intentioned, its implementation has been problematic:1

“Congress, in 1990, passed the organic foods production act. It gave the USDA [U.S. Department of Agriculture] the responsibility to protect industry stakeholders, so farmers, ethical business people and eaters, consumers, protect them from unfair competition and fraud. And the legislation itself is really pretty solid and well-intended.

Unfortunately, like a lot of things that happen, it gets handed over to the bureaucrats in Washington and the political appointees of both parties. Something gets lost in translation.”

Kastel explains that, initially, the USDA was resistant to regulating organic food, viewing it as just a “marketing scheme.” However, as the U.S. organic food industry has grown to $61.7 billion annually,2 large agribusiness corporations have bought out many pioneering organic brands.

This has led to efforts to make organic certification less rigorous and more profitable. Globally, the organic industry is now a $205.9 billion industry, projected to reach a worth of $532.72 billion by 2032.3

The 2 Faces of Organic

> > > > > Click Here

A few days. That’s all it took for a refined, fiber-stripped diet to measurably damage emotional memory in aging brains, according to research published in the journal Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.1 That finding overturns a widespread belief — that you need years of poor eating before your brain pays the price. The researchers set out to answer a specific question — is it the fat, the sugar, or something else entirely about refined diets that harms the aging brain?

Their answer pointed to a nutritional gap, and what followed was a chain of biological consequences stretching from the gut to deep inside brain cells, revealing how quickly modern processed foods undermine the systems that keep your memory sharp. Those discoveries prompted researchers to investigate exactly how refined diets disrupt emotional memory and why the aging brain responds so strongly to this nutritional pattern.

Refined Fiber-Free Diets Quickly Weaken Emotional Memory in Aging Brains

For the study, researchers examined how refined diets influence memory and brain cell function in both young and older animals.2 The research team fed animals several types of refined diets that varied in fat and sugar levels but shared a key characteristic — they contained no dietary fiber. Their goal was to determine whether specific nutrients or the refined nature of the diet itself drives rapid changes in brain function.

The findings revealed that the absence of fiber, not the amount of fat or sugar, strongly influenced memory changes in older brains. Researchers also evaluated brain cell energy production, immune activity, and molecular signaling pathways to identify the biological reasons behind these effects.

• Older brains showed rapid memory decline after exposure to refined diets — After only a short period on the refined diets, the older animals displayed clear impairments in emotional memory, a type of memory governed by the amygdala, a small almond-shaped brain structure that processes emotional learning. Younger animals eating the same diets showed far fewer problems, which highlights how aging increases vulnerability to poor dietary patterns.

Without fiber, the aging brain lost its grip on emotional memories — the very experiences that teach us what to avoid and what to trust. Researchers observed that every refined diet tested produced similar impairments in amygdala-dependent memory.

According to researcher Ruth Barrientos with The Ohio State University, “The amygdala is important for learning the association between something fearful and a bad outcome. And we found that all of the refined diets … impaired memory that’s governed by the amygdala.”3

• Fiber deficiency stood out as the common factor across all harmful diets — Each diet varied in fat and sugar content, yet every one of them removed dietary fiber. That common thread drew attention to the role of the gut microbiome — the community of bacteria in your digestive tract that relies on fiber as fuel.

When researchers examined the animals’ digestive systems and blood samples, they discovered a sharp drop in butyrate levels. Butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) created when gut bacteria break down fiber. It circulates throughout your body and even reaches your brain, where it influences inflammation and nerve signaling. When fiber disappears from the diet, butyrate production collapses.

The researchers explained that “low butyrate, as a result of a lack of fiber, is a culprit.” That finding might suggest the fix is simple — just add fiber back. But as I explain later, restoring fiber to a damaged gut too quickly can backfire, worsening inflammation instead of resolving it. The solution requires a more careful sequence.

• The emotional memory center of the brain — the amygdala — proved especially sensitive — Emotional memory allows you to connect actions with consequences. It helps you remember painful experiences, recognize threats, and adjust your behavior to avoid danger. When this system fails, your brain loses an important safety mechanism.

The study found that the amygdala showed broad vulnerability to refined diets in older animals, even when the diets contained different fat and sugar levels. In contrast, another memory center called the hippocampus — responsible for spatial and autobiographical memory — declined only under certain diet conditions. This difference shows that emotional memory systems respond faster to poor nutrition than other forms of memory.

• Damage appeared quickly and didn’t require obesity — Many people assume diet harms the brain only after long-term weight gain or metabolic disease develops. The researchers challenged that idea. They observed measurable cognitive problems in the animals after only a short period of refined eating.

Although some weight gain occurred, the brain changes appeared far earlier than obesity. Barrientos emphasized the speed of the effect, stating, “These effects on the brain after you eat something are pretty rapid. You can experience this unhealthy cognitive dysfunction well before you reach obesity.”

How Refined Diets Shut Down Cellular Energy in the Brain

The memory impairments described above raise an important question — what’s actually breaking down inside brain cells to cause this damage? When the researchers looked deeper, they found the problem extends beyond signaling and inflammation. The very machinery that powers brain cells was grinding to a halt.

• Brain immune cells lost the ability to produce energy efficiently — The researchers also investigated what happened inside brain cells themselves. They focused on microglia, specialized immune cells that monitor the brain’s environment and support memory processes. Inside these cells sit mitochondria — tiny structures that generate the energy required for nearly every cellular task.

In the aged animals eating refined diets, the tiny power generators inside brain immune cells slowed down dramatically — producing far less of the energy those cells need to support memory. The mitochondria still functioned, but they produced energy at a much lower rate. That loss of energy interferes with the complex signaling required for memory formation and recall.

• Young brains adapted to dietary stress but aging brains struggled — Another important discovery involved metabolic flexibility, which describes how well cells adjust their energy production when conditions change. It’s similar to how a healthy heart can speed up during exercise and slow down at rest.

Aged brain cells on refined diets lost that adaptability — they were stuck idling and couldn’t rev up when the brain needed more energy. When researchers challenged the brain cells with increased energy demands in laboratory tests, young microglia adapted and maintained their activity.

The aged microglia didn’t respond the same way. Their mitochondria showed limited ability to increase energy production, leaving the cells stuck in a low-power state. This reduced flexibility weakens the brain’s resilience when it faces nutritional stress. For aging adults, this means dietary quality plays a far greater role in maintaining cognitive function.

• Refined diets disrupted key brain proteins tied to memory signaling — The research team also performed proteomic analysis, a method that measures thousands of proteins inside tissues.

They found that refined diets disrupted hundreds of proteins — many involved in producing cellular energy and in transmitting signals between brain cells. One cluster of damaged proteins belonged to the very first step of the mitochondrial energy chain, which means the power system was breaking down at its starting point.

Changes in these proteins weaken energy production and impair the ability of neurons to transmit signals efficiently. The researchers also observed alterations in glutamate receptor signaling, which plays a major role in learning and memory formation. These molecular changes help explain why emotional memory deteriorated so quickly under refined dietary conditions.

Address the Root Cause of Diet-Driven Memory Decline

If you’re over 50 and eating packaged foods, fast food, or anything cooked in seed oils, this research says the damage isn’t waiting for you to become obese or diabetic — it’s happening now, meal by meal. The good news is that the same speed that makes the damage alarming also means the right changes produce fast improvements.

Your brain responds to the food you eat every single day. Refined diets without fiber disrupt gut signaling, lower butyrate production, weaken mitochondrial energy production in brain cells, and damage emotional memory systems in aging brains. That means the root problem isn’t simply aging — it’s metabolic stress created by modern processed foods.

When you remove the foods that sabotage cellular energy and rebuild your gut environment step by step, you restore the biological systems that protect memory. The goal is straightforward: eliminate dietary factors that harm cellular energy, stabilize your gut environment and rebuild your microbiome so it can once again produce compounds like butyrate that protect your brain.

Below are five practical steps that restore the biological systems that support brain health and emotional memory.

1. Remove refined foods and excess linoleic acid (LA) that disrupt gut and brain energy systems — The first step focuses on removing the foods that created the problem in the first place. Highly refined foods starve beneficial gut bacteria, while industrial seed oils flood your tissues with LA, a polyunsaturated fat that interferes with mitochondrial energy production. These oils accumulate in cell membranes and weaken the gut barrier over time.

That creates a biological environment where inflammation spreads more easily and brain energy production declines. If you look closely at processed foods, you’ll find these oils almost everywhere. Soybean oil, corn oil, canola oil, sunflower oil, and similar seed oils dominate packaged foods, restaurant cooking, and processed snacks. They drive excessive LA intake, which alters cellular membranes and interferes with mitochondrial function.

Removing these oils gives your gut lining and brain cells the stability required for repair. Replace them with traditional fats such as grass fed butter, ghee, or tallow. At the same time, eliminate refined snacks, packaged grain products, ultraprocessed frozen meals, and most restaurant fried foods.

These products combine refined carbohydrates with high-LA oils, which creates a metabolic environment that damages both the microbiome and cellular energy systems. A typical day might include pastured eggs cooked in butter, white rice with slow-cooked grass fed beef, and a piece of whole fruit — simple meals that provide energy without gut-disrupting ingredients.

The goal is to get your LA intake below 5 grams, and ideally closer to 2 grams, daily. To track your intake, download the upcoming Pax health platform, which includes the Seed Oil Sleuth feature that calculates LA exposure with precise accuracy.

2. Understand the fiber paradox before dramatically increasing fiber intake — Fiber supports gut and brain health only when the microbial environment is prepared for it. When your gut barrier is damaged or bacterial balance has shifted toward harmful species, fiber intensifies digestive stress instead of resolving it — a phenomenon called the fiber paradox.

Your intestinal lining contains a mucus barrier roughly the thickness of a credit card. That thin layer is both a feeding station for friendly bacteria and a security wall that keeps them at a safe distance from your immune cells. Beneficial bacteria consume complex sugars from your diet while remaining physically separated from your intestinal cells.

When fiber disappears from the diet or the microbiome becomes unstable, those bacteria begin feeding on that mucus barrier instead. As the protective layer thins, bacteria move closer to your immune system. Inflammation becomes far more likely.

Dumping large amounts of fermentable fiber into that environment often worsens symptoms instead of fixing them. Bloating, abdominal pressure, fatigue, and erratic digestion are signals that the gut environment needs stabilization before fiber intake rises.

3. Stabilize your gut environment so beneficial bacteria can produce butyrate again — Butyrate may be the single most important molecule your gut bacteria produce — and refined diets shut down its production fast. Butyrate is produced when microbes ferment certain carbohydrates. It serves as the preferred fuel for the cells that line your colon and plays a powerful role in regulating inflammation.

When fiber disappears from the diet or the microbiome becomes imbalanced, butyrate production drops sharply. That weakens your gut barrier and reduces the signals that normally help regulate inflammation throughout your body and brain.

In the study discussed earlier, refined fiber-free diets dramatically reduced circulating butyrate levels. That drop corresponded with mitochondrial dysfunction in brain immune cells and impaired emotional memory.

Stabilizing your gut environment first — through simpler meals and lower fermentable fiber — reduces excessive bacterial fermentation and the release of endotoxins — bacterial toxins that leak into your bloodstream when the gut barrier weakens. This gives your gut lining time to rebuild the conditions required for beneficial butyrate-producing bacteria to return.

4. Build carbohydrate intake on gentle foods that support metabolic repair — Your brain requires steady glucose to maintain cellular energy production. Most adults function best with roughly 250 grams of carbohydrates daily once metabolic stability improves. The key is introducing those carbohydrates in forms your gut can tolerate.

Whole fruits and well-cooked starches such as white rice provide glucose for mitochondrial energy production without overwhelming a compromised microbiome with heavy fermentation.

This stage stabilizes blood sugar, calms inflammation and gives your intestinal barrier time to repair. As metabolic stability improves, your microbiome becomes far more capable of processing complex carbohydrates that feed butyrate-producing bacteria.

5. Expand fiber diversity gradually to rebuild butyrate production — Once digestion becomes calmer — less bloating, predictable bowel habits, and improved tolerance to meals — your gut environment signals readiness for more fiber. At that stage, expanding plant diversity strengthens microbial balance and increases butyrate production.

Root vegetables typically enter first because they offer moderate fiber with good digestibility. Non-starchy vegetables follow, then starchy vegetables such as squash or sweet potatoes. Beans, legumes, and minimally processed whole grains enter later for individuals who tolerate them well.

Resistant starch foods also help during this phase. Cooked-and-cooled white potatoes or green bananas feed bacteria that specialize in producing butyrate. Butyrate strengthens the intestinal barrier, fuels colon cells, and sends anti-inflammatory signals throughout your body.

As these bacteria multiply, your gut barrier tightens and inflammatory compounds remain contained within your digestive tract. When the rebuilding process unfolds gradually, fiber transforms from a digestive trigger into one of the most powerful tools for restoring gut and brain health.

FAQs About Low-Fiber Diets and Memory

Q: How does a low-fiber diet affect memory in older adults?

A: A low-fiber diet weakens emotional memory systems in the aging brain. Research published in Brain, Behavior, and Immunity found that refined diets lacking fiber impaired amygdala-dependent memory in older animals after only a short period of exposure.4

The amygdala is the brain region responsible for emotional learning — the ability to associate experiences with consequences. When this system weakens, your brain struggles to connect actions with outcomes, which affects decision-making and risk awareness. The study also found that these memory problems occurred regardless of whether the diet was high in fat or sugar. The common factor was the absence of fiber.

Q: Why does fiber matter for brain health?

A: Fiber feeds beneficial gut bacteria that produce SCFAs, including butyrate. Butyrate supports your gut barrier and regulates inflammation throughout your body and brain. When fiber disappears from the diet, butyrate production drops sharply.

In the study, refined fiber-free diets caused a significant decline in circulating butyrate levels, which corresponded with mitochondrial dysfunction in brain immune cells and impaired emotional memory. Fiber helps your microbiome produce molecules that protect brain cells and maintain healthy communication between your gut and brain.

Q: How quickly can a refined diet harm brain function?

A: The damage appears rapidly. Researchers observed measurable cognitive changes in aged animals after only a short period of eating refined diets. These effects occurred long before obesity or long-term metabolic disease developed. According to the study’s authors, cognitive dysfunction triggered by refined foods begins quickly after dietary changes. This finding shows that brain health responds to daily food choices much faster than many people realize.

Q: What role do mitochondria play in memory decline from poor diets?

A: Mitochondria are tiny structures inside cells that produce energy. Brain cells require large amounts of energy to store and retrieve memories. In the study, refined diets caused a significant drop in mitochondrial respiration in microglia, the brain’s immune cells.

This means the cellular power plants slowed down and produced less energy. Older brain cells also showed reduced metabolic flexibility — they struggled to increase energy production when demands increased. That loss of energy disrupts the signaling processes required for memory formation.

Q: What dietary changes help protect brain function and restore gut health?

A: The most effective strategy is to remove refined foods that disrupt the microbiome and replace them with whole foods that support metabolic health. Eliminating ultraprocessed foods and seed oils high in LA helps restore mitochondrial function and gut barrier integrity.

Stabilizing the gut environment first, then gradually reintroducing fiber through whole fruits, root vegetables, and other plant foods helps beneficial bacteria recover. As the microbiome rebuilds, butyrate production rises again, which strengthens the gut barrier and supports healthy brain signaling.

Test Your Knowledge with Today’s Quiz!
Take today’s quiz to see how much you’ve learned from yesterday’s Mercola.com article.

Which statement correctly describes lipolysis?

It stores fat inside cells and prevents releases it during exercise
It slows fatty acid release and releases it in one’s urine
It converts sugar into fat and stores it within body tissues
It breaks down fat and releases fatty acids into the bloodstream
Lipolysis is the process of breaking down stored fat, releasing fatty acids into the bloodstream, especially during rapid weight loss or energy demand. Learn more.

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In today’s highly industrialized world, the global population is exposed to toxic substances. From pesticides to additives found in food, your body is facing an assault on all fronts.

To make matters worse, heavy metals, which come from practically anywhere, are undermining your health. These naturally occurring elements impede important cellular functions, making optimal liver health — as well as familiarizing yourself with other natural detox methods — even more important.

The Liver — The First Line of Defense Against Toxins

What does the liver have to do with removing heavy metals? As it turns out, it metabolizes heavy metals, which are transported into your intestines via bile. From there, toxins are excreted.1

• The primary filtration system — According to Columbia Surgery, “All the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through the liver, which removes toxins, byproducts and other harmful substances.”2

• Choline is key for a healthy liver — Choline is a nutrient produced by your liver in small amounts, but you also need to get enough of it from your diet. This is important because if you have a choline deficiency, your risk for fatty liver disease (FLD) increases. For context, your liver turns choline into phosphatidylcholine, which is used to transport fat away from the liver.3

When you have FLD, it triggers inflammation and oxidative stress that damage liver cells. Once the liver becomes damaged due to fat accumulation, it will not be able to perform at its best, including its ability to detoxify heavy metals.

• Boost your choline levels for a healthy liver — To keep your liver healthy, it’s important to take steps that prevent fat accumulation. One way to do that is by increasing your choline intake, which is found in one of the healthiest foods you can eat — pasture-raised eggs.

Another way to boost your choline intake is to take a citicoline supplement. The reason why I prefer this is because other forms of choline supplements have poor bioavailability. I have written a study about this topic, which I will share with you in the near future.

Now, if your liver is healthy, you don’t need to undergo an extensive detox plan because your liver will be able to do the heavy lifting. But if this isn’t the case, I’ll go over several natural strategies below to help you safely detox while you work to improve your liver health.

What Are Heavy Metals?

Heavy metals are elements found in the environment that have a high density or atomic weight.4 While commonly found in nature, they’ve become more prevalent due to industrial or agricultural practices, which release them into air, soil, and water. The most common examples are listed below:5,6

• Not all heavy metals are equal — Some heavy metals like zinc and iron are beneficial to human health (in trace amounts) but become toxic when there’s too much in your body. Conversely, some heavy metals are downright harmful to your body and serve no biological purpose.

• Sources of heavy metal exposure — Heavy metals enter your body in different ways. Common examples include vehicle emissions, wastewater, smoking cigarettes, and food.

• Symptoms of heavy metal toxicity — When heavy metals become elevated in your body, gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea appear. Tingling in your hands and feet, chills, muscle weakness, memory loss may also appear.

Diagnosing Heavy Metal Toxicity

Testing for heavy metal toxicity is often challenging because it presents general symptoms. To come up with an accurate diagnosis, your doctor will ask you to outline your diet, general lifestyle, and work environment:7

• Blood tests help detect heavy metal toxicity — A blood test is usually the first step in confirming heavy metal toxicity. Your doctor will ask you to stop eating fish and shellfish for two days because these foods typically contain mercury. Note, however, that blood tests do not always paint an accurate picture. That’s because certain heavy metals are removed from your system quickly while some are stored in your tissues.

• Other tests are also done — If your blood work shows medium to low levels of heavy metals but you’re still showing symptoms, other samples will be needed. Your urine, hair, skin, and fingernails will be tested to ensure accurate diagnosis.

• Downside of blood tests — While blood tests provide an overview of your blood composition, the American College of Medical Toxicology warns against regular heavy metal testing because most people have trace amounts in their system all the time.

Common Strategies to Detox Heavy Metals

Once heavy metal toxicity has been confirmed, several strategies are employed to put your health back on the right track:8

• Chelation therapy — If imminent treatment for heavy metal toxicity is needed, your doctor will administer chelating agents that bind to toxins and remove them from your system. However, as I wrote in a previous article, it is quite costly and needs to be done under the guidance of an expert to avoid severe side effects.

