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Greek Prepositions; Diagram of the
Directive and Local Functions of Prepositions.
& WBSG
Diagrams©
for Illustration
The Eighteen Greek Prepositions
With notes from
The Companion Bible
Appendix #104
"Prepositions"
Go to 'How To Utilize Diagram'
Click on
any description in the below diagram to go down to a detailed definition
How To Utilize Diagram
This Diagram and definition page
can be used both by students studying (1.) with a Bible & Strong's
Concordance, and students studying (2.) with a
Companion Bible.
1. Using with the Strong's Concordance
& Dictionary:
Example:
Suppose that you are reading your Bible along with a
Strong's Concordance & Dictionary, and there you read the below
Scripture:
Matthew 27:18
18 For he knew that
for envy they had delivered him.
KJV
And you are interested in a fuller understanding of
the meaning of the word "for" as it is used in this
place. So you go to your Strong's Concordance &
Dictionary, and find the below entry for this word "for":
for: Greek word #1223
dia (dee-ah'); a primary
preposition denoting the channel of an act; through (in very
wide applications, local, causal, or occasional):
You observe that it is the Greek word "dia."
In our chart at the top of this page, you will find that the Greek
word "dia" is number five in our Greek Preposition
Diagram, as show below. By clicking on the word "dia"
below, you will be taken to an in-depth definition from the
Companion Bible, to which we have added (inserted) several
Scriptural references that use this word.
Example: (5) Ap. 104.
v.
dia
2. Using with the
Companion Bible footnotes:
Example:
Suppose that you are reading in the Companion
Bible on page 1893 and there you read the below Scripture:
Revelation 7:3
3 Saying, Hurt not the earth, neither the sea, nor the trees,
till we have sealed the servants of our God°
in
their foreheads. KJV
There is a note (
°
) for the word "in" in your Companion Bible. In the
margin, Bullinger writes the note: "in = upon. Ap. 104. ix. 1." So
then you come here and click on the above section "
(#9)
Ap. 104.
ix.
epi
";
once there, you can scroll down to the subsection "1."
and see the fullest meaning of the Preposition "in"
as it is
used here in Rev 7:3, in the Genitive sense.
This entire page, including the below diagram,
are fully interactive, and anywhere your mouse cursor 'indicates' a
click-on link, you can click and move to different sections
of this page. There are also "(Go
back to Diagram)" links at the end of each section
on this page so that you can always come back to the diagram
above and begin another word search. There are also "(To
Main Section List At Top)" links so that
you can go directly up to the Main Section list at the top of
this page.
Definitions Section
i.
(1)
ana
governs only one case (the Accusative), and denotes up, upon, formed from ano
(as kata is from kato, with which ana
stands in direct antithesis). In relation to vertical lines it denotes the
top. With numerals it is used as a distributive (Matthew
20:9,10.
Luke 9:3.
John 2:6);
also adverbially (Revelations 21:21).
Matthew 20:9-10
9 And when they came that were hired about the eleventh hour, they received
every [ana] man a penny.
10 But when the first came, they supposed that they should have received more; and they likewise received
every [ana] man a penny.
KJV
Luke 9:3
3 And he said unto them, Take nothing for your journey, neither staves, nor scrip, neither bread, neither money; neither have two coats
apiece [ana].
KJV
Revelation 21:21
21 And the twelve gates were twelve pearls; every several
[ana] gate was of