• Dietary changes — Switching to a healthier diet will provide your body the defense it needs against the effects of heavy metals. For example, leafy greens contain folate that help with arsenic metabolism. Vitamin C found in various fruits and vegetables also help protect your tissues from heavy metal damage.

• Supplements — Research shows that certain supplements will help manage heavy metal toxicity. For example, a study published in 2022 noted that probiotics act as a binder to heavy metals, are then removed via excretion.9

In a 2020 meta-analysis, researchers noted that spirulina helps alleviate heavy metal toxicity in humans, particularly arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury.10 Another study noted that curcumin helps protect against heavy metal-induced lipid peroxidation.11

• Lifestyle changes — While the strategies listed above will help, research shows that exercise is an effective way to remove heavy metals from your body. The great thing about this approach is that you can implement it right away, and it doesn’t cost you a single cent. I’ll discuss the benefits of this approach in greater detail below.

Purge Heavy Metals with This 3-Step Detox Plan

Initiating a heavy metal detox plan will do wonders for your health. However, doing it haphazardly won’t maximize results. I recommend you follow this three-step plan:

1. Cleanse and clear your gastrointestinal (GI) tract — I recommend you use charcoal to bind endotoxins, as well as calcium bentonite clay to capture aflatoxins. Ideally, you’ll want to use a combination of all to cover all your bases. Make sure to support your kidneys and liver, as these are crucial detox organs — herbs like dandelion and burdock work well in this regard.

2. Optimize your glutathione levels — Glutathione is your body’s front-line defender and primary detoxifier, especially when it comes to clearing mercury and other heavy metals from tissues. Boosting your glutathione production helps your body neutralize and eliminate these toxins more effectively.

When everything is running smoothly, it’s usually better to support your body’s own glutathione production by taking precursors like N-acetylcysteine (NAC). But in cases where your body needs more direct support — or you’re dealing with elevated toxic burden — supplementing with glutathione itself can be a powerful strategy.

Most standard oral glutathione supplements fall short because your body breaks them down before they can be absorbed. That’s where advanced delivery systems come in.

3. Nanoliposomal glutathione is taken under the tongue for rapid, high-impact support — This sublingual route bypasses your digestive tract entirely, sending glutathione straight into your bloodstream. Clinical studies show it delivers up to three times more glutathione into circulation compared to regular oral forms. You’ll feel the difference quickly, making this option ideal when you need a fast antioxidant boost — like during acute detox, illness, or high-stress periods.

4. For steady, long-term support, liposomal oral glutathione is a strong choice — Liposomal encapsulation protects glutathione from being destroyed in your gut, increasing how much actually gets into your system. While its absorption isn’t as fast as sublingual forms, it’s a practical daily tool to maintain healthy levels over time and support immune health, mitochondrial function, and detox resilience.Whichever form you choose, the goal is the same: give your body the glutathione it needs to clean house, fight oxidative stress, and keep you running strong.

5. Upregulate Nrf2 levels — Nrf2 is a transcription factor that turns on genes that help your cells fight against toxins and oxidative stress,12 making it an important part of a heavy metal detox plan. To upregulate it, use R-lipoic acid (also called R-alpha-lipoic acid), polyphenols, and sulfur-based compounds found in cruciferous vegetables and alliums. Haritaki, an Ayurvedic herb, is also helpful, as well as sulforaphane and allicin from garlic.

If you’ve implemented this three-step detox plan and you’re not feeling well, that means you need to remove more toxins out of your GI tract and blood. But before you do it, pull back on upregulating Nrf2 and take more GI binders as well as herbs that support your liver and kidneys. Don’t forget to drink plenty of water, and when you’re feeling better again, restart your Nrf2 upregulators.

Finally, remember that detoxing is a marathon and not a sprint. Start with low doses and work your way up. The entire process will take anywhere from three to 12 months, and sometimes it takes longer. Shade also recommends pulsing your detox or else it will lose its effectiveness.

Exercise and Sauna — Effective Adjuncts for Heavy Metal Detoxification

Regular exercise is one of the healthiest habits you can adopt. It’s been shown to help improve sleep quality and sleep disorders, improve cancer survival, and boost brain health.

Now, a study published in the Journal of Thermal Biology shows that sweating is a natural and effective way to detox your body from heavy metals.13 The researchers selected 29 men who were divided into two groups — test and control. The test group went through nine sessions of high-heat temperature combined with exercise, mimicking scenarios where individuals will use saunas or engage in exercise enhance detoxification.

• Sweating significantly boosted lead excretion — Compared to the control group, the test group showed that sweating effectively detoxes heavy metals through your skin. When the group was also subjected to sauna baths, urinary cadmium levels rose.

• The most efficient detox route is sweating — A supporting study noted that the human body eliminates heavy metals via different pathways, and that sweating produced higher concentrations of heavy metals like chromium, zinc, and lead compared to urine.14

• Repeated heat exposure enhances the excretion process — After completing nine sessions, the test group participants were able to remove lead and cadmium better from their bodies. This finding shows the importance of committing to a regular exercise regimen along with sauna sessions to boost your overall health.

The great thing about sweating is that it goes beyond heavy metal detoxification. For example, sweating boosts skin health, body temperature regulation, and cardiovascular function. So, don’t be afraid to get sweaty every now and then — it’s good for you in many ways.

How to Incorporate Sweating Into Your Detox Routine

The three-step detox plan I outlined earlier is one piece of the puzzle. According to published research, sweating through regular exercise and sauna sessions is an effective “chelator” of heavy metals, so to speak. Not to mention, your overall health improves when you work up a sweat. But, like detoxing, exercise needs to be done in a methodological way to maximize your results. Here are my recommendations:

1. Incorporate small amounts of high-intensity training — While I have espoused the importance of moderate-intensity exercise for overall health, engaging in high-intensity exercise for up to 75 minutes a week is effective for removing heavy metals. I don’t recommend going beyond 75 minutes, as you will begin to lose the longevity benefits and harm your health further.

2. Support exercise with sauna — Like exercise, saunas are great for detoxing heavy metals because of the amount of sweat you produce. If you haven’t been to a sauna, I recommend keeping your sessions to 20 to 30 minutes to prevent your body from overheating and becoming dehydrated. In addition, make sure to drink enough water before entering the sauna, and rehydrate when stepping out. Don’t forget to add electrolytes to your water as well.

3. Combine exercise with sauna for maximum benefits — Both exercise and sauna are good for your health in their own ways. But combined, the results will synergize and amplify your body’s ability to detox toxins because you’re constantly sweating.

I recommend you alternate between sweat-inducing exercise and sauna sessions throughout the week. Alternatively, you can do a quick sauna session right after exercising to maximize your body’s detox capabilities. Make sure to drink enough water and replenish lost electrolytes.

4. Monitor your body and adjust the process as needed — Pay attention to your body’s response once you’ve started exercising and going into a sauna. Most importantly, remember the signs of dehydration — dizziness, excessive fatigue.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Detoxifying Heavy Metals from Your Body

Q: What are heavy metals and how do they affect my body?
A: Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements with high density or atomic weight. While some are essential for human health in trace amounts (like iron and zinc), others such as lead, mercury, and arsenic are toxic and serve no beneficial purpose in the body.

Due to industrial and agricultural activities, humans are increasingly exposed to heavy metals through air, water, food, and even cigarette smoke. These toxins disrupt cellular functions and lead to a wide range of symptoms including nausea, memory loss, muscle weakness, and tingling in the extremities.

Q: How is heavy metal toxicity diagnosed?
A: Diagnosing heavy metal toxicity is tricky due to its nonspecific symptoms. Physicians typically begin with a lifestyle assessment, followed by a blood test. However, blood tests don’t reflect long-term exposure, as some metals quickly leave the bloodstream and accumulate in tissues. For a more comprehensive view, additional tests using urine, hair, skin, and fingernails are often necessary.

Q: What are the most effective detox strategies for heavy metals?
A: Follow this three-step detox plan:

1. Cleanse your GI tract — Use thiol-functionalized silica (e.g., IMD) or alternatives like chlorella. Then, add charcoal and bentonite clay to bind and eliminate toxins. This ensures that you have a wide range of binders.
2. Boost your glutathione levels — Support your body’s main detox binders using NAC or nanoliposomal glutathione.
3. Activate Nrf2 pathways — Use compounds like R-lipoic acid, polyphenols, and cruciferous vegetables to stimulate your body’s natural detox genes.

Q: How do exercise and sauna therapy support heavy metal detox?
A: Sweating through regular exercise and sauna sessions significantly aids in removing heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and chromium. Research shows that sweat contains higher concentrations of heavy metals compared to urine.

Combining high-intensity training (up to 75 minutes weekly) with sauna use (20 to 30 minutes per session) enhances detox results. Both methods are supported with adequate hydration and electrolyte replenishment.

Q: What precautions should I take during a detox program?
A: Detox is a marathon, not a sprint. Start with small doses of supplements or binders, monitor your body’s response, and scale up gradually. Be vigilant for signs of dehydration or fatigue, especially during sauna or exercise sessions. If symptoms worsen, it may be necessary to reduce Nrf2 stimulation and increase GI tract support temporarily. Hydration and liver/kidney support are crucial throughout the process.

Weight loss advice dominates health headlines, but there’s a biological paradox most of that advice ignores. Most people think of body fat as something to eliminate, but your fat tissue functions as a metabolic safety system — one your body can’t afford to lose too quickly. Research published in The Journal of Clinical Investigation shows that when that protective role breaks down — whether through disease, crash dieting, or extreme exercise — the metabolic fallout rivals the harms of obesity itself.1

That insight challenges the widespread belief that simply reducing body fat, as quickly as possible, always improves health. The biology behind this claim is counterintuitive. Fat cells don’t just passively accumulate energy; they actively regulate what enters your bloodstream and what stays locked away.

When that regulation fails, your body loses a buffer it wasn’t designed to go without. The consequences show up not in one organ or one lab value but across nearly every metabolic system — a pattern researchers have now documented in both rare genetic conditions and in otherwise healthy people who shed fat too aggressively.

Those findings raise an uncomfortable question about modern weight-loss culture. If dismantling your body’s fat stores too quickly triggers the very damage people are trying to avoid, then many popular diet and fitness strategies are working against their own goals. The research that uncovered this mechanism provides a closer look at what happens when that protective system begins to fail.

Fat Cells Protect Your Metabolism More Than You Realize

For The Journal of Clinical Investigation study, researchers investigated a rare genetic condition called familial partial lipodystrophy type 2 (FPLD2), a disorder where fat tissue gradually disappears from certain areas of the body while accumulating in others.2 Researchers examined eight families affected by the condition and analyzed fat tissue samples using detailed molecular tools such as RNA sequencing, which measures which genes inside cells are active.

Their goal was to understand why fat cells begin to shrink and disappear and how that loss disrupts metabolism. The findings exposed a key biological insight: fat tissue isn’t just extra storage for calories. It acts as a metabolic safety system that keeps certain fats contained and protects the rest of the body from metabolic stress.

• People with the disorder showed metabolic damage despite having less body fat — Participants with advanced FPLD2 had lower total body fat but still developed clear metabolic problems.
Researchers measured elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) — a blood test that reflects your average blood sugar level over the previous two to three months — higher triglycerides in the blood and increased levels of circulating non-esterified fatty acids, or NEFA, which are fats floating freely in the bloodstream.
These markers reflect disrupted blood sugar control and abnormal fat metabolism. In simple terms, their bodies lost the ability to safely store fats, so those fats remained in circulation instead of being locked away in fat cells. This demonstrates that the body needs functional fat tissue to manage energy safely.

• Fat cells didn’t simply shrink — they lost their ability to function — Tissue biopsies revealed that human fat cells looked similar in size across different stages of disease, but their internal biology changed dramatically. Gene analysis showed that pathways responsible for fatty acid metabolism and mitochondrial activity were strongly suppressed. Mitochondria are tiny structures inside cells that produce energy.
When their function declines, the cell struggles to process fuel efficiently. At the same time, genes linked to inflammation increased. This means the fat tissue itself became inflamed and metabolically dysfunctional long before the fat cells disappeared entirely. The researchers explained that this shift toward inflammation and metabolic shutdown contributes directly to the loss of adipocytes — the cells that store fat.

• Fat tissue began losing its ability to manage energy safely — When scientists examined the molecular activity inside the fat tissue, they saw a clear pattern. Genes that control lipid metabolism — the process that converts fats into usable energy or stores them safely — were suppressed. Meanwhile, genes involved in inflammatory signaling increased.
In other words, the fat cells stopped behaving like healthy storage units and instead started acting like damaged tissue. That transition creates metabolic chaos because fats that would normally remain stored begin circulating through your bloodstream. Once that happens, organs such as the liver and pancreas receive more fat exposure than they can safely process.

• Researchers discovered the structural protein that keeps fat cells alive — The study traced the root of the problem to mutations in a gene called LMNA. This gene produces a structural protein that supports the cell nucleus. The nucleus acts like a control center for gene activity.
When the structural protein is disrupted, the nucleus loses structural stability and gene regulation changes. In the affected fat cells, this disruption shut down important metabolic pathways. Without proper regulation, the adipocytes gradually deteriorated.

• Animal experiments showed fat cells physically deteriorate and disappear — To verify what happens inside the body, scientists engineered mice in which key genes required for adipocyte stability were removed specifically from fat cells. Within two weeks, these mice lost measurable fat mass even though their overall body weight stayed the same.
Over time, microscopic imaging showed that the fat cells shrank, developed irregular shapes and eventually vanished from the tissue. This visual evidence confirmed that adipocytes collapse and disappear when their internal metabolic regulation fails. Observing this process in living animals helped researchers confirm that adipocyte failure drives the metabolic changes seen in humans with lipodystrophy.

Damaged Mitochondria Turn Fat Cells Into Metabolic Stress Signals

Up to this point, the research shows how fat tissue begins to fail at the level of metabolism. But the researchers discovered something even more revealing when they looked deeper inside the fat cells themselves.

The breakdown didn’t stop at fat storage — it reached the cell’s energy system and triggered a chain reaction that transformed fat cells from protective storage units into sources of metabolic stress. From there, the researchers uncovered two additional clues that explain why losing functional fat tissue creates such widespread metabolic disruption.

• Mitochondria inside fat cells also became damaged — The researchers examined the energy systems inside these cells and discovered another important clue. Mitochondrial proteins responsible for the process that produces cellular energy were significantly reduced.
Tests that measure how cells use oxygen showed the fat cells were burning less fuel and producing far less energy. Under the microscope, mitochondria inside the fat cells appeared disorganized, with abnormal internal structures. These structural changes are a classic sign of metabolic stress.
The fat cells lost both their ability to store energy and their ability to generate it efficiently. Think of mitochondria as furnaces inside each fat cell. When those furnaces break down, the cell can no longer burn fuel or maintain itself, so it starts leaking its contents into surrounding tissue.

• The fat cells themselves produced inflammatory signals — Another surprising discovery emerged when scientists isolated the fat cells and measured inflammatory molecules. The fat cells produced higher levels of inflammatory signals.
These molecules usually appear when tissues are under stress or injury. Instead of immune cells initiating the inflammation, the damaged fat cells themselves generated the first distress signals. Those signals then attract immune cells and amplify inflammation across the tissue. That internal inflammatory cascade accelerates adipocyte breakdown and contributes to the metabolic problems seen in lipodystrophy.

• The research shows why fat tissue needs to function properly — Taken together, the findings revealed a powerful insight about metabolism. Healthy fat cells maintain balance by storing fats safely, regulating inflammation, and supporting mitochondrial production. When that system collapses, fats escape storage and circulate throughout your body.
The study demonstrated that losing functional adipose tissue disrupts lipid metabolism, increases inflammation and drives systemic metabolic dysfunction. For someone pursuing weight loss, this research highlights a key principle: the goal is not simply to eliminate fat tissue but to preserve healthy fat cell function while gradually improving metabolic health.

Rapid Weight Loss Floods Your Body with Unstable Fats

The lipodystrophy research documents what happens when fat cells structurally fail — they lose the ability to contain stored fats, and those fats flood the bloodstream. But you don’t need a genetic mutation to trigger that same downstream effect. Any process that rapidly empties fat cells produces a similar result: a surge of NEFA circulating through organs that aren’t equipped to handle them.

The difference is the cause — structural collapse in one case, accelerated fat breakdown in the other — but the metabolic consequence is the same. That connection is what bioenergetic researcher Georgi Dinkov highlighted in his commentary on the study.3

Rapid weight loss from fasting or extreme exercise drives intense lipolysis — the process where your body breaks down stored fat inside fat cells and releases it into the bloodstream for energy. This explanation reframes how weight loss works in your body and highlights why aggressive dieting often backfires metabolically.

• Fat tissue acts as a protective storage system for unstable fats — Dinkov explains that fat tissue serves another role beyond storing calories. It isolates unstable fats so they remain contained inside fat cells instead of circulating through organs. According to the commentary, one of the major functions of fat tissue “is not only to store energy … but also to keep the evil PUF [polyunsaturated fat] away from other organs.”
PUFs are chemically fragile fats that oxidize easily. Oxidation means the fat reacts with oxygen and forms damaging byproducts that stress cells. When these fats remain locked inside fat cells as triglycerides, their damage stays relatively contained. Once released into circulation, however, those same fats interact with tissues throughout the body. That difference changes the entire metabolic picture.

• The body handles different fats in very different ways after meals — Saturated fats are more often burned for energy, while PUFs, like linoleic acid (LA) from seed oils, are preferentially stored in fat tissue. This storage pattern creates a protective buffer. Your body burns the more stable fats while storing the unstable ones away from vital organs.
The stored fats sit inside fat cells as triglycerides, which are compact bundles of fatty acids attached to glycerol. In that form they remain relatively inert. Dinkov explains that while stored PUFs still carry some risk of oxidation, antioxidants such as vitamin E help limit damage while the fats remain contained inside fat tissue.

• Once fat breaks down rapidly, the protective storage system collapses — The situation changes dramatically during aggressive weight loss. When lipolysis accelerates, those stored triglycerides break apart and release NEFA into the bloodstream.
Elevated NEFA levels expose nearly every organ to stress. That exposure spreads throughout the body because blood circulates these fats to your liver, kidneys, brain, and muscles. When large amounts appear all at once, the metabolic system struggles to process them safely.
Kidney damage commonly seen in Type 2 diabetes develops from long-term exposure to elevated NEFA levels. Similar mechanisms appear in liver disease, where excess circulating fatty acids accumulate in liver tissue and interfere with metabolic function. The same process has also been linked to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.

• A slower approach to fat loss protects your body — Gradual fat loss provides a safer metabolic path. Instead of releasing large amounts of stored fats all at once, slow changes in diet and metabolism allow your body to replace stored PUFs over time.
This gradual turnover reduces spikes in circulating NEFA. As Dinkov explains, carrying some extra weight while slowly improving fat composition is “preferable to the ‘shock and awe’ approach we keep hearing about from every doctor and fitness/exercise commercial on TV and social media.”
If you view fat loss as a long-term metabolic upgrade rather than a short-term race, your body has time to process and replace stored fats without overwhelming organs with circulating PUFs. This shift in mindset turns weight management into a steady progression rather than a metabolic shock.

Slow Fat Loss Protects Your Metabolism and Organs

Rapid weight loss sounds appealing. The scale drops quickly. Social media celebrates dramatic before-and-after photos. Yet the research reveals a deeper biological reality: when fat leaves your body too fast, large amounts of stored PUFs spill into circulation. Those circulating fats stress your liver, kidneys, and other organs.

Instead of treating weight loss like a race, the smarter strategy focuses on restoring metabolic stability first and allowing fat to decline gradually. When you support your mitochondria, balance your carbohydrate intake and reduce exposure to unstable fats in your diet, your body replaces stored fats over time rather than dumping them all into your bloodstream at once. That approach protects your organs while still moving you toward a healthier body composition. Here’s how you put that principle into practice.

1. Avoid extreme dieting and prolonged fasting that force rapid fat breakdown — If you’ve ever pushed through a multi-day fast or crash diet, your body responded by ramping up lipolysis — rapidly breaking open fat cells and dumping their contents into your blood. Instead of pushing your body into metabolic panic, stabilize your daily food intake.
Regular meals containing adequate healthy carbohydrates and protein reduce stress hormones that drive excessive fat release. This steadier pattern allows your body to burn energy without flooding your bloodstream with stored fats.

2. Eat enough carbohydrates to maintain steady cellular energy — Your mitochondria run on glucose as a primary fuel. When carbohydrate intake stays too low, your body relies more heavily on fat breakdown for energy. That increases the release of stored PUFs. Most adults benefit from roughly 250 grams of carbohydrates daily, with higher amounts if you’re physically active.
Focus on whole fruits and other easily digested carbohydrate sources like white rice before moving to starchy vegetables or whole grains. This way, your cells receive consistent fuel instead of triggering emergency fat breakdown.

3. Eliminate seed oils to reduce stored PUFs over time — If your diet includes foods cooked in soybean oil, corn oil, canola oil, or other vegetable oils, those fats accumulate in your fat tissue. When fat releases during weight loss, those stored PUFs circulate through your body. Switching your home cooking oils is a good start — replace seed oils with stable traditional fats such as tallow, ghee, or grass fed butter — but most people’s exposure goes far beyond their own kitchen.
Restaurant meals are typically cooked in seed oils, and packaged foods like chips, crackers, salad dressings, and mayonnaise are almost universally made with soybean, canola, or sunflower oil. To meaningfully reduce your intake, read ingredient labels on packaged foods and choose products made with animal fats instead.
When eating out, ask what oil the kitchen cooks with — some restaurants will prepare your meal in butter if you request it, but be careful with sauces, which usually contain seed oils. Over time as you reduce your intake, your body gradually replaces stored unstable fats with more stable ones, which lowers metabolic stress during fat loss.

4. Build and maintain muscle so your metabolism burns energy steadily — Muscle tissue acts like a metabolic engine. When you increase lean muscle mass, your body burns more glucose and fatty acids without requiring extreme dieting. If you’re new to strength training, begin with simple resistance exercises twice a week. As your muscle mass grows, your metabolism becomes more resilient and fat stores decline gradually rather than collapsing all at once.

5. Avoid overtraining and exhaustive exercise that forces rapid fat release — If you push your body through long, exhausting workouts every day, your metabolism shifts into a stress state that increases fat breakdown. That process floods your bloodstream with PUFs in the same way crash dieting does. Exercise supports fat loss when it builds metabolic capacity — but tips into harm when it forces your body to liquidate fat stores faster than your organs can safely process them.
Prioritize moderate strength training, walking and other moderate-intensity daily movement instead of hours of punishing cardio. Your body responds far better to consistent, sustainable activity than to extreme training that pushes fat out of storage too quickly.

FAQs About Rapid Fat Loss and Metabolic Health

Q: Why can rapid weight loss harm your metabolism?
A: Rapid weight loss forces your body to break down fat quickly through a process called lipolysis, which releases large amounts of stored fatty acids into your bloodstream. When these fats circulate in high amounts, they stress organs such as your liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Over time, this overload disrupts normal metabolism and contributes to conditions such as insulin resistance, fatty liver disease, and Type 2 diabetes.

Q: What role do fat cells play in protecting your health?
A: Fat cells do more than store excess calories. Healthy fat tissue acts as a metabolic buffer that safely stores certain fats, especially unstable PUFs, inside fat cells instead of allowing them to circulate through your organs. When fat cells become damaged or disappear, that protective storage system fails and those fats begin circulating through your bloodstream, where they damage tissues.

Q: How are diabetes and liver disease connected to fat breakdown?
A: When large amounts of stored fat are released into the bloodstream as NEFA, those fats accumulate in organs that aren’t designed to store them. In the liver, this buildup interferes with normal metabolic function and contributes to fatty liver disease. Long-term exposure to high NEFA levels also damages tissues involved in blood sugar regulation, increasing the risk of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes.

Q: Why does extreme dieting or fasting increase metabolic stress?
A: Aggressive dieting, prolonged fasting, and exhaustive exercise push your body into a stress response that accelerates fat breakdown. Instead of slowly replacing stored fats over time, these strategies dump large amounts of PUFs into circulation at once. That sudden release overwhelms your body’s ability to process fats safely and increases inflammation and metabolic strain.

Test Your Knowledge with Today’s Quiz!
Take today’s quiz to see how much you’ve learned from yesterday’s Mercola.com article.

What causes inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

Too little water in the body because of high-intensity exercise
The presence of low stomach acid due to food allergens
The immune system attacking the digestive tract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the digestive tract, leading to chronic inflammation. Learn more.
Too much fiber from fruits and vegetables

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A New Series of Health Insights Is on the Way
Our team has been working behind the scenes to prepare new research and practical health strategies for our readers. While we finish preparing what’s coming next, we invite you to explore one of the most-read articles from our library below. See exactly what’s changing →

Your immune system has many methods of keeping your body safe. One prominent part of it is the lymphatic system, which contains specialized tissues called lymph nodes positioned throughout your body. Lymphatic fluid passes through these nodes, filtering out foreign invaders such as viruses and bacteria.1

What’s interesting about the lymphatic system is that it has a subnetwork — the glymphatic system — to keep the brain healthy. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) travels throughout this system, flushing out waste products produced by your brain, such as proteins linked to Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Now, research shows that you can optimize this function further by massaging your lymph nodes.2

Gentle Neck Pulses Dramatically Boost Brain Drainage

Research published in Nature investigated whether gentle, rhythmic pulses applied to the skin of the neck could increase the drainage of CSF. The study was conducted by a team from Yale University, which used animal models.3

Healthy samples were chosen specifically because their lymphatic drainage systems closely mimic human anatomy. Using advanced imaging techniques, researchers were able to precisely measure the rate at which a fluorescent tracer dye, infused directly into CSF, exited the brain and entered cervical lymph nodes.

• The benefits were immediate — Within just one hour of gentle neck stimulation, the rate of fluid drainage doubled compared to control groups. While fluid drainage continued to remain elevated after this period, the greatest improvements in lowering pressure and enhancing clearance of harmful substances happened rapidly after stimulation began.

This substantial improvement in drainage speed translated directly into decreased intracranial pressure, which is the pressure inside your skull. When intracranial pressure is too high, it can result in headaches, dizziness, confusion, or more serious neurological issues.

• The improvement was most pronounced in lymphatic drainage efficiency — Before the treatment, the clearance rate of CSF was relatively slow, allowing harmful substances to accumulate. After neck pulses, researchers reported fluid clearance rates increased by more than 100%, effectively doubling the brain’s waste-removal capabilities.

In essence, gentle pulses on the neck enhanced the frequency and strength of these contractions, creating a more efficient “pump” action. This powerful yet gentle motion quickly cleared excess fluid, reduced pressure buildup, and removed harmful waste proteins from brain tissues.

• The biological mechanisms explained — Tests show that the benefits primarily lie in the structure and responsiveness of lymphatic vessels in the neck. According to the researchers, gently pulling and stretching the skin activated specific lymph channels, essentially widening them.

At a microscopic level, mechanical stretching caused endothelial cells — the thin lining inside lymph vessels — to realign and expand, directly increasing the diameter of these vessels. A wider channel means CSF flows more easily and rapidly, significantly speeding up drainage from the brain.

Sleep Is a Powerful Adjunct for Optimal Glymphatic Function

In a study published in Biomedicines, researchers examined the relationship between sleep quality, aging, memory function, and the efficiency of your glymphatic system. The researchers selected adults across various age groups, examining healthy older adults, adults experiencing cognitive decline, and those diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease.4

The team found a link between the quality and depth of sleep and the brain’s ability to efficiently clear away toxic proteins, specifically beta-amyloid and tau proteins, which are associated with memory loss and Alzheimer’s. Adults with impaired sleep or fragmented rest had significantly reduced glymphatic activity, which directly correlated with declining memory and cognitive function.

• Deep sleep boosted the clearance of harmful brain proteins — During deep sleep, which is characterized by slow, rhythmic brain waves, the glymphatic system shifted into high gear, actively flushing beta-amyloid and tau proteins out of brain tissues. According to the researchers, just one hour of deep sleep markedly increased glymphatic clearance, making sleep quality one of the most important factors in maintaining a healthy, resilient brain as you age.

• Memory and cognitive sharpness improved — The research showed that participants who regularly experienced uninterrupted deep sleep had significantly lower levels of harmful proteins building up in their brains. As a result, these individuals showed less age-related memory loss and stronger cognitive performance compared to those who suffered from poor sleep. Simply put, good sleep protects your memory by literally washing your brain clean of toxic waste.

• Nighttime sleep provided the most robust improvements in glymphatic activity — Tests showed that irregular sleep schedules or staying awake late into the night could severely limit the effectiveness of the glymphatic system’s cleansing process. In contrast, establishing consistent sleep patterns was strongly linked to improved cognitive health and memory preservation.

Interestingly, the greatest benefits appeared among adults who already had noticeable symptoms of mild cognitive impairment. For this group, enhancing sleep quality significantly slowed cognitive decline and even reversed some early memory problems.

• Quality sleep is the most important factor — The researchers carefully compared different variables influencing glymphatic function, including aging, sleep disruption, and levels of toxic proteins in the brain.

They found that disrupted sleep had a more immediate and severe negative impact on glymphatic function compared to aging alone. While aging gradually slowed this waste-clearing system, poor sleep rapidly accelerated its decline, underscoring how important good sleep habits are for protecting your brain against memory loss and cognitive impairment.

• A closer look at the glymphatic system — The researchers identified astrocytes — star-shaped brain cells — as critical players in glymphatic function. Astrocytes surround blood vessels in your brain and have special channels known as aquaporin-4, acting as tiny gates that regulate fluid flow.

During deep sleep, these channels become aligned, dramatically increasing fluid movement through brain tissue and efficiently clearing harmful proteins. When sleep is disrupted, these channels lose alignment, drastically slowing fluid clearance and allowing waste products to accumulate.

• How aging disrupts these astrocyte channels — Older brains typically have less organized aquaporin-4 channels, making fluid clearance less efficient. However, regular deep sleep strongly counteracts these age-related changes, helping realign aquaporin-4 channels and boosting glymphatic flow. Essentially, quality sleep is a powerful way to keep your brain young by maintaining these critical fluid pathways and protecting your memory as you age.

• Disrupted circadian rhythms severely compromised glymphatic function — Restoring a natural circadian pattern, through regular sleep routines and exposure to morning sunlight, dramatically improved the brain’s ability to cleanse itself.

Based on the research, it’s clear that optimizing your sleep quality will have a protective effect on brain function. That said, I believe that getting restful sleep is a cornerstone of optimal health.

If you’re having trouble falling asleep faster or staying asleep longer, there are many ways to address them. For in-depth recommendations, read “Sleepmaxxing — Will This Viral TikTok Trend Help or Hinder Your Sleep?” There, I provide several strategies that can help you boost your sleep quality.

Your Body Has 6 Lymphatic Points

> > > > > Click Here

A New Series of Health Insights Is on the Way

IMPORTANT

A New Series of Health Insights Is on the Way
Our team has been working behind the scenes to prepare new research and practical health strategies for our readers. While we finish preparing what’s coming next, we invite you to explore one of the most-read articles from our library below. See exactly what’s changing →

Summer’s here, and suddenly ice cream is everywhere — picnics, barbecues, and beach. It’s marketed as the ultimate feel-good treat, but what if that creamy cone is doing real harm to your gut? According to a report, ice cream that’s made so it won’t melt too fast in the sun contains additives that are wreaking havoc on your health.

What makes this even more alarming is how widespread these additives are. Aside from ice cream, they’re also found in thousands of food products lining your grocery shelves. Most consumers have no idea that these seemingly harmless ingredients were never actually tested for how they affect your microbiome.

Emulsifiers in Ice Cream (and Other Ultraprocessed Foods) Wreck Your Gut

An investigative report published by The Defender exposed a quiet but dangerous trend — Ice cream, one of the most widely consumed summer treats, is increasingly loaded with synthetic emulsifiers designed to keep it from melting too fast. While it seems like a clever solution, especially during hot summer days, research shows that these additives aren’t harmless. They’ve been linked to serious health consequences, especially for your gut.1

• The report highlights the dangers of polysorbate 80 and other emulsifiers — Emulsifiers, which are made from various sources like plants and bacteria, are used to control the consistency of food products. In the video above, a manufacturer of food chemicals demonstrates how polysorbate 80 allows a scoop of ice cream to retain its shape, even under bright studio lights.2

• However, this convenience comes at a hefty price — Carboxymethyl cellulose, maltodextrin, and carrageenan are other examples of emulsifiers and stabilizers used in food products. According to the investigation, more and more research papers are now providing evidence about the dangers of these chemicals.

“Studies have found that emulsifiers can alter the mix of bacteria in the gut, known as the microbiome or microbiota; damage the lining of the gastrointestinal tract; and trigger inflammation, potentially contributing to problems elsewhere in the body,” the report notes.

• Emulsifiers actively create dysfunction by interacting with the cells lining your intestines — In simpler terms, think of your gut lining as a well-guarded castle wall. Emulsifiers are like acid poured on the wall, thinning it out so invaders, or bad bacteria, are able to break through. Once that happens, your body goes into emergency mode, launching an inflammatory response that affects digestion, immune balance, and even your brain.

• Emulsifiers also mess up mucus production in your gut — One study found that maltodextrin consumption leads to a measurable loss of goblet cells — specialized cells that produce mucus in the gut lining. Fewer goblet cells mean less mucus, and less mucus means your intestinal wall is no longer shielded from the bacteria and food particles that pass through your digestive tract every day.3

• These chemicals are contributing to digestive issues and metabolic disorders today — The rates of inflammatory bowel diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer are skyrocketing, and the assault that emulsifiers bring to your gut microbiome could be one of the main reasons why.

Benoit Chassaing, a research director at the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research and a co-author of several related studies, said, “There is a lot of data showing that those compounds are really detrimental for the microbiota and that we should stop using them.”

• Children are especially vulnerable — Emulsifier-heavy foods like ice cream and processed snacks are marketed directly to kids, especially in the summer months when consumption skyrockets. Since children’s microbiomes are still developing, this kind of disruption early in life could lead to long-term health consequences.

These Chemical Additives Are Everywhere

Avoiding emulsifiers is tricky, as they are used in almost all ultraprocessed food products today, not just to improve their consistency but also to prolong their shelf life. Even products that are marketed as “healthy” or “natural” contain these chemicals.

• Some products contain more than one type of emulsifier — According to the report, “Some emulsifiers have multiple names, making them harder to recognize. Some names apply to more than one emulsifier. And some chemical names that appear on product labels don’t appear in the FDA’s ‘Substances Added to Food’ inventory.”

• Thousands of products use emulsifiers in their formula — In fact, an online database posted by the Environmental Working Group (EWG) noted that, as of June 3, Polysorbate 80 was included in the labels of 2,310 products.4 Maltodextrin was found in 12,755,5 while xanthan gum is used in 17,146 products.6

As for carrageenan, it was listed on 8,100 labels.7 I’ve previously written about this additive’s health dangers — read about it here “Carrageenan’s Gut Health and Insulin Risks.”

• Don’t be easily fooled by the words “organic” and/or “healthy” — The report notes how certain brands that market their products as organic and healthy actually contain emulsifiers:

“At a Safeway supermarket, Healthy Choice Grilled Chicken Pesto With Vegetables listed modified potato starch, modified corn starch, carrageenan, xanthan gum and guar gum.

The label on Newman’s Own Caesar salad dressing said the product contained no artificial preservatives or flavors, no colors from an artificial source and was gluten-free. The ingredient label listed ‘as a thickener,’ xanthan gum.”8

• Making the effort to eliminate these emulsifiers from your diet will have profound benefits — Lewis Rands, a genetic scientist who has suffered from severe inflammatory disease that causes him to suffer from bloating, cramps, stomach pain, and bleeding, made the challenging move to avoid foods with emulsifiers (at the advice of his dietitian).

The results were amazing; Rands noted a dramatic change in his health. “It’s a huge difference. To me, it’s made more of a difference than any drug,” he said.

The Harmful Effects of Emulsifiers Go Beyond Your Gut

The evidence against emulsifiers is mounting, and the report highlights a few studies that support the harmful effects of these chemicals on your gut health. For example, a 2024 study found that consuming a diet low in carrageenan, polysorbate 80, and carboxymethyl cellulose is an effective way to treat mild or moderate Crohn’s disease.9 However, these chemicals are pernicious, and their effects go beyond harming your gut microbiome.

• Emulsifiers have been linked to cardiovascular disease — A study published in The BMJ found that consuming several types of emulsifiers led to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. According to the study authors:10

“Higher intakes of total celluloses (specifically E460 and E466) and total monoglycerides and diglycerides of fatty acids (specifically E472c) as well as trisodium phosphate (E339) were positively associated with risk of coronary heart disease, and those of total monoglycerides and diglycerides of fatty acids (specifically E472b) were positively associated with risk of cerebrovascular disease.”

• These additives have also been associated with a higher risk of cancer — In one study, published in the PLOS Medicine journal, carrageenan and mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids were associated with an increased risk of breast, prostate, and overall cancer.11

“These results provide novel epidemiological insights into the role of food additive emulsifiers on cancer risk,” the researchers concluded.

“If confirmed by further epidemiological and experimental research, they could lead to a modification in the regulation of emulsifier use by the food industry, through food policies requiring a modification of the ADI of some emulsifiers, or even restricting the use of others, for better citizen protection.”

• Emulsifiers are also fueling metabolic dysfunction — An analysis published in The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology found that emulsifiers contribute to weight gain, impaired glucose regulation, and chronic low-grade inflammation in healthy individuals. They do this by altering the intestinal barrier and reshaping the microbiome in ways that skew metabolic signaling.

This is important because metabolic syndrome is a key risk factor for Type 2 diabetes and other chronic diseases. For more information on how food additives raise your diabetes risk, read “Food Additive Combinations Raise Your Risk for Type 2 Diabetes.”

This Summer Favorite Also Exposes You to Another Damaging Chemical

All these health concerns associated with ice cream might make you reconsider switching to other frozen treats, like slushies. But even though they appear harmless, slushies actually contain an additive that makes you and your children sick — glycerol.

• What is glycerol and why is it added to slushies? Also called E422 or glycerin, glycerol is an additive that helps keep slush drinks from freezing solid without loading them with sugar. This ingredient is approved as a food additive across the U.S. and Europe.

• Glycerol is harmful in certain concentrations — The problem with glycerol is that, at certain concentrations, it throws off normal metabolic balance, dragging blood sugar to critically low levels, disturbing potassium levels and triggering a metabolic emergency — this effect is particularly common in small children.

• Toddlers and preschoolers became seriously sick after consuming slushies — A study published in Archives of Disease in Childhood investigated 21 cases of young children in the U.K. and Ireland who became severely ill shortly after drinking slushies. The children, all of whom were healthy beforehand, showed adverse symptoms within 60 minutes of sipping the drink.12

• Nearly all the children had dangerously low blood sugar — In most cases, it dropped below a level that could lead to coma or even death. The children also had acid buildup in the blood, and most had low potassium, which interferes with nerves and muscles. One child even had a seizure.

• But why were the effects more pronounced in young children? Apparently, this is because they have less body mass. This means a 500-milliliter (or 17-ounce) serving of slushie contains way too much glycerol for them. Even a half-serving could be enough to cause harm. And when they drink it too quickly, or while hungry or after exercise, their bodies become even more vulnerable to a crash.

If you’re a parent of a young child, especially under the age of 8, it’s best to eliminate slush ice drinks from your child’s routine. Refreshing and colorful as they seem, these frozen treats overload their young body not just with glycerol, but also high-fructose corn syrup, artificial colors, and flavors. Learn more about this topic in “The Surprising Health Risk Posed by Slushies for Young Children.”

Cut Out Emulsifiers by Switching to Healthier Food Options

Every time you eat processed foods like ice cream and slushies, you’re unknowingly damaging your gut. Emulsifiers aren’t just additives; they’re gut disruptors that damage your intestinal lining, mess with your immune system, and send your metabolism spiraling.

These steps will help reverse or prevent the damage. Whether you’re someone already struggling with digestive issues or if you just want to protect your long-term health, I recommend these strategies:

• Swap processed foods with real food options — Instead of commercial ice cream, consider making your own at home using full-fat coconut milk or cream, sweetened with honey. If you are a busy parent or on the go, look for clean-label brands with five ingredients or less — nothing you can’t pronounce or wouldn’t cook with at home.

• Rebuild your mucus barrier with gut-supporting foods — Add in real bone broth, steamed vegetables like okra and asparagus, and fermented foods like kimchi or sauerkraut. I also recommend carrots, onions and garlic, which are full of prebiotic fiber.

• Ditch ultraprocessed snacks — If you’ve struggled with weight gain, cravings, blood sugar crashes, or energy dips, emulsifiers are working against you behind the scenes. Ditch all fake “health” snacks and replace them with whole-food options like boiled eggs or fruit. Your metabolism works best when it isn’t under constant chemical attack.

• Track your progress — Eliminate emulsifiers from your meals for 30 days and track the changes in your body. Journal your digestion, mood, energy, and sleep. If you have gut issues, observe if there are notable differences in your symptoms.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Emulsifiers in Ice Cream

Q: Why do some ice creams barely melt, even on a hot day?
A: Many commercial ice creams contain synthetic emulsifiers like polysorbate 80, which are added to help the ice cream hold its shape and resist melting. These additives create a thick, stable texture — but they also disrupt your gut by damaging the intestinal lining and triggering chronic inflammation.

Q: Are emulsifiers only found in ice cream?
A: No. Emulsifiers are hidden in over 12,000 processed foods — including sauces, dressings, dairy-free products, and even “organic” or “healthy” brands. Common ones include maltodextrin, carrageenan, and xanthan gum. These chemicals are used to thicken, stabilize, and extend shelf life, even though they were never tested for long-term gut safety.

Q: How exactly do emulsifiers harm your gut?
A: Emulsifiers break down your gut’s protective mucus layer and disrupt the balance of good bacteria. This weakens your immune defense, increases inflammation, and leads to issues like irritable bowel, food sensitivities, weight gain, and metabolic disease — even without changing your calorie intake.

Q: Are children more at risk from emulsifiers and food additives?
A: Yes. Children’s microbiomes are still developing, which makes them more vulnerable to the effects of emulsifiers. Summer treats like ice cream and slushies often contain high levels of additives like glycerol, which have caused serious illness in young children, including seizures and dangerously low blood sugar.

Q: What can I do to avoid emulsifiers and protect my gut?
A: Start by reading ingredient labels and eliminating products with polysorbate 80, maltodextrin, carrageenan, and other emulsifiers. Swap in real-food options like homemade ice cream, fermented veggies, and bone broth. Stick with clean-label brands, and try going emulsifier-free for 30 days to feel the difference.

A New Series of Health Insights Is on the Way

IMPORTANT

A New Series of Health Insights Is on the Way
Our team has been working behind the scenes to prepare new research and practical health strategies for our readers. While we finish preparing what’s coming next, we invite you to explore one of the most-read articles from our library below. See exactly what’s changing →

A single protein, klotho, extended the lifespan of healthy mice by 20% in a study from Molecular Therapy.1 In addition to longer life, these mice also moved better, thought faster, and resisted age-related breakdown in muscles, bones, and brain function. Aging brings more than wrinkles. It weakens bones, shrinks muscle, blunts cognition, and raises your risk of disease. Klotho works differently than any single drug or supplement.

It doesn’t just address one symptom; it improves how your body handles stress, repairs damage, and maintains organ function across multiple systems. As your klotho levels drop with age, your ability to regenerate tissues declines, your inflammation rises, and your risk for conditions like osteoporosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and frailty climbs.

Klotho is a protein your kidneys and brain naturally produce, but only if you’re living in a way that supports that internal machinery. The good news? Your habits — what you eat, how you move, how well you sleep, and even how connected you feel to others — all influence your body’s klotho production.

Researchers are calling klotho a “longevity switch,” and one of the most promising ways to measure how well your lifestyle is working. To understand why this matters so much for your long-term health, and what it looks like in practice, let’s break down the latest findings from the gene therapy experiment that helped klotho-deficient animals move, think and live like younger ones.

A Single Injection Extended Lifespan and Rewired Aging from the Inside Out

The Molecular Therapy study tested whether long-term exposure to a specific form of the klotho protein, known as secreted klotho, or s-Klotho, could slow down the aging process in healthy mice.2 Scientists used a specialized virus to deliver the gene that makes s-Klotho directly into the animals’ bloodstream and brain. Unlike many antiaging strategies that target one system, this method aimed to affect multiple organs at once.

• Mice with boosted klotho lived longer and aged better — Treated animals lived longer than untreated mice, but longevity wasn’t the only improvement.3 They also showed fewer signs of age-related decline. Their muscles stayed stronger, their bones remained denser and their brains showed more activity related to regeneration and memory. This suggests klotho extends quality of life, which is what matters most.

• Muscle strength and bone health improved — In strength tests like grip performance and bar hanging, klotho-treated mice performed better, especially when treated during adulthood rather than earlier life. Muscle tissue under the microscope revealed larger fibers and far less scar tissue. After simulated injury, their muscles rebuilt more like those of younger mice.

Bone health improved too. Males who received treatment at middle age had thicker, denser bone structure and smaller gaps in their spongy bone. Females, on the other hand, benefited more when treated earlier, before bone degeneration was advanced. Gene expression testing confirmed more activity in the genes that form strong, mineral-rich bone.

• Brain resilience increased through stem cell activity and immune cleanup — Klotho helped regenerate brain tissue by increasing the number of maturing neurons and maintaining supportive cells called astrocytes. The treated mice also showed more brain immune cells responsible for removing damaged proteins and debris. These were not inflamed cells but highly functional ones, associated with better memory and less age-related inflammation.

• Muscle and brain benefits were linked to reduced inflammation and better cell signaling — Klotho blocked specific age-related pathways known to cause tissue scarring and interfere with stem cell repair. In muscles, it preserved mitochondrial function and kept stem cells capable of rebuilding tissue. In the brain, it promoted neurogenesis — your brain’s ability to grow new neurons — and kept immune cells working efficiently.

• Klotho’s effects showed up in gene expression tied to longevity — Animals that received treatment showed higher expression of genes that build collagen in bone and drive bone formation. They also had lower levels of a gene that typically rises with aging and contributes to poor bone mineralization. In the brain, there was an upregulation of repair pathways and immune functions that target malfunctioning cells.

Your Daily Habits Control Your Body’s Antiaging Switch

A comprehensive review published in Metabolites explored how everyday choices, like how you eat, sleep, move, and manage stress, directly influence your body’s production of klotho.4 The paper proposed using klotho levels as a real-time biomarker to track whether your lifestyle is truly improving your long-term healthspan.

• Klotho tracks with overall well-being, not just disease — Most medical markers only flag disease after it’s already taken hold. But klotho is different; rather than being a disease marker, it’s a health marker. Your levels rise with good habits and fall with harmful ones, making it one of the few tools that could give you feedback on whether your habits are actually helping you age well.

• Moderate, consistent exercise is one of the best ways to raise klotho — Even light daily movement significantly boosted klotho levels, while extreme workouts or stressful conditions — like military training in high heat — lowered them. A 12-trial meta-analysis confirmed that aerobic and resistance training both worked, but overtraining reversed the benefits.

• A healthy diet is directly tied to higher klotho expression — Diets rich in fruits, vegetables, fermented foods, and antioxidants — like vitamin A, C, E, zinc, and selenium — were consistently linked to higher klotho levels.

The Mediterranean-style diet, with a focus on minimally processed foods, stood out in large-scale data, while low-carb diets didn’t help and sometimes made things worse. Vitamin D and curcumin (from turmeric) also triggered klotho production in lab studies.

• Poor sleep, loneliness, and chronic stress all push klotho down — Klotho responds to psychological load. Short sleep (under 5.5 hours) and excessive sleep (over 7.5 hours) both lowered levels. Chronic stress reduced klotho in women caring for sick children and in soldiers under high pressure. Social connection, especially emotional closeness, was correlated with better klotho status, even in middle age.

• Risky habits blunt klotho’s protective effects — Smoking, alcohol, and cannabis all showed negative or inconsistent relationships with klotho. In some cases, the body responded to inflammation by temporarily increasing levels, but this wasn’t protective, it was compensatory. Over time, the cumulative damage from these habits appeared to wear down klotho’s regenerative capacity.

Klotho Is Your Brain and Body’s Aging Thermostat

Published in the Clinical Kidney Journal, a comprehensive review examined how klotho influences aging, cognition, inflammation, and longevity through its effects on phosphate metabolism, vitamin D regulation, and multiple molecular signaling pathways.5 The authors pulled together decades of preclinical and clinical evidence to outline how declining klotho levels are tightly linked to both chronic diseases and neurodegeneration.

• Lower klotho levels are consistently tied to shorter lifespan, poor memory, and cognitive decline — Mice that lack the klotho gene show signs of accelerated aging, including cognitive impairment, vascular disease, infertility, and early death. Humans with low klotho levels face higher risks for kidney disease, heart problems, and frailty.

One large national cohort study of 10,069 people found that adults with the lowest serum klotho levels had a 31% higher risk of dying from any cause compared to those with higher levels.

• Your klotho levels drop with age, but not just because you’re getting older — Inflammation, poor diet, and chronic illness all contribute to a decline in klotho expression. For instance, diabetic kidney disease, high blood pressure, and even low oxygen levels reduce klotho.

• Klotho helps your brain clear toxins and protect memory — Soluble klotho is produced in brain regions involved in memory and learning. Studies show it reduces oxidative stress, supports nerve cell repair and protects against damage from Alzheimer’s-related proteins.

Even when administered outside the brain, klotho fragments have been shown to boost synaptic plasticity and learning in mice, suggesting it activates neural repair pathways without needing to cross the blood-brain barrier.

• Klotho blocks the destructive pathways that fuel aging at the cellular level — This includes suppressing a pathway that promotes fibrosis and scarring, damping down signaling that raises inflammation and regulating intracellular calcium to maintain healthy cell function. Klotho also helps manage energy metabolism, antioxidant defense, and tissue regeneration, making it a master regulator of healthy aging.

Klotho Decline Reflects Aging and Disease Severity

Research published in Ageing Research Reviews analyzed klotho levels across 65 studies and confirmed that this antiaging protein consistently decreases with age, even in otherwise healthy people. The decline is more severe in those with kidney, metabolic, or endocrine disorders. Researchers tracked klotho in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine and tissue samples, reinforcing its usefulness as a biomarker for both aging and chronic disease progression.

• Klotho loss accelerates disease — Low klotho levels in the brain have been linked to reduced white matter integrity and greater oxidative stress, according to studies on aged rhesus monkeys.

In both animal and cell models, klotho deficiency led to increased susceptibility to inflammation and neurodegeneration. Restoring klotho, on the other hand, improved cell maturation and reduced inflammation in models of Alzheimer’s, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

• Baseline klotho levels are essential for future therapies — Because levels of klotho vary so widely by age and disease status, researchers emphasize the importance of establishing personal klotho baselines. Understanding what’s normal at different life stages helps doctors better assess risk and tailor future interventions.

• What this means for you — Monitoring your klotho levels could one day be as routine as checking blood pressure. If this protein turns out to be as central to healthy aging as the evidence suggests, it could help detect early signs of degenerative conditions and open the door to customized, preventative therapies. In short, klotho appears to be key to measuring, and maintaining, your body’s biological resilience over time.

Simple Ways to Activate Your Longevity Switch

If you want to increase your klotho levels and keep them high as you age, you need to focus on the lifestyle habits that trigger its natural production in your body. This isn’t about expensive treatments or supplements — it’s about addressing the root causes of accelerated aging: low cellular energy, chronic stress, poor diet, inactivity, and inflammation.

Klotho doesn’t show up when your system is overloaded. It rises when your body feels safe, nourished, and supported. Here’s what I recommend if you want to tap into the same antiaging system that helped mice live 20% longer and thrive in old age:

1. Move your body, but don’t overdo it — Klotho increases with daily movement, especially moderate aerobic activity like walking, cycling, or light resistance training. But if you push too hard, it reverses the benefit. If you’re sedentary or struggling with energy, start with 20 to 30 minutes of brisk walking each day and build up to an hour daily from there. The goal is consistency, not exhaustion.

2. Eat like your life depends on it, because it does — Choose foods that nourish your cells. If you’re still eating low-carb, you’re working against klotho. Build your meals around whole foods like fresh fruit, root vegetables, fermented foods like raw grass fed yogurt or kefir, and minerals like copper and magnesium. I recommend whole-food carbs first, along with collagen-rich protein and tallow, ghee, or grass fed butter as your fats of choice.

3. Give your gut a reason to heal — Fermented foods like sauerkraut, kimchi, and kefir support gut integrity and encourage healthy klotho levels. If you’re dealing with digestive issues, don’t jump straight to fiber-heavy foods. Start with healing carbs like whole fruit and white rice, and slowly build up. Your gut flora is part of the communication loop that regulates your aging proteins.

4. Soak in sunshine and get your vitamin D naturally — Vitamin D directly triggers the klotho gene, so if you’re inside all day, you’re missing a key switch. Aim for regular daily sunlight with no sunscreen, but avoid exposure during peak hours (10 a.m. to 4 p.m.) until you’ve eliminated vegetable oils from your diet for at least six months.

The linoleic acid in vegetable oils makes your skin more susceptible to damage from the sun. If you’re vitamin D deficient or are unable to get regular sun exposure, use a vitamin D3 supplement, but always check that it’s balanced with magnesium and K2.

5. Stop doing things that age you faster — Smoking, loneliness, and chronic stress send klotho in the wrong direction. Start by building real social connections, creating a wind-down routine for sleep and learning to recognize the signals that your body needs rest, not stimulation.

FAQs About Klotho and Aging

Q: What is klotho, and why is it so important for aging?
A: Klotho is a protein your body makes naturally, mostly in your kidneys and brain. It helps protect against the effects of aging by reducing inflammation, supporting brain function, and preserving muscle and bone health.

Low klotho levels have been linked to shorter lifespans, memory loss and age-related disease. Research now shows it may act as a “longevity switch” that reflects how well your body is aging — more accurately than conventional disease markers.6

Q: Does boosting klotho actually extend your lifespan?
A: Yes, at least in animal studies so far. A 2025 study published in Molecular Therapy found that raising klotho levels in healthy mice extended their lifespan by 20%.7 But it didn’t just help them live longer. They stayed stronger, sharper, and showed fewer signs of age-related decline in muscle, bone, and brain function.

Q: How do I increase my klotho levels naturally?
A: Daily habits play a powerful role. Research in Metabolites shows moderate exercise, a whole-food diet rich in antioxidants, restful sleep, sunlight exposure for vitamin D, and emotional connection all raise klotho levels.8 On the flip side, stress, poor diet, smoking, and sleep issues cause levels to drop.

Q: Is klotho something to take as a supplement or drug?
A: No, klotho isn’t available as a pill or over-the-counter treatment. Current experiments use gene therapy to increase klotho production inside the body, but these methods are still in early stages and not approved for humans. For now, your best bet is creating the right conditions for your body to make more of it on its own.

Q: Could klotho be used as a routine health test someday?
A: Yes, since klotho levels drop with age and illness, scientists believe it could become a future biomarker, like blood pressure, to assess how well your body is aging. One review of 65 studies confirmed that klotho declines with chronic disease, especially in the brain, kidney, and metabolic systems. Tracking it could help predict disease risk and guide early intervention.9

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) currently affects around 2.4 and 3.1 million Americans,1 costing the economy around $50 billion a year.2 It is characterized by inflammation of the digestive tract, leading to abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, and, in severe cases, intestinal damage and poor nutrition absorption. Left untreated, it can progress to colon cancer.3

Considering this information, what you eat plays a large role in IBD flare-ups. Specifically, foods containing refined sugar, vegetable oils, and other ultraprocessed ingredients have been shown to aggravate IBD.4

While medical practitioners generally recommend fixing your diet by figuring out what causes the flare-ups, this trial-and-error approach can cause further health troubles. To turn things around, scientists are proposing precision nutrition — tailoring a suite of health recommendations to manage your IBD, since your gut is as unique as your fingerprint.

Western Diet Fuels Inflammation by Disrupting Your Gut Microbiome

In a study published in Frontiers in Immunology, researchers explored how Western eating habits influence the risk of IBD via the gut microbiome. At its core, the diet is high in refined sugars and ultraprocessed foods, which triggers immune dysfunction and microbial imbalance, weakening the intestinal barrier that fuels persistent inflammation. This shift reduces protective compounds like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), making the gut lining more permeable.5

Led by researchers at the University of Ljubljana in Slovenia, the study used a systems biology approach, which is a method that integrates large sets of biological data to see how diet affects the gut microbiome, immune signaling, and intestinal barrier function. The team’s goal was to identify “key regulatory pathways and molecular interactions driving disease progression.”6

• Unhealthy bacteria dominate the guts of Western nations — IBD patients, particularly those living in industrialized nations, experience gut microbiomes dominated by oxygen-tolerant bacteria that thrive when the intestinal barrier is compromised.

In contrast, beneficial oxygen-intolerant bacteria, such as Akkermansia muciniphila, which help maintain the mucus layer and produce protective SCFAs, sharply decline. The SCFAs butyrate, acetate, and propionate are key energy sources for colonocytes and help suppress inflammation.

• The risk of leaky gut increases — The increased permeability of the gut allows bacterial fragments and endotoxins to slip into the bloodstream, where they activate immune cells that release inflammatory molecules such as cytokines and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). The researchers noted that this cycle can become self-sustaining, making it difficult for the body to turn off immune activation even when the original triggers are removed:7

“Emerging evidence suggests that dietary factors significantly influence barrier function, with Western dietary patterns rich in emulsifiers and artificial sweeteners further exacerbating epithelial dysfunction … The increased permeability observed in IBD is also associated with alterations in the mucin layer, as reduced expression of mucin 2 (MUC2), a key mucin component, is frequently reported in patients with active disease.”

• Diet-driven inflammation was especially pronounced — This study also reinforces my campaign against omega-6 fats — too much and they harm your digestive and overall cellular health:8

“When consumed in excess, especially in the context of industrial food processing, these fatty acids may disrupt microbial homeostasis, promote the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, and compromise intestinal barrier integrity. Such alterations have been associated with an increased risk of IBD and colorectal cancer,” the researchers reported.

• How refined sugar impacts gut health — The systems biology framework allowed the team to visualize the interactions as a network rather than isolated reactions. Using this analytical method, the team noted that excess intake of refined sugar greatly affects gut microbiome health:9

“The intake of refined sugars, particularly from sugar-sweetened beverages, has been shown to alter the gut microbiota, increasing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and reducing levels of beneficial butyrate-producing bacteria such as Lachnobacterium. These changes are linked to increased intestinal permeability and endotoxemia, which in turn promote local and systemic inflammation.”

• The connection between ultraprocessed salt intake and immune activation — The study observed that refined salt from ultraprocessed foods increased the production of Th17 cells, which is an immune cell that releases interleukin-17, a cytokine known to drive inflammation in autoimmune diseases, including IBD.10

Moving from Guesswork to Data-Driven Guidance

In another study, published in Crohn’s & Colitis 360, researchers also explored how personalized nutrition can reshape IBD treatment. Specifically, they outlined the Precision Nutrition Initiative — a large-scale effort to replace the one-size-fits-all approach to IBD meal plans with a data-based system that matches each person’s biological profile to specific foods.11

The goal was simple — to help patients identify which foods drive inflammation in their unique bodies, and which ones support healing using measurable data instead of trial and error.12

• Diet is the core of IBD treatment — The researchers reviewed years of clinical and molecular data showing that even when two patients eat the same foods, their responses differ dramatically. For example, one person with Crohn’s disease might flare up after eating high-fiber vegetables, while another thrives on them. These differences stem from variations in genetics, gut microbiota, immune function, and metabolic pathways.

Rather than treating diet as an external lifestyle factor, the authors argued that it should be viewed as an active therapeutic tool. They emphasized that dietary guidance needs to evolve from vague generalities into personalized interventions based on measurable biomarkers.

• The Precision Nutrition Initiative is organized around four synergistic methods — The first focuses on clinical trials designed to test how different dietary patterns manage symptoms of IBD. The second involves identifying biomarkers that reveal whether a specific food is helping or harming the gut.

The third centers on mapping dietary triggers that IBD, using advanced analytics to uncover hidden relationships between food patterns and immune activity. Lastly, the fourth employs artificial intelligence (AI) to analyze large datasets, predict individualized responses, and recommend diet plans tailored to your own unique molecular signature.

• Food is an interconnected system — Unlike earlier studies that examined isolated nutrients to manage IBD, this featured study views diet as an encompassing system that affects everything. Foods interact with gut microbes, which in turn influence immune pathways, producing a ripple effect that impacts disease activity.

The researchers proposed using multiomics (from the word “omes,” referring to multiple biological datasets), which combines data from genomics (genes), transcriptomics (gene activity), proteomics (proteins), and metabolomics (metabolic byproducts) to understand the complete biological picture of diet-induced inflammation.

• Using AI to make dietary recommendations measurable and adaptive — The researchers described plans for creating an AI-powered decision-support system for both patients and healthcare providers. This system would continuously learn from each meal, test result, and symptom log, then refine diet recommendations accordingly.

In other words, AI can help patients identify their personal “safe” and “trigger” foods through an evolving, evidence-based process rather than relying on rigid diets or guesswork. Over time, these personalized data patterns could be used to design therapeutic meal plans that restore microbiome diversity and reduce inflammation without further aggravating their IBD.

• Practical implications for patients — Rather than trying random diet trends, you’ll be guided by objective data showing how your body reacts to specific foods. Biomarker testing could eventually show whether your gut bacteria respond better to a certain food or a different one.

• The researchers underscored the need to improve this field of research — They noted that nutrition remains one of the least standardized areas in IBD management, despite its central role in disease activity. As noted in the study’s abstract:13

“There is a longstanding open question regarding how patients with inflammatory bowel diseases can best optimize their diet to maintain overall health, avoid triggering of symptoms, and support remission. However, to date there is limited evidence in support of comprehensive dietary recommendations for these patients.”

Take Control of Your IBD Before It Wrecks Your Health

You don’t have to sit and wait while new tools for managing IBD make their way into clinics. You can rebuild your gut health and reclaim control of your body right now by addressing your diet and tracking your progress with the latest digital support.

The Pax health coaching platform includes Mercola Lab, an integrated tool that combines at-home blood testing with advanced analytics to track things like inflammation and gut recovery over time. The app’s AI feature also helps you log your meals, analyze your food intake, and interpret nutrition data in real time. That said, here are some basic suggestions you can use to start healing your gut today:

1. Minimize LA intake to rebuild your gut from the ground up — One crucial step you can do to repair your gut health is to minimize linoleic acid (LA) intake as much as you can. This inflammatory omega-6 polyunsaturated fat (PUF), found in vegetable oils and ultraprocessed foods,14 interferes with mitochondrial function and increases oxidative stress, worsening gut inflammation.

Keep your LA intake below 5 grams per day. If you can get it below 2 grams, that’s even better. From there, optimize your carbohydrate consumption to support gut repair. Most adults need around 250 grams daily from whole foods.

If your gut is severely compromised, avoid dietary fiber to start and focus on healing your gut with gentle carbs like whole fruit and white rice, and gut healing foods like bone broth. Once digestion improves, slowly reintroduce fiber-rich foods to strengthen your gut lining.

2. Encourage growth of Akkermansia muciniphila — This beneficial keystone bacterium helps maintain a balanced microbiome and healthy intestinal barrier. Ideally, it should make up about 3% to 5% of your gut microbiome population. To nourish it, eat polyphenol-rich fruits like blueberries, along with inulin-containing foods such as garlic, asparagus, bananas, and leeks.

You can also take a postbiotic Akkermansia supplement. However, before following this route, allow your body time to recover from vegetable oils. A six-month break helps your mitochondria heal and restores a gut environment where Akkermansia can thrive.

3. Rebuild your microbiome after antibiotics with Saccharomyces boulardii — Antibiotics eliminate harmful bacteria in your system, but one major downside is that it also targets your beneficial bacteria, which will inevitably affect long-term gut health.

That said, if you absolutely need to take an antibiotic to treat a dangerous infection, replenish your gut immediately afterward with Saccharomyces boulardii, a probiotic yeast. It helps restore microbial growth and reduces the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, making your recovery smoother and faster.

4. Add more anti-inflammatory foods into rotation — As mentioned earlier, ultraprocessed foods are filled with ingredients that cause IBD to worsen. While removing them from your diet will support your gut health, it’s important to fill the space with anti-inflammatory foods. These include blueberries, homemade yogurt, wild-caught Alaskan salmon, and real matcha tea. For more dietary recommendations, read “Top Anti-Inflammatory Foods and Supplements.”

5. Optimize your vitamin D levels — Vitamin D plays a role in immune balance and gut barrier repair, and the best source is sunlight, around solar noon. However, there’s an important caveat — avoid going outside during this time until you’ve reduced LA intake for at least six months to avoid sunburn and skin damage. LA is incorporated into skin cells, which reacts with the ultraviolet rays and leads to oxidative stress and DNA damage.

It typically takes two years of eating a low-LA diet to clear it from your system, though the process can be accelerated. One way to do this is by increasing your intake of C15:0 (pentadecanoic acid). For more information, read “The Fast-Track Path to Clearing Vegetable Oils from Your Skin.”

In addition, check your vitamin D status through a blood test, aiming for a level between 60 and 80 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). According to research, this appears to be the optimal range that provides the greatest benefits for your overall health.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Personalized Nutrition for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Q: What causes inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and how does it affect the body?
A: IBD develops when the immune system mistakenly attacks the digestive tract, causing chronic inflammation. This leads to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, and nutrient deficiencies. If untreated, it can progress to severe complications like intestinal damage or even colon cancer. The condition is especially common in Western nations, where poor dietary habits contribute to gut microbiome disruption and weakened intestinal barriers.

Q: How does the Western diet trigger or worsen IBD symptoms?
A: According to research in Frontiers in Immunology, the Western diet — high in refined sugars, vegetable oils, and ultraprocessed foods — shifts the balance of bacteria in the gut. Specifically, more harmful bacteria thrive instead of beneficial bacteria. In addition, the excess consumption of omega-6 fats from vegetable oils, refined salt, and sugary drinks intensifies immune dysfunction, perpetuating chronic inflammation throughout the body.

Q: What is “precision nutrition,” and how is it different from traditional IBD diets?
A: Precision nutrition replaces generic dietary advice with personalized plans tailored to your biology. This approach uses data from your gut microbiome, genetics, and metabolism to determine which foods heal your gut and which trigger inflammation. Researchers aim to use biomarkers and artificial intelligence (AI) to predict your body’s response to different foods, helping you identify your unique “safe” and “trigger” foods instead of relying on trial and error.

Q: How can I start improving my gut health right now?
A: Begin by addressing your diet. Limit linoleic acid (LA) to under 5 grams per day, and make sure you’re getting enough healthy carbohydrates that are low in fiber to repair gut energy metabolism. Most adults need about 250 grams of carbs a day. Gradually reintroduce fiber once your digestion improves.

Support beneficial bacteria such as Akkermansia muciniphila by eating polyphenol-rich fruits (like berries) and inulin-containing foods (like garlic and asparagus). After antibiotic use, take Saccharomyces boulardii, a probiotic yeast that helps restore balance in your gut microbiome.

Q: Why is vitamin D so important for IBD recovery, and how should I optimize it?
A: Vitamin D plays a central role in maintaining immune balance and repairing the intestinal barrier. Aim for moderate daily sun exposure during midday when UVB rays are strongest — but only after reducing LA intake for at least six months, since excess LA in skin tissue can react with sunlight and cause oxidative stress. In the meantime, stick to early morning or late afternoon exposure.

For faster LA clearance, increase your intake of C15:0 (pentadecanoic acid), a beneficial fat in grass fed dairy. Lastly, keep your vitamin D levels between 60 and 80 ng/mL for optimal gut and immune function.

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Baking soda is one of those ubiquitous, all-around items you always have at home, but did you know that aside from making your homemade bread fluffier and your refrigerator or cabinets smell fresher, it has a wide range of uses outside the kitchen as well?

From health and hygiene to everyday household tasks, baking soda has quietly earned its place as a trusted remedy in many homes — and science is starting to take notice of its potential, too.

What Is Baking Soda and Why Is It So Useful?

Also known as sodium bicarbonate, baking soda (NaHCO₃) is a white crystalline powder that’s composed of sodium, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. It’s a naturally alkaline compound — in fact, one of its main functions is to maintain pH balance by neutralizing excess acids or bases. Here are some more interesting facts about this product:

• Baking soda existed in nature 4 million years ago — When salt lakes worldwide evaporated, they formed mineral deposits called trona. This is a rock that’s then processed into soda ash (sodium carbonate). Soda ash is a naturally occurring mineral that’s then processed into baking soda. So while this product can be produced synthetically, the majority of commercially sold brands still come from these natural mineral deposits. In the U.S., the largest trona deposits are found in Wyoming.1

• It gained widespread attention during the 19th century — American bakers Austin Church and John Dwight founded the first baking soda factory in 1846, called Church & Co. When Church’s son joined the company, he changed the company name to Arm & Hammer, and also created the company’s iconic logo.2

• Baking soda’s power lies in its alkalinity — It measures around 8.3 on the pH scale, which is just above neutral. This means it effectively counteracts substances with low pH (acids), making it useful for addressing acid-related issues such as heartburn or even skin irritations.

When it’s mixed with an acid — like vinegar or lemon juice — this compound acts as a chemical leavener and produces carbon dioxide gas. This is the bubbly lift needed in recipes to make cakes and cookies rise, giving them a moist and fluffy texture.3

• Did you know that your body naturally produces baking soda, too? In the video above, Dr. Eric Berg explains how this works:4

“In the stomach, you have this super acidic mixture — a pH between 1 and 3 — and then it goes into the small intestine, where it should go up to maybe 6 or 7, sometimes even 7.5 … The neutralization of stomach acid is very important. If we don’t neutralize the stomach acid, we get severe irritation and inflammation in the small intestine. Sodium bicarbonate from the pancreas helps to neutralize this acid.

Bicarbonate isn’t only produced by the pancreas. The bile ducts — the small tubes connecting the liver and the gallbladder — also secrete bicarbonate.”

8 Ways to Use Baking Soda for Your Health

Baking soda’s acid-neutralizing property makes it a versatile remedy for various ailments. Its ability to adjust pH levels has been studied not just for digestive comfort, but also for enhancing athletic performance, soothing skin issues, and even supporting the body’s immune and inflammatory responses. Below are some notable uses of this compound:5,6,7

1. Provides digestive relief — Baking soda’s ability to neutralize excess stomach acid provides fast relief from indigestion, heartburn, and acid reflux. Do this by diluting a small amount — typically a 1/4 teaspoon in a cup of water — and sipping it whenever symptoms arise.

2. Protects against inflammation — Conditions like arthritis and gout are rooted in inflammation, and drinking a tonic made from baking soda and water will help lower inflammation. According to research, the antacid properties of baking soda help shift proinflammatory immune cells to anti-inflammatory ones.8 Read more about baking soda’s anti-inflammatory effects in this article, “Baking Soda — Inexpensive Treatment for Autoimmune Diseases.”

3. Promotes better oral health and hygiene — Thanks to its mild abrasiveness and alkalinity, baking soda helps remove surface stains on teeth, freshen breath, and reduce plaque buildup. Many toothpastes include baking soda to neutralize acids that erode enamel and create an inhospitable environment for harmful bacteria. Mouth rinses made with baking soda and water will also soothe canker sores, reduce acidity in the mouth, and support gum health.

To use it for teeth whitening, the Hearty Soul recommends mixing equal parts baking soda and water, then brushing it gently for two minutes, then rinsing thoroughly.9 For gargling, add half a teaspoon to four ounces of warm water and gargle as you would a mouthwash. This needs to be done in moderation.

4. Enhances your physical performance — When you exercise rigorously, your body produces lactic acid, which lowers the pH in muscle tissues and contributes to fatigue. Consuming baking soda before a workout may help buffer this lactic acid, delaying the onset of fatigue and improving endurance.

For athletes and fitness enthusiasts, a 2021 study recommends taking 300 milligrams of baking soda for every kilogram of body weight to reap its benefits. Ideally, take it between 60 and 180 minutes before your workout session.10

5. Reduces risk of chronic kidney disease — Some studies11,12 support the use of baking soda in slowing the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In these cases, sodium bicarbonate supplementation helps neutralize acid levels in the blood, easing the burden on compromised kidneys. It’s believed that lowering blood acidity helps reduce damage to kidney tissue and delay disease advancement.

6. Eases urinary tract infections — Baking soda helps alkalize urine, offering relief for individuals prone to urinary tract infections (UTIs). When your urine is more alkaline, it creates an environment that helps minimize the growth of certain bacteria, helping reduce irritation and discomfort during infections.

7. Provides relief for bug bites, rashes, or sunburn — Make a paste using water and baking soda and apply it to the affected area to ease pain, itching, and redness. You can also add a cup or two to your lukewarm bathwater and soak in it. This remedy is also recommended to calm symptoms of psoriasis or eczema.

8. Works as a natural deodorant — Baking soda combats body odor because its alkaline nature decreases acidity in your underarms. When you sweat, the sweat itself doesn’t stink; however, when bacteria in your armpits break down this fluid into acidic waste, it causes bad odor to form. Pat baking soda directly on your underarms or by mixing it with a small amount of shea butter or coconut oil, then applying it on your underarms.

How Baking Soda Helps Support Cancer Treatment

One area where baking soda shows promise is cancer treatment; according to animal studies, baking soda’s alkalinity may contribute to slowing down cancer growth by creating a less favorable environment for tumors.

• Creating a more alkaline environment for tumors can help inhibit their growth — Cancer tumors are highly acidic, which helps them thrive and become resistant to treatments.13 Researchers investigated whether baking soda may be particularly beneficial in making the tumor’s environment alkaline and less conducive for growth.

• “Tumor alkalizing therapy” showed promising results — A 2024 animal study published in Frontiers in Oncology found that when mice with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma were given a baking soda solution, their lifespan was extended by 30 days more; to compare, mice that were given sodium chloride lived only 14 to 18 days longer. This showed that reducing the acidity around the tumors seemed to slow down the cancer’s progress.14

• They also tried this strategy with a human patient — The female patient was diagnosed with ovarian cancer, and had a buildup of fluid in her abdomen (ascites). She also wasn’t responding to chemotherapy. After receiving baking soda solution directly into her abdomen, her cancer marker levels significantly dropped, and the ascites disappeared.

“The preclinical and clinical results obtained using sodium bicarbonate perfusion in the treatment of malignant ascites represent a small yet significant contribution to the evolving field of tumor alkalization as a cancer therapy. They unequivocally affirm the good prospects of this concept,” the researchers concluded.15

While human research is still needed, these findings are promising and highlight the potential of baking soda as a supportive therapy. Another way by which baking soda may help with cancer is by easing the discomfort of cancer treatments. An article in Everyday Health recommends swishing your mouth with a mixture of baking soda, salt, and water to ease throat discomfort caused by chemotherapy or radiation. It also helps mouth sores from getting infected.16

Cleans, Deodorizes, and Protects — Baking Soda Uses for Your Home

While most people use baking soda to make fluffy cakes and chewy cookies, its usefulness stretches far beyond the mixing bowl. Whether you’re looking to ditch harsh chemical cleaners or find safe, affordable ways to freshen your home, this simple but versatile powder offers a powerful alternative. Here are some ways to use baking soda for household chores.

• Baking soda neutralizes and eliminates odors — Since odors are usually caused by acidic substances, baking soda’s alkalinity breaks them down at the molecular level. That’s why leaving a box of baking soda in the refrigerator or freezer is so effective at eliminating food smells. But you shouldn’t stop there, because there are many ways to use this product around the house:

◦Sprinkle it into the bottom of garbage cans, diaper pails, and litter boxes
◦Dust it all over musty-smelling carpets, cushions, or mattresses, letting it sit for 30 minutes before vacuuming
◦Remove pet odors from your dog’s bed

• Adding it to your laundry brightens clothes and removes odors — When your washing machine is in the rinse cycle, add a cup of baking soda to remove mildew smell. It also softens water, enhancing the effectiveness of your detergent. You can also pre-treat stains using a baking soda and water paste. Apply it to the stained area, let it sit for 15 to 30 minutes, and then wash as usual. This works well for food, oil, and even sweat stains.

• Wash your fresh fruits and vegetables with it — If you frequently buy conventionally grown produce, baking soda will help reduce your exposure to pesticides on the surface of your foods. One study found that soaking fruits like apples in a solution of baking soda and water removed 80% to 96% of pesticides from the surface — more effectively than either water alone or commercial rinses.17

To make your own produce wash, fill a clean basin or sink with water and add about four teaspoons of baking soda. Soak your fruits and vegetables for at least five minutes, then rinse thoroughly.

• Clean your jewelry and silverware — Baking soda even helps you restore shine to tarnished silver and dull jewelry. When combined with hot water and a piece of aluminum foil in a nonmetallic bowl, baking soda initiates an ion exchange that lifts tarnish off silver. Just soak the items for a few minutes and then rinse and dry thoroughly.

Use a soft toothbrush to help clean oils and dirt from surfaces, especially in hard-to-reach crevices. This method is especially appealing for those looking to avoid abrasive commercial silver polishes.

• Use it as a drain cleaner — Pour half a cup of baking soda down the drain, followed by an equal amount of vinegar. Allow the mixture to fizz and sit for 15 to 20 minutes before flushing with hot water. While it won’t replace a commercial-strength clog remover for serious blockages, it’s great for routine maintenance and keeping pipes smelling fresh.

How to Use Baking Soda Safely

While baking soda offers many benefits, remember that it is not without side effects — but only when used incorrectly or excessively. Bloating, gas, nausea, metabolic alkalosis (when the body’s pH is too high), or electrolyte imbalances due to its high sodium content could occur when used in high amounts. Here are a few precautions to keep in mind:

• If you’re ingesting baking soda, you need to moderate its intake — The Hearty Soul recommends starting small, typically half a teaspoon dissolved in a glass of water.

• Baking soda’s abrasive nature can damage your enamel — If you’re brushing with it, always gargle with plain water after.

• It could dry out your skin — If you’re soaking in a baking soda bath or using a homemade baking soda paste on your skin, make sure to moisturize afterward with a gentle, fragrance-free moisturizer or coconut oil to prevent dryness or irritation.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Baking Soda

Q: What are the main health benefits of baking soda?
A: Baking soda helps relieve indigestion, soothe heartburn, reduce inflammation, improve oral hygiene, enhance physical performance, support kidney health, and help manage conditions like UTIs and skin irritations.

Q: How does baking soda help with digestion and acid-related issues?
A: Its alkalizing properties help neutralize excess stomach acid, offering fast relief from acid reflux, heartburn, and indigestion. It also supports enzyme activation in the small intestine for better digestion.

Q: Can baking soda really support cancer treatment?
A: Preliminary studies suggest baking soda may help by making the area around tumors less acidic, which could slow their growth. Early research in mice and one human case showed promising results.

Q: How can baking soda be used for skin, hygiene, and fitness?
A: It helps whiten teeth, soothe canker sores, calm rashes and sunburn, and act as a natural deodorant. Athletes use it to delay fatigue by buffering lactic acid during intense workouts.

Q: Are there household uses for baking soda beyond cooking?
A: Yes, it neutralizes odors in refrigerators, carpets, and laundry; cleans drains, silverware, and produce; and works as a nontoxic cleaner — all while being affordable and eco-friendly.

A New Series of Health Insights Is on the Way

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A New Series of Health Insights Is on the Way
Our team has been working behind the scenes to prepare new research and practical health strategies for our readers. While we finish preparing what’s coming next, we invite you to explore one of the most-read articles from our library below. See exactly what’s changing →

Your body knows how to heal. Think about it — if a poor diet and lifestyle can contribute to an unhealthy body, it stands to reason that a nutrient-rich diet and lifestyle can conversely contribute to a healthy body. That’s not too hard to figure out.

What is hard to figure out is what is bad for your health and what is good. Are statins good or are they bad? Should you take them? Are there alternatives? If so, what are they? There are many conflicting stories because cholesterol metabolism is complex, making it a perpetually confusing topic. You deserve to understand your health before blindly accepting treatments.

I get a lot of questions about cholesterol, statin drugs, and how to lower cholesterol without taking statins. The good news is that certain plants and lifestyles have been scientifically proven to lower cholesterol. So, let’s break it all down. In this post, I cover:

What is cholesterol, and why do we need it?
Triglycerides and their relationship to cholesterol.
How triglycerides and cholesterol interact.
The Pareto Principle, cholesterol, and statins.
Herbs and plants with evidence for cholesterol-lowering effects.
Key metabolic biomarkers.
With the proper knowledge and approach, you have the power to control your health.

What Is Cholesterol?

Cholesterol is a fatty, waxy substance found in every cell in the body. Roughly 20% comes from dietary sources, while 80% is primarily manufactured in the liver and other cells. Cholesterol metabolism studies show that this ratio can vary slightly depending on individual factors like genetics, diet, and lifestyle.

Excess sugar, particularly artificial sugars, refined carbohydrates, and genetic errors of liver metabolism, are mainly to blame for high cholesterol. Plant fibers can lower cholesterol, so a diet high in fruits and vegetables and whole grains with minimal fats helps maintain normal cholesterol levels.

• Types of cholesterol:

1. Low-density lipoprotein, LDL, is often called bad cholesterol because high levels are theorized to build plaque in the arteries.
2. High-density lipoprotein, HDL, is called the good cholesterol because it helps to remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and returns it to the liver for disposal.
3. Very low-density lipoprotein, VLDL, mainly carries triglycerides in the blood and is less commonly measured.

• Why do we need cholesterol? Cholesterol is present in every cell of the human body and is essential for cellular metabolism.

• Cholesterol is essential for several biological functions:1

◦Cell membrane structure — Cholesterol is a key component of cell membranes, providing stability.
◦Hormone production — The building block for steroid hormones, including sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone), cortisol, and aldosterone.
◦Vitamin D synthesis — When the skin is exposed to sunlight, the body uses cholesterol to make vitamin D.
◦Bile acid production — Cholesterol is converted into bile acids in the liver, which help digest fats.

• Cholesterol and brain health:

◦Myelin sheath formation — Cholesterol is a major component of myelin, the protective sheath around nerve fibers that speeds up electrical signaling.
◦Neurotransmitter function — It is involved in the communication between neurons, supporting the function of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin.
◦Cell signaling — Cholesterol is crucial for forming “lipid rafts,” specialized areas in cell membranes that facilitate cell signaling in the brain.
◦Learning and memory — Proper cholesterol metabolism in the brain is necessary for synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory.

Triglycerides and Their Relationship to Cholesterol

Triglycerides, another type of fat (lipid) in the blood, come from foods and are synthesized in the liver. Triglycerides also come from extra calories your body does not need right away. Excess calories are converted to triglycerides and stored as fat in the body for later use. While cholesterol is used for structural and hormonal functions, triglycerides serve primarily as an energy source:

• Energy storage — Excess calories from food are converted into triglycerides and stored in fat cells for later use.
• Transport — Triglycerides circulate in the blood within lipoproteins, especially very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), which also carry some cholesterol.

How Triglycerides and Cholesterol Interact

• Both are transported in the bloodstream via lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL, HDL).
• VLDL particles mainly carry triglycerides but also transport cholesterol. As triglycerides are removed from VLDL, the particles become LDL, which is richer in cholesterol.
• HDL particles help remove excess cholesterol from tissues and return it to the liver for disposal.

So while cholesterol is used for building cell walls, hormone production, and other structural and metabolic functions, triglycerides are used primarily for energy supply and storage.

In a blood test, the total cholesterol level includes LDL, HDL, triglycerides, and sometimes VLDL, and means very little as a combined total. High triglycerides are more concerning because people with high triglyceride levels have an 80% higher risk of having a heart attack compared to people with normal triglyceride levels.2

Inflammation, fibrinogen, triglycerides, homocysteine, belly fat, triglyceride to HDL ratios, and high glycemic levels are the underlying drivers of heart disease.3

“Emerging science is showing that cholesterol levels are a poor predictor of heart disease and that standard prescriptions for lowering it, such as ineffective low-fat/high-carb diets and serious, side-effect-causing statin drugs, obscure the real causes of heart disease.”
~ The Great Cholesterol Myth

The Pareto Principle and Cholesterol

The Pareto Principle states that 80% of outcomes often stem from just 20% of causes, also known as the 80/20 rule. While commonly used in business, this principle can be metaphorically applied to biology and health, especially when identifying the key drivers behind complex issues.

As I mentioned, about 80% of the body’s cholesterol is made in the liver, while only 20% comes directly from the diet. Statins target this liver production by blocking the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which seems logical on the surface. But this approach overlooks why the liver is overproducing cholesterol in the first place — it treats the symptom, not the cause.

In truth, suppressing that 80% of cholesterol production without addressing the underlying 20% of triggers of metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, stress, and hormonal imbalances, can be counterproductive.

Even though dietary cholesterol accounts for just 20%, certain foods (like excess sugar, refined carbs, trans fats, and high-fructose corn syrup) can prompt the liver to increase its cholesterol output. A small subset of poor dietary choices may be responsible for most of the problem — a textbook 80/20 scenario.

For many people, small, focused lifestyle changes — such as eliminating processed foods, walking regularly, or improving sleep — can lead to significant improvements in cholesterol levels. Thus, 20% of your effort may yield 80% of the results.

Herbs and Plants with Evidence for Cholesterol-Lowering Effects

Anna McIntyre writes in “The Complete Herbal Tutor”:4

• Antioxidant herbs protect arteries, inhibit the formation of atherosclerotic plaque, lower cholesterol, and help prevent cardiovascular disease.
• Useful herbs include hawthorn, cayenne, amalaki, guggulu, bilberry, elderberry, ginger, turmeric, evening primrose, Chinese Angelica, and licorice.
• Shiitake and reishi mushrooms and oats contain beta-glucans, which help lower cholesterol.
• A clove of garlic a day can substantially lower cholesterol levels.
• Red clover reduces its absorption.
• Artichoke leaves help lower cholesterol by helping the liver’s metabolism of cholesterol.

Some of these herbs and plants studied for their potential to lower cholesterol levels are listed below in more detail. They are the most researched options, with scientific evidence and study findings cited here.5,6,7,8

• Red yeast rice (Monascus purpureus)

◦Red yeast rice contains monacolin K, a compound chemically identical to the statin drug lovastatin, with all the risks and side effects of taking a statin.9
◦Multiple randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews have shown that red yeast rice can reduce total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol by 10% to 33%.
◦It is considered one of the most effective natural products for lowering cholesterol, but quality and safety concerns exist due to variability in monacolin K content and potential contamination with citrinin, a nephrotoxin (kidney-damaging substance).

• Plant sterols and stanols

◦Found naturally in plant-based foods like fruits, vegetables, nuts, oils, seeds, and grains.
◦A 2022 network meta-analysis found that plant sterol supplementation leads to modest LDL and total cholesterol reductions.
◦They work by blocking cholesterol absorption in the small intestine.

• Bergamot (Citrus bergamia)

◦Bergamot extract and its polyphenols have shown promising lipid-lowering effects.
◦A 2022 systematic review and meta-analysis found significant decreases in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, and an increase in HDL cholesterol. However, a small number of studies limit the evidence.

• Artichoke (Cynara scolymus)

◦Randomized trials have shown reductions in total cholesterol by up to 18.5% compared to placebo.
◦The evidence base is limited but promising, with good safety profiles reported in studies.

• Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)

◦Several trials, mainly from India, have shown reductions in total cholesterol ranging from 15% to 33%.
◦Some studies also found reductions in LDL cholesterol, though methodological quality varies.

• Guggul (Commiphora mukul)

◦Some randomized trials have reported 10% to 27% reductions in total cholesterol.
◦Although results have been inconsistent, and quality concerns exist, it remains one of the more extensively studied herbal options.

• Garlic (Allium sativum)

◦Ancient history and a wealth of modern research support the use of garlic. More than 3,000 scientific papers cover its chemistry, pharmacology, and clinical uses.10
◦The therapeutic uses of garlic are extensive, but those specific to the cardiovascular system include reducing elevated cholesterol, preventing atherosclerosis and hypertension, treating poor circulation to the legs, and improving overall blood flow through antiplatelet actions.

• Red clover (Trifolium pratense)

◦Systematic reviews have found significant reductions in total cholesterol and increases in HDL cholesterol in postmenopausal women, but effects on LDL cholesterol are inconsistent.

• Green tea (Camellia sinensis)

◦An American Journal of Clinical Nutrition meta-analysis suggests that green tea significantly reduces total cholesterol, including LDL or “bad” cholesterol, to 2.19 mg/dL in the blood. However, green tea didn’t affect HDL, or “good” cholesterol.11

Biomarkers and Blood Work

When examining blood work to evaluate cardiac risk and metabolic health, cholesterol alone is insufficient. These parameters and other risk factors, such as diabetes, cardiovascular issues, and liver function, all need to be considered.

High LDL cholesterol was once thought to contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries, which could lead to the plaque becoming dislodged at some point, leading to a heart attack or stroke. Newer schools of thought don’t point to LDL as causing plaque buildup in the arteries but rather to chronic inflammation as being the cause.12

The newer cardiovascular assessment blood tests measure a specific protein called Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) within the LDL, which directly counts the number of atherogenic (plaque-producing) particles in the blood.

If ApoB is not measured, C-reactive protein (CRP) may be measured. CRP measures overall inflammation in the body and screens for cardiovascular risk. That’s important because many chronic diseases result from chronic inflammation. Metabolic biomarkers are key indicators of overall cellular health and disease risk.

The specific thresholds depend on your risk factors, and each lab has its parameters, but for reference, these are the normal ranges from LabCorp:

• LDL

◦Optimal — 39 mg/dL

• VLDL Cholesterol Cal

◦Optimal — 5 to 40 mg/dL

• Triglycerides

◦Optimal — 0 to 149 mg/dL

• Apolipoprotein B (ApoB)

◦Optimal —

More than 4,400 patients have filed lawsuits that claim serious harm from popular GLP-1 weight-loss drugs, according to reporting by USA Today.1 That figure represents only a small number of the estimated 12% of American adults — more than 31 million people — who use these medications.

GLP-1 — short for glucagon-like peptide-1 — is a hormone your gut naturally releases after eating to signal fullness and regulate blood sugar. These drugs flood your system with a synthetic version of that signal, keeping it turned on far longer than your body would on its own.

They slow digestion, reduce appetite, and alter blood-sugar signaling — mechanisms that explain both why the drugs suppress hunger so effectively and why the injuries showing up in court filings tend to cluster around the same biological systems.

Once you see how these drugs alter digestion, nutrient absorption, and brain signaling, the injuries described in court filings stop looking random — they follow a predictable biological pattern. Recent safety reporting has also expanded the risk picture well beyond digestion, with health authorities flagging psychiatric symptoms and reproductive concerns that most patients don’t anticipate.2

Meanwhile, conflicting research on some of these signals leaves people in a difficult position when trying to weigh the evidence for themselves. The legal filings, clinical reports, and regulatory warnings all point in the same direction: the conversation around these drugs needs to move past weight loss alone. Here is what the evidence actually shows — and what it means for your health decisions going forward.

Lawsuits Reveal the Real-World Toll Behind Rapid Drug Adoption

Thousands of lawsuits claim serious harm from GLP-1 weight-loss drugs such as Ozempic, Wegovy, and Mounjaro, according to USA Today.3 The population represented in these lawsuits included adults across the U.S., ranging from young adults to older patients, many of whom used the drugs for weight loss rather than diabetes treatment.

Findings showed that digestive injury dominated the claims, with 75% of federal lawsuits alleging gastroparesis — meaning the stomach stops moving food normally. Think of your stomach as a muscular bag that kneads and pushes food forward. Gastroparesis means that kneading slows or stops — food just sits there, fermenting and stretching the stomach wall.

Other lawsuits reported bowel slowdown, intestinal obstruction, gallbladder injury, and persistent vomiting that continued even after stopping the medication. That raises the question many patients don’t consider before starting treatment: what happens if your digestion doesn’t come back online after you stop?

• Legal data shows patterns across thousands of cases — Court reporting cited statements that about 18% of lawsuits allege ileus, a condition where bowel muscles fail to push food forward, and another 18% involve intestinal obstruction, meaning a physical blockage that stops movement through your gut.
Around 8% reported gallbladder injury, sometimes severe enough to require surgery to remove damaged tissue. Many plaintiffs reported multiple complications at once, which explains why totals exceed 100% across categories. This pattern highlights cumulative stress on digestion rather than a single isolated side effect.
• Stories illustrate life-altering consequences — Individual cases showed how symptoms escalate from discomfort to permanent change. One patient described hearing her colon rupture — a blockage caused the bowel to tear, which required removal of a large portion of the colon and months of recovery.
Another patient experienced severe vomiting that led to Wernicke’s encephalopathy, a neurological condition caused by vitamin B1 deficiency characterized by confusion, vision problems, and poor coordination. These examples show how nutrient depletion becomes a significant risk when appetite suppression persists.
• Vision injury adds a different category of risk — At least 110 plaintiffs alleged sudden blindness or severe vision changes after using GLP-1 drugs. One patient developed non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) — often called an “eye stroke” — meaning reduced blood flow damages the optic nerve and leads to permanent vision loss. Research found an increased risk of this condition among people prescribed semaglutide compared with those using other medications.4
• Rapid growth explains why these signals emerged now — Prescription data showed GLP-1 use rose from about 1 million prescriptions in early 2018 to about 9 million in 2022, with usage doubling again between 2024 and 2025 according to survey data.
These medicines existed for diabetes for years, yet widespread weight-loss use created a larger population exposed to long-term effects. When more people use a drug, complications become easier to detect — a reality that shifts the conversation from individual success stories to population-level safety.
• Mechanism centers on slowed digestion and nutrient disruption — GLP-1 drugs mimic a hormone that slows stomach emptying, triggers insulin signaling, and creates fullness that reduces food intake. In simple terms, food stays in your stomach longer, hunger drops, and calorie intake falls — but slower movement also increases risk of nausea, vomiting, and poor nutrient absorption when digestion stalls.
That biological trade-off explains why many lawsuits focus on conditions linked to impaired gut function.
• Legal debate centers on warnings and informed choice — Attorneys representing plaintiffs argued that “the full panoply of conditions that this set of drugs can cause are not fully warned of,” while drug manufacturers responded that the safety profile is well established and labeling reflects known risks.
Experts explained that proving causation will take years of litigation, yet the lawsuits already influence how patients evaluate risk versus benefit. For you, that means the decision to use these medications now includes legal, biological, and long-term metabolic considerations rather than weight loss alone.

New GLP-1 Warnings Expand Beyond Physical Side Effects

The pattern in U.S. courtrooms is echoed by regulators on the other side of the world — and the concerns they’re raising go beyond digestion entirely. New GLP-1 drug safety warnings issued by Australia’s Therapeutic Goods Administration focus on psychiatric risk signals and contraception concerns rather than the digestive injuries already widely discussed.5

As reported by Science Alert, 20 cases of suicidal thoughts were recorded in one year in Australia’s adverse-events database that coincided with GLP-1 use, signaling a safety concern that prompted regulatory attention and label review.6

• Research signals measurable increase in suicidal behavior risk — A 2024 study found a 106% increase in suicidal behavior associated with GLP-1 medicines, a statistic that stands out because it reflects behavioral outcomes rather than physical symptoms alone.7
Additional analysis of World Health Organization safety data also identified a link between semaglutide use and suicidal thoughts, reinforcing that this signal appears across multiple datasets rather than a single report.
• Contraception effectiveness emerges as another safety focus — Researchers highlighted concerns that GLP-1 medicines alter how oral contraceptive hormones absorb in the body, which affects whether hormone levels reach the threshold required to prevent pregnancy.
A review examining tirzepatide found a stronger impact on hormone absorption compared with other drugs in the same class, while more recent research in 2025 concluded that both tirzepatide and oral semaglutide influenced contraceptive hormone levels.8 This means a woman could be taking a birth control pill exactly as prescribed and still become pregnant.
• Brain-related effects connect to appetite and signaling changes — GLP-1 medicines influence brain pathways involved in appetite, reward, and mood regulation, which provides a biological explanation for why psychiatric symptoms appear in safety databases. Changes in blood-sugar signaling and appetite-control circuits interact with emotional regulation systems.
• Regulators shift focus toward proactive monitoring — Health authorities advised patients to report new or worsening depression, mood changes, or unusual behavior while using these medicines, reflecting a shift from passive awareness to active tracking.

Exploring Lifestyle Approaches That Support Metabolic Health

If these reports have you reconsidering whether the drug is worth the risk, the next question is practical: what actually works instead? The pattern in these reports keeps pointing back to the same problem — these drugs override your body’s signals instead of fixing what broke them in the first place. When appetite drops, digestion stalls, and energy fades, your body isn’t losing weight efficiently.

It’s shutting down to conserve resources. Real, lasting fat loss works the opposite way. It happens when your metabolism has what it needs to run, your gut communicates clearly, and your brain gets steady fuel — not when hunger simply gets switched off. This is the central topic of my new book, “Weight Loss Cure; Melt Fat Naturally With Your Own GLP-1.” Here’s a quick summary of how to work with your biology instead of against it.

1. Remove the metabolic stressor that suppresses appetite signals — If you are using prescription medication, discuss any changes with your healthcare provider to determine what approach is appropriate for you. Your body shifts from survival mode into repair mode only after that stress lifts.
When appetite returns, energy production stabilizes, brain function improves, and nutrient depletion stops progressing. Work with your prescribing physician to taper safely. Stopping abruptly can cause rebound appetite surges and blood sugar instability, particularly if you’ve been on the medication for more than a few months.

2. Support the body’s natural metabolic signaling through diet and lifestyle strategies — If you want weight loss without metabolic collapse, I recommend learning how to stimulate your own GLP-1 naturally. My book, “Weight Loss Cure; Melt Fat Naturally With Your Own GLP-1,” explains how to activate GLP-1 through diet and metabolic support rather than forcing it through drugs.
You learn how your gut controls appetite and fat loss by restoring the systems drug companies try to mimic with injections like Ozempic and Wegovy.

3. Repair gut integrity so Akkermansia regulates appetite again — Research suggests certain gut bacteria may be associated with metabolic signaling involved in appetite regulation. If chronic inflammation, excess seed oils, or prolonged metabolic stress have eroded your gut lining, Akkermansia loses its habitat — and the appetite-regulating signal it produces fades. Prioritize gut repair before fiber loading or supplements.
Start by eliminating seed oils and processed foods that drive inflammation, then add gut-supportive foods like homemade bone broth daily — the gelatin and amino acids, especially glycine and proline, help rebuild the mucosal lining that Akkermansia needs to colonize. Colostrum and slow-cooked connective tissue-rich meats also accelerate this repair process.

4. Create an environment where beneficial bacteria thrive — Your daily choices determine whether helpful microbes return. Focus first on eliminating seed oils, which are high in linoleic acid (LA). Excess LA damages the energy-producing machinery inside your cells — your mitochondria — by generating harmful byproducts called free radicals. When mitochondria can’t produce energy efficiently, every downstream process suffers, from gut repair to brain function.
Some individuals choose to monitor linoleic acid intake as part of a broader dietary approach discussed in the book. When my Pax health coaching platform launches, the Seed Oil Sleuth feature will help you track this down to the tenth of a gram. Replace those fats with grass fed butter, ghee, or tallow. After digestion stabilizes, introduce polyphenol-rich foods such as berries and inulin sources like leeks or garlic so your gut ecosystem rebuilds step by step.

5. Restore protein and carbohydrates to rebuild energy and tissue — If your appetite stayed suppressed for weeks or months, your body ran on a deficit. Increase protein gradually toward about 0.8 grams per pound of ideal body weight (or about 1.76 grams per kilogram), with one-third from collagen-rich sources such as bone broth, gelatin, oxtail, or connective-tissue-rich meats.
Pair that with gradual carbohydrate reintroduction — whole fruit first, then easy starches like white rice before complex carbs. Carbohydrate needs vary widely; the book discusses general examples rather than personal recommendations. Your brain interprets adequate glucose as a signal that the famine is over. Once that signal registers, your metabolism shifts from conservation — storing everything it can — to active repair and energy production.

FAQs About GLP-1 Drug Risks

Q: What are the main risks linked to GLP-1 weight-loss drugs?
A: Reports and lawsuits describe digestive shutdown, intestinal blockage, gallbladder injury, severe vomiting, nutrient deficiency, vision loss, and neurological damage. Safety warnings also highlight psychiatric symptoms and contraception concerns. The pattern shows these drugs affect multiple body systems tied to digestion, nutrient absorption, and brain signaling.

Q: Why do these drugs cause problems beyond weight loss?
A: GLP-1 drugs suppress appetite by slowing digestion and altering metabolic signaling. When digestion slows for long periods, nutrient intake drops and absorption changes. That disruption affects energy production, brain function, hormone balance, and gut integrity, which explains why complications extend beyond weight loss itself.

Q: Why are more safety concerns appearing now?
A: Use of these drugs increased rapidly, expanding from diabetes treatment into widespread weight-loss use. When millions more people take a medication, complications become easier to detect and report. Lawsuits, safety databases, and regulatory reviews now capture patterns that were less visible when fewer people used these drugs.

Q: Why do mental health and contraception concerns appear in safety warnings?
A: GLP-1 drugs influence brain pathways that regulate appetite, reward, and mood, which explains reported psychiatric symptoms. Slowed digestion also changes how oral medications absorb, including contraceptive hormones, which affects reliability during certain time periods such as starting treatment or increasing the dose.

Q: What approach supports weight loss without the same metabolic strain?
A: Aim to restore natural appetite regulation rather than suppress it. That includes removing metabolic stressors, repairing gut integrity, reducing seed oils, supporting beneficial bacteria, and rebuilding protein and carbohydrate intake so cellular energy improves. When your metabolism feels safe, appetite signals stabilize and fat loss occurs alongside recovery rather than depletion.

Test Your Knowledge with Today’s Quiz!
Take today’s quiz to see how much you’ve learned from yesterday’s Mercola.com article.

Which is the third leading cause of death in the U.S.?

Medical errors
Medical errors are estimated to cause around 250,000 deaths each year, making them the third leading cause of death in the U.S. Learn more.

Heart disease
Cancer
Accidents

1 How does regular physical activity improve mitochondrial function?

By increasing glucose storage inside muscle cells over time
By slowing down energy production across all cells
By reducing the need for cellular repair processes
By building new mitochondria and clearing damaged ones
Exercise promotes the formation of new mitochondria and activates mitophagy to clear out damaged ones, lowering excess free radicals. Learn more.

2 Which hormone increases hunger when sleep is lacking?

Melatonin
Dopamine
Serotonin
Ghrelin
Sleep loss raises ghrelin, the hormone that stimulates hunger, increasing appetite and cravings for high-calorie and processed foods. Learn more.

3 What nutrient plays a key role in shaping light-sensing cells in the eye?

Vitamin A
Vitamin A, specifically its derivative retinoic acid, helps guide the formation of cone cells, ensuring the retina develops the cells needed for clear, detailed vision. Learn more.

Vitamin C
Calcium
Iron

4 What vitamin deficiency is most strongly associated with this rare brain risk?

Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin B1
The condition is driven by low vitamin B1, which is essential for brain energy and normal nerve function. Learn more.

Vitamin K

5 How do microplastics most commonly enter the human body?

Through direct injection into the bloodstream
Through food, water, air, and skin contact
Microplastics enter the body through everyday exposures, including food, drinking water, air, and contact with products that shed plastic particles. Learn more.

Only through contaminated medical devices
Only through industrial workplace exposure

6 Sleeping fewer than how many hours is linked to overeating?

Less than 7 hours
Sleeping less than 7 hours is linked to higher odds of overeating and skipping meals, which can lead to stronger hunger later. Learn more.

Less than 8 hours
Less than 6 hours
Less than 5 hours

7 What is the core idea behind nature-aligned health?

Taking more medications
Following strict calorie limits
Avoiding all physical activity
Living in ways humans naturally evolved to live
Nature-aligned health focuses on real food, movement, sleep, sunlight, and gut health — all based on how humans evolved. Learn more.

Test Your Knowledge with
The Master Level Quiz

1 If a person lacks sufficient sleep, how much should time in bed be increased each week?

5 minutes
10 minutes
15 minutes
Gradually increasing time in bed by 5 to 15 minutes each week supports better sleep without overwhelming the body. Learn more.

30 minutes

2 What type of veins appear on the legs as bulging, blue or purple lines under the skin?

Arteries
Capillaries
Lymph vessels
Varicose veins
Varicose veins are swollen, twisted blue or purple veins caused by weakened vein valves that allow blood to flow backward and pool. Over time, this can lead to clots, ulcers, and swelling. Learn more.

3 Which statement best describes sedentary time?

Time spent sitting or lying down while awake
Sedentary time refers to waking hours spent sitting or lying down. Prolonged, uninterrupted periods reduce muscle activity and impair blood sugar and fat metabolism. Learn more.

Time spent sleeping or resting overnight
Time spent doing light physical activity
Time spent exercising at very low intensity

4 Which habit helps regulate the body’s circadian rhythm?

Napping at different times each day
Staying awake later on weekends to reset the body clock
Going to bed and waking up at the same time
A consistent sleep schedule stabilizes circadian rhythms, helping regulate hormones that control appetite, metabolism, and energy balance. Learn more.

Eating meals at random hours

5 What is fat that accumulates in organs not designed to store it called?

Ectopic fat
Ectopic fat forms in organs like the liver, where fat is not meant to be stored. This disrupts metabolism and is linked to insulin resistance and inflammation. Learn more.

Subcutaneous fat
Visceral fat
Brown fat

6 Which stress response is triggered by uncontrolled anger?

Rest and digest response
Sleep-wake regulation cycle
Fight-or-flight response
Uncontrolled anger activates the fight-or-flight response, raising heart rate, blood pressure, and stress hormones, which over time increases inflammation and disease risk. Learn more.

Cooling and recovery response

7 Which one of these does not support healthy eyesight?

Leafy greens and carrots
Artificial fruit-flavored gummies
Whole foods rich in vitamin A and antioxidants support retinal health, while sugary processed foods lack key nutrients needed for healthy vision. Learn more.

Grass fed dairy and egg yolks
Dried berries and citrus fruits

8 Where is the pancreas located in the body?

In front of the stomach
Above the liver
Below the intestines
Behind the stomach
The pancreas sits behind the stomach and plays a key role in digestion and blood sugar control. Pancreatic issues can develop without noticeable symptoms over time. Learn more.

9 Which of the following is not a cause of frequent urination?

Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
Proper hydration and healthy lifestyle habits
UTIs, diabetes, and pregnancy can increase urination. Proper hydration supports normal function and is not a cause of excessive or frequent urination. Learn more.

Diabetes-related blood sugar imbalance
Pregnancy-related hormonal changes

10 Which is a common early warning sign of impaired brain function that should not be ignored?

Increased appetite
Confusion and dizziness
Symptoms like confusion, dizziness, and trouble walking signal impaired brain function and may indicate developing neurological damage. Learn more.

Improved energy levels
Better sleep quality

11 Which natural therapy is described as an “umbrella remedy” due to its wide range of effects?

Curcumin extract
Resveratrol from grapes
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is called an “umbrella remedy” because it reduces inflammation, improves circulation, and helps deliver substances through the skin, supporting multiple therapeutic effects. Learn more.

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)

12 How do plyometric exercises improve bone health?

By triggering bone growth through osteogenic processes
Plyometric exercises like jumping create impact forces that stimulate osteogenic activity, helping increase bone density and strengthen the hips and spine. Learn more.

By reducing calcium levels in the bloodstream and depositing them in the bones
By limiting stress placed on the skeletal system
By slowing down bone cell activity over time to preserve mineral density

13 Which of the following is not a common source of microplastics?

Synthetic clothing like polyester and nylon
Indoor air filled with plastic fibers
Washing synthetic fabrics frequently
Natural fabrics like cotton and wool
Synthetic fabrics shed microplastic particles into the air and water, while natural materials like cotton and wool release far fewer synthetic fibers. Learn more.

14 Which cells are responsible for building new bone?

Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Osteoblasts are the cells that build new bone, while osteoclasts break down old bone. A healthy balance between the two is key for maintaining bone strength. Learn more.

Chondrocytes
Fibroblasts

15 How many pairs of sinuses are located inside the human head?

4
Humans have four pairs of sinuses, totaling eight cavities, located in the forehead, between the eyes, behind the nose, and under the cheeks. Learn more.

2
6
8

16 Poor sleep increases cravings for which type of food?

Fresh fruits
Whole grains
Fried foods
Poor sleep shifts food choices toward fried and sugary foods, increasing how often these are eaten compared to people who sleep well. Learn more.

Leafy vegetables

17 How much ultraprocessed food is linked to a measurable rise in metabolic risk?

One serving per day
Just one extra daily serving of ultraprocessed food is linked to a higher risk of obesity, increased abdominal fat, and a 12% rise in Type 2 diabetes risk. Learn more.

Two servings per day
Three servings per day
Four servings per day

18 What type of radiation from computed tomography (CT) scans is linked to increased cancer risk?

Infrared radiation
Ultraviolet radiation
Microwave radiation
Ionizing radiation
CT scans use ionizing radiation to deliver about 70 times more exposure than a chest X-ray. This level can damage DNA and increase lifetime cancer risk with repeated scans. Learn more.

19 What is a main driver of today’s chronic disease epidemic?

Chronic dehydration
Not getting enough sleep
Processed foods
About 90% of calories in the American diet come from processed foods, which are linked to inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and chronic disease. Learn more.

Sedentary lifestyle

20 What is the name of the protective layer that coats the inside of blood vessels?

Endothelium
Glycocalyx
The glycocalyx is a thin, protective layer that coats the inside of blood vessels, lining the endothelium. It helps prevent clotting and supports nitric oxide production to keep blood flowing smoothly. Learn more.

Myelin sheath
Collagen matrix

21 Why is the ketogenic diet difficult to sustain long-term?

It eventually causes weight gain in most people
It can disrupt cellular energy production over time
Long-term low-carb intake can disrupt mitochondrial energy flow, leading to reduced energy production, gut imbalance, and metabolic stress over time. Learn more.

It completely stops fat metabolism after a few months
It eliminates all sources of protein, which your body always needs

Editor’s Note: This article is a reprint. It was originally published February 13, 2022.

In this interview, repeat guest Dr. Malcolm Kendrick, a board-certified family physician and author of the book, “The Clot Thickens: The Enduring Mystery of Heart Disease,” reviews the underlying mechanisms for heart disease, which for the last century has been the leading cause of death in the U.S.

Of all the books he’s written, this is my favorite, as it goes into great detail, giving you the biological understanding of the process of atherosclerosis leading to heart attacks and strokes. He also has solid strategies for lowering your cardiovascular disease risk.

Incidentally, once you understand the disease process, then you can also understand how both COVID-19 and the COVID jab can contribute to heart disease. When asked why he’s taken such an interest in heart disease, Kendrick replies:

“When I was training as a student in medicine, Scotland had the highest rate of heart disease in the world. Early on the answer for why was, ‘Oh, well, it’s because we have such terrible diet, and we eat rubbish food like deep fried Mars bars.’

So, you eat too much saturated fat, the saturated fat gets turned into cholesterol in your bloodstream, and then it’s absorbed into arteries and forms narrowings and thickenings, which all sounds plausible if you don’t think about it too hard.

But I also happen to go to France quite a lot, and what I noticed about France was, they eat a lot of saturated fat. They eat more, in fact, than anyone else in Europe, and certainly more than Scotland. So, [this saturated fat] hypothesis certainly didn’t work for the French. They have the highest saturated fat intake in Europe and lowest rate of heart disease, and this has been the case for decades.

If you took all the risk factors for France and Scotland [such as smoking, high blood pressure, and diabetes], then the French had slightly [higher risk], according to conventional thinking. But, in fact, they had one-fifth [the rate among age-matched men].

So, I thought, this is interesting. It doesn’t make much sense according to what we’re told. Then while I was in medical school, a tutor in cardiology said … LDL cannot cross the endothelium. At the time, I didn’t know what LDL was, nor did I know what the endothelium was, but it sounded important.

She had been looking at heart disease as a different process for decades … So, I think that’s really where I got started. Once you start questioning what the problem is, you end up questioning more and more and you start thinking, gosh, this is just nonsense, isn’t it? This whole hypothesis is just nonsense. So, I started picking it apart.”

The Thrombogenic Hypothesis

“The Clot Thickens” is Kendrick’s effort to explain an alternative hypothesis for what actually causes heart disease. If it’s not saturated fat and cholesterol, what is it? In 1852, a Viennese researcher, Karl von Rokitansky, developed what he called the encrustation hypothesis of heart disease.

Today, this hypothesis has been renamed the thrombogenic hypothesis. “Thrombo” stands for thrombosis, i.e., blood clots, and “genesis” means the cause of, or the start of. So, the thrombogenic hypothesis is that blood clots are the basic pathology that causes all heart disease.

“We know blood clots cause the final event in cardiovascular disease. We know blood clots cause plaques to grow. Why won’t you accept that blood clots are the thing that starts heart disease in the first place? Because then we have one process all the way through, and it makes sense, because it fits with what you can see.” ~ Dr. Malcolm Kendrick

In a nutshell, when a blood clot forms on your artery wall, which can happen for a number of reasons, it will typically be covered over and dissolved. A problem arises, however, if the blood clot is not fully eliminated and another blood clot forms in the same “vulnerable” area. This then becomes what’s conventionally referred to as atherosclerotic plaque.

“The atherosclerotic plaque is basically a buildup of blood clot, repair, blood clot, repair, blood clot, repair,” Kendrick explains. “If the blood clotting process is faster than the repair process, you have a plaque that gradually grows and eventually thickens the artery wall until it narrows sufficiently that the final blood clot, on top of the existing plaque, is the thing that can cause a heart attack or stroke …

If you cut through the plaque and look at it, it almost looks like tree rings. You can see there’s been a clot, repair, clot, repair, clot, repair, clot, repair over the years.

It’s widely accepted that a blood clot forming on an existing plaque will cause the plaque to grow in size. You can find 10,000 papers saying that this is the case. What the mainstream won’t accept is that a blood clot on a healthy artery wall can initiate the whole process.

So, to an extent, all I’m saying to people is, well, we know blood clots cause the final event. We know blood clots cause plaques to grow. Why won’t you accept that blood clots are the thing that starts it in the first place? Because then we have one process all the way through, and it makes sense, because it fits with what you can see.”

As noted by Kendrick, the conventional view is that low-density lipoprotein or LDL gets into the artery wall where it initiates plaque formation. It then, inexplicably, stops initiating plaque, and the plaque continues to grow through the addition of repeated clots.

However, Kendrick says, once you start drilling down into the cholesterol, aka LDL hypothesis, the whole thing starts to fall apart. LDL simply cannot explain the disease progression. Yet despite the many holes in the theory, the idea that LDL causes heart disease is touted as an absolute, indisputable fact.

What’s the Mechanism?

In order to justify a hypothesis, you need to have a mechanism of action. Once you understand the mechanism of the actual disease process, then you can put the puzzle pieces together. Kendrick begins his explanation:

“Your blood vessels are lined with endothelial cells, a bit like tiles on a wall. Endothelial cells are also covered themselves in a thing called glycocalyx. If you try to pick up a fish, it’ll slip through your fingers; it’s very slippery. The reason it’s slippery is because it’s covered in glycocalyx and the glycocalyx is incredibly slippery. It’s nature’s Teflon.

So basically, in our case, the glycocalyx [is inside] our blood vessels, to allow the blood to travel through without it sticking, without damage occurring. So, you have this kind of damage-repellent layer on top of your endothelial cells.

Now, if that layer is damaged, and then the endothelial cell itself underneath is damaged, then the body will say, ‘Oh, we’ve got damage to a blood vessel, we must have a blood clot there because we could bleed out.’ So, a blood clot forms on the area of damage, and immediately stops [the bleeding].”

The blood clot doesn’t just keep on growing and growing. If it did, you’d die anytime you had a blood clot. Instead, when a clot forms, other processes step in to prevent it getting too big, which is why every blood clot doesn’t cause a stroke or heart attack. Once the clot has stabilized, and has been shaved down, the area is covered over by endothelial progenitor cells, made in the bone marrow, that float around in your bloodstream.

When a progenitor cell finds an area that has been damaged, it attaches itself to that area, along with others, forming a new endothelial layer. The remaining blood clot is now lying “within” the artery wall itself. So, basically, it’s the repair process that can lead to plaque buildup within the artery wall. In time, if damage outstrips repair, this can narrow the artery and reduce blood flow.

What Damages Endothelial Cells?

The question is, what can damage the endothelium in the first place? Here, Kendrick uses the SARS-CoV-2 mechanism as an example:

“The COVID virus enters endothelial cells through the ACE2 receptor. It prefers endothelial cells because they’ve got ACE2 receptors on them. It gets into the endothelial cell and starts replicating, then bursts out, damaging the cell. Bingo, you’ve got an area of damage.

Of course, added to this, when cells have viruses within them, they send out distress signals to the immune system saying, ‘I’ve been infected, come and kill me,’ and so the immune system starts to have a go at the endothelial cells. This is why you can get a problem, because the endothelial cells are being damaged and stripped off.

Blood clotting occurs at the points of damage and hey, presto, you’re having clotting, you’re having strokes, you’re having heart attacks, which is the thing that people at first couldn’t understand [about COVID-19]. Yet it’s very clear that what’s happening is you’ve got damage to the endothelial cells.

Obviously, you and I both know that if you get a [COVID jab], the cells are triggered to produce the spike protein, and these cells are sending out distress messages saying, ‘I’m infected.’ You have to be very careful if you want to stick something into cells that then says to the immune system, ‘Please come and destroy me,’ because that’s what the immune system is going to do.

But moving on from that, what other thing can cause endothelial damage? The answer is things like smoking. Smoke particles get out of your lungs, they go into your blood vessels and they cause damage … You smoke one cigarette and a whole bunch of microparticles appear in your bloodstream, which means endothelial cells are dying.

Luckily as endothelial cells die, another message is sent to the bone marrow saying, we need more endothelial cells and it stimulates endothelial progenitor cell production. These endothelial progenitor cells rush around covering over the areas of damage.

Some smokers have enough repair going on and when you’re younger, it’s okay. As you get older and your repair systems begin to fail a bit, cigarette smoking becomes more and more of a problem.”

Other things that can cause endothelial damage include:

• High blood sugar levels and diabetes — The protective glycocalyx layer is made of proteins and sugars — High blood sugar damages the glycoprotein layer, thinning it down in a measurable way. High blood sugar can reduce the glycocalyx layer by as much as two-thirds. This, in turn, exposes the endothelial cells to the bloodstream and anything else damaging that might be there.

The damage to the glycocalyx is why diabetics are prone to both arterial and capillary (small vessel) disease. You can’t get atherosclerosis in the capillaries, as there’s no room. Instead, the capillaries become broken down and destroyed. This in turn can cause ulcers, due to poor circulation in the skin of your legs and feet.

Peripheral neuropathy occurs as the ends of nerve cells are deprived of oxygen. Also visual problems (diabetic retinal damage) and kidney damage. Blood pressure may also become elevated as your heart has to work harder to push blood through a network of damaged/missing small blood vessels.

• Heavy metals such as aluminum and lead.

• High blood pressure, as it puts stress on the endothelium — Atherosclerotic plaque (atherosclerosis) doesn’t occur unless the pressure is raised, adding biomechanical stress.

Repairing the Glycocalyx

As explained by Kendrick, the glycocalyx layer resembles a lawn, with slippery filaments that stick up. Within this glycocalyx layer you have nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which produces nitric oxide (NO), and you have NO itself, as well as a number of other anticoagulant proteins. The glycocalyx is actually a potent anticoagulant layer, so it stops blood clots forming. If glycocalyx is damaged, your risk of blood clotting increases.

“It’s a very complicated layer,” Kendrick says. “It’s like a jungle full of things that say, ‘Don’t stick to this, stay away from this.'” Within it, you also have albumin, protein complex produced by the liver. Albumin contains the proteins that help maintain and repair the glycocalyx. A fact that most doctors are unaware of is that, if you have a low albumin level, you’re significantly more likely to die of heart disease.

The good news is that while the glycocalyx layer can be rapidly destroyed, it can also be rapidly repaired. (Experiments have shown that in an area where the glycocalyx has been completely stripped off, it can be completely repaired in a single second.) Supplements like chondroitin sulfate and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) can be helpful in this regard.

“If you try and explain that through the LDL mechanism, it just doesn’t work,” Kendrick says. “They have discovered that if you give chondroitin sulfate as a supplement — which normally is for arthritis and stuff like that — it reduces the risk of heart disease quite considerably. How do you explain that? Well, you can explain that because you’re protecting your glycocalyx.

These are the sort of things that make no sense if you like looking at the conventional ideas of heart disease, but are immediately and easily explained if you say, ‘We have to keep our glycocalyx healthy and we have to keep our endothelial cells underneath them healthy.’

Otherwise they will be damaged and stripped off, and then we will get a blood clot, and if we keep getting blood clots at that point, we will end up with a plaque and eventually one of the blood clots on that plaque will kill you from a heart attack or a stroke.”

Blood Flow Restriction Training

A lifestyle strategy that can help repair endothelial damage is blood flow restriction (BFR) training. In response to BFR, your body produces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which acts as “fertilizer” for the endothelium. You can learn the ins and outs of BFR in my free BFR report. VEGF also induces the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), a potent vasodilator, and it stimulates endothelial progenitor cells.

“NO protects the endothelium. It is anticoagulant — the most potent anticoagulant we have in the body. It’s really the magic molecule for cardiovascular health,” Kendrick says.

“At one time NO was known as Endothelial Derived Relaxation Factor (EDRF). NO was something no one believed could possibly exist in the human body. NO is actually a free radical. Everyone says free radicals are terribly damaging and unhealthy.

To that I reply, ‘Well, you may wish to know that the chemical that is the single most important protective chemical in the body for the cardiovascular system is an incredibly free radical called nitric oxide.'”

Some anticancer drugs are designed to block VEGF, as the tumor needs angiogenesis — which is the creation of new blood vessels that are required to provide sufficient “nutrients.” Without these new blood vessels, the tumor dies off. Unfortunately, if you block VEGF, you also block NO, which then raises your risk for heart disease.

“These drugs were almost removed from the market,” Kendrick says, “because despite their anticancer activity, they were procardiovascular disease to quite a scary degree.

[That’s why], if you are given bevacizumab or Avastin as an anticancer drug, they now give you angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors), which are blood pressure lowering tablets, and ACE inhibitors have a specific impact on bradykinin, which increases NO synthesis.”

Strategies to Lower Your Thrombotic Risk

In his book, “The Clot Thickens: The Enduring Mystery of Heart Disease,” Kendrick reviews many different strategies that can lower your disease risk. Here’s a short-list of examples covered in far greater depth in the book, as well as some of my own recommendations that I bring up in the interview:

• Avoid unnecessary use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and naproxen — While they effectively inhibit inflammation, they can cause platelet aggregation by blocking COX-2. In other words, they activate your blood clotting system, making blood clots more likely.

• Get plenty of sensible sun exposure — Sun exposure triggers NO that helps dilate your blood vessels, lowering your blood pressure. NO also protects your endothelium, and increases mitochondrial melatonin to improve cellular energy production.
• Avoid seed oils and processed foods — Seed oils are a primary source of the omega-6 fat called linoleic acid (LA), which I believe may be far more harmful than sugar. Excessive intake is associated with most all chronic diseases, including high blood pressure, obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes.

LA gets embedded in your cell membranes, causing oxidative stress, and can remain there for up to seven years. Oxidative linoleic acid metabolites (OXLAMs) are what’s causing the primary damage, including endothelial damage.

• Lower your insulin and blood sugar levels — Simple strategies to accomplish this include, avoiding ultraprocessed foods and artificial sweeteners, significantly restricting your LA intake and getting regular exercise.

• Address chronic stress, which raises both blood sugar and blood pressure, promotes blood clotting and impairs your repair systems. Cortisol, a key stress hormone, reduces endothelial cell production.

• Quit smoking.

Editor’s Note: This article is a reprint. It was originally published February 16, 2025.

In my interview with Sean Kim of Growth Minds, we discussed the decades I’ve spent searching for the best ways to help you reclaim your health.1 When you consider how different modern lifestyles are from our ancestors’ days, it reveals many clues about why you might feel tired, run-down, or prone to illness. Those ancestors had their own health challenges, but they weren’t swimming in artificial chemicals, electromagnetic fields, and processed seed oils that drive chronic diseases.

You face these threats every day, and your body is likely struggling as a result. I’ve devoted my life to understanding how food, environment, and daily habits affect you at the cellular level. That journey led me to study how your mitochondria produce the energy you need. Mitochondria are known as your cells’ power stations.

They depend on proper fuel, stable hormone levels, and minimal toxic exposures to keep you thriving. If those factors are off balance, you’ll feel it. The question is: how do you get them back on track?

While a ketogenic diet or intermittent fasting help you lose weight initially, they’re a short-term fix with long-term consequences. As I explained to Kim, there’s a deeper story about how your body responds to various fuels, especially when you’ve been under stress or exposed to toxic influences.

You have to look at your gut, your hormone systems, and your environment to fully understand what’s going on and restore optimal health. When I first explored diets high in fat and extremely low in carbohydrates, I saw benefits for some people in specific circumstances. Over time, however, I discovered that your system needs more than a strict low-carb diet provides.

Rethinking What It Means to Eat Well

In my interview with Kim, I made it clear that I used to be a leading advocate of ketogenic diets. I even wrote a No. 1 bestselling book on the topic. Many people have used a ketogenic diet with good outcomes for weight loss and insulin control, and I believed that kind of diet could support you in turning your health around. The results people experienced weren’t imaginary. Many of them had real successes.

Over time, however, more detailed research into mitochondrial function made me change my stance. It’s not enough to measure your short-term results. You have to look at what happens over many years. If you keep forcing your body into a state of ultra-low carbohydrate intake, you risk backing up electron flow in your mitochondria. That jammed-up electron flow weakens your cells’ ability to produce steady energy, a phenomenon otherwise known as reductive stress.

It also encourages shifts in your gut bacteria that harm you more than help you. You need healthy gut bacteria to make short-chain fatty acids, which keep your colon lining strong and keep harmful pathogens in check. A balanced intake of healthy carbohydrates is key once you’ve corrected the root concerns. Your brain needs glucose, and while you can survive on fewer carbs for a while, it’s easy to slip into a stressful metabolic state if you don’t consume enough healthy carbs.

How Your Environment Shapes Your Health

Everyday toxins also affect you at the cellular level. Throughout our talk, I explained to Kim that I’ve identified four main stressors that diminish your mitochondrial energy production. These factors silently harm your gut health, disrupt your hormones, and trigger damaging oxidative stress.

First, you have the overconsumption of omega-6 seed oils, which are rich in linoleic acid. These highly processed cooking oils are the single biggest nutritional danger you face. You’ll find them in countless packaged foods, snack items, and restaurant meals. The main reason why excess LA causes disease is that it prevents your mitochondria from working well. It also makes sun exposure more damaging due to the accumulation of these fats in your skin cells.

Second, you have excess endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in your environment. These come from plastics, personal care products, and even certain pesticides and mimic hormones, like estrogen, in your body. Many of these endocrine-disrupting chemicals reduce fertility and create hormonal imbalances. Xenoestrogens found in everyday items like plastic are one example of EDCs with widespread reach.

It’s also important to minimize exposure to synthetic estrogens, such as those found in hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptives. Estrogen increases intracellular calcium levels and decreases mitochondrial function. In fact, estrogen dominance is nearly as dangerous as excessive LA intake when it comes to destroying your mitochondrial function.
The third significant threat to cellular health comes from pervasive exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) due to the proliferation of wireless technologies. EMFs increase calcium ion concentrations within cells, resulting in the production of harmful free radicals.

Together, widespread exposure to LA in seed oils, EDCs in plastics, and EMFs impair your cells’ ability to generate energy efficiently. This energy deficit makes it challenging to sustain the oxygen-free gut environment necessary for beneficial bacteria to flourish.

As your gut barrier weakens, it allows harmful substances to breach your intestinal wall and enter your bloodstream. This intrusion triggers a systemic inflammatory response, with wide-ranging effects on your health. Of particular concern is the proliferation of oxygen-tolerant bacteria, which are not ideally suited for the gut environment.
These microorganisms produce a potent form of endotoxin — the fourth major threat to your cellular health — known as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). When LPS enters your bloodstream through a compromised gut barrier, it leads to a severe condition known as endotoxemia, which often progresses to septic shock — a state of systemic inflammation that’s sometimes fatal.

Restoring Gut Health as Your Foundation

A healthy gut is pivotal to your well-being. In my interview with Kim, I explained that if your healthy gut bacteria can’t thrive, your body faces one hurdle after another. An oxygen-free environment is necessary for beneficial bacteria that create short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate, propionate, and acetate to thrive. These compounds help keep your colon lining strong by nourishing the cells that line your gut wall.

Your body needs cellular energy to keep oxygen levels low in your colon. If your mitochondria aren’t functioning properly and your cellular energy is low, you’re likely to have excess oxygen in your colon that boosts harmful bacteria.

The end result is an upsurge in toxic byproducts, including more potent forms of endotoxin. That’s why simply cutting carbohydrates might seem to help in the short term: if you starve harmful bacteria of their favorite fuels, they don’t multiply so fast.

Yet you pay for it later by ultimately decreasing the cellular energy you need for robust digestion and a healthy metabolism. A diet that includes high-quality fiber from vegetables and other sources of healthy carbohydrates is key, but if you have a compromised gut, it’s important to start with easier-to-digest options, like white rice or slowly sipping dextrose water daily for a week or two.

You want to steer clear of a low-carb diet, especially long term. If you keep your body in a constant energy deficit, you’re only compounding your mitochondrial problems. You’re also setting yourself up for increased stress hormone release, which breaks down your lean muscle tissue to make emergency glucose.

By cutting out mitochondrial poisons and nourishing your gut with healthy carbohydrates, you give your body the chance to restore that protective mucus layer, keep oxygen levels low in your colon and restore mitochondrial health for increased cellular energy.

When you remove the factors that destroy your cellular energy, you can then enjoy moderate to higher carbohydrate intake without wrecking your metabolic function. This might mean 200 to 350 grams of quality carbohydrates in a day, but the exact amount varies by your personal needs, activity level, and genetics. The key is to focus on real, whole-food sources instead of ultraprocessed carbs that contain seed oils and refined sugar.

Let me emphasize once more that you should clear out the elements causing harm before you increase your carbohydrate intake. That means cutting back on omega-6-rich seed oils, limiting endocrine-disrupting chemicals, reducing EMF exposure, and repairing your gut so it’s able to handle more fiber.

Practical Steps to Tame the Toxins

During my discussion with Kim, we touched on ways to reduce exposure to chemicals and stressors, so you enhance your health from the inside out. If you want to limit microplastics and hormone-disrupting substances, start by cutting down on plastic packaging.

Swap plastic containers for glass whenever possible, and avoid heating foods in plastic. Be mindful of personal care items with synthetic fragrances or complex chemical blends. Even so-called “organic” products often contain compounds that destabilize your hormones, so read labels carefully.

You also want to be wary of your Wi-Fi router and the constant signals from your phone. If you keep your phone by your bed at night, you’re exposing your body to nonstop EMFs. Turning off your wireless devices or switching to airplane mode gives your cells a break, but a better option is to turn off your Wi-Fi at night — or even shut off the power to your bedroom.

Also, try wired internet at home and see whether you notice improvements in your sleep or focus. As you move beyond eating well, also look into ways to speed up the removal of toxins. Sweating is one of the best methods. Traditional exercise does the job as you increase circulation, but an infrared sauna takes it further if you have access to one.

Grounding, or walking barefoot on natural surfaces like sand or soil, also helps reduce extra electrical charges in your body. You still want to watch out for walking barefoot on unnaturally hard floors every day, which promotes the development of joint or foot issues. Even so, a dose of nature is calming, and you might find that grounding on natural surfaces like grass or the ocean is a soothing method to connect with your environment.

During the interview, I also noted that sunlight is both beneficial and at times harmful, depending on your overall health. You absolutely need adequate sun exposure to help your body produce vitamin D and provide other benefits. However, if you’re carrying an excessive amount of omega-6 seed oils in your skin cells, they’re prone to oxidation when exposed to sunlight, increasing the risk of skin damage.

Too many of these oxidizable fats in your tissues magnifies any negative effects from UV rays. To maximize the benefits of sun exposure and minimize the risks, eliminate seed oils from your diet. I recommend avoiding sun during peak hours (from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. in most U.S. regions) until you’ve been seed-oil-free for at least six months.

The Promise of Future Health Innovations

As I told Kim, I believe technology itself becomes a friend if it’s harnessed in the right way. Yes, you should reduce EMF exposure from your phone and your Wi-Fi. Still, advanced computer systems, including artificial intelligence, help you monitor your health in real time.

In the near future, you might use AI-driven software that tracks your daily habits, recognizes patterns in your hormone levels and reminds you to make adjustments to your diet or supplement routine. It’s like having a health coach who’s always there, offering personalized feedback based on data from wearable devices or blood tests.

Progress in the field of mitochondrial research is also advancing at a rapid pace. We’ve come a long way in understanding how molecules like coenzyme Q10 help push electrons through your mitochondrial chain. Further investigations could pinpoint more specific strategies to optimize that electron flow, so you generate energy without building up damaging free radicals.

I’m particularly excited about new insights into gut therapies that restore the colon’s oxygen-free environment, such as an approach that combines targeted probiotics with supportive nutrients to revive the cells lining your gut.

Doing so would let beneficial microbes flourish and block harmful bacteria from expanding. This holds the promise of turning gut health into a more precise science, where you measure shifts in your microbiome composition and match specific interventions for faster results.

As these approaches gain traction, I’m working to gather data and share it with you. I’m driven by a mission to show you that your body already has the blueprint for abundant energy and balanced hormones. The problem is interference. Environmental pollutants, seed oils and stressors have created roadblocks. If you reduce them systematically, you’ll give yourself a fresh start.

Charting Your Path to Lasting Vitality

In my interview with Kim, I emphasized that your mitochondria lie at the heart of your health story. They decide whether you have the energy to thrive or whether you struggle with chronic fatigue and cellular stress. By addressing the four main stressors — seed oils, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, endotoxins, and EMFs — you free up your mitochondria to run at full power. You stop feeding the processes that tear down your gut and your energy.

You also open the door for a truly balanced diet, one that includes not just healthy fats and proteins, but also the right kind of carbohydrates. You deserve to feel vibrant, and your cells are programmed to help you get there.

Clear away plastic toxins, turn off your Wi-Fi at night, choose glass bottles, and avoid consuming seed oils. As your gut health improves, introduce better fiber sources that feed your beneficial gut microbes and support mucin production, which protects you from leaky gut.

If you take these steps, you’ll likely see a positive ripple effect. Your thyroid might perk up, your hormones rebalance, and your gut wall becomes sturdier. In time, you might even be able to tolerate moderate sun exposure without burning as easily, since your cell membranes are no longer packed with unhealthy fats.

No matter where you are in your health journey, let this knowledge empower you — you can fix the hidden obstacles that drain your energy and derail your gut, and feel confident in a plan that nourishes you from your cells outward, letting you enjoy a fuller life.

This is what I hope you’ll take away from my conversation with Kim: you have more control over your well-being than you realize. When you align your habits with what your body needs, you unleash the boundless energy that’s been waiting inside you all along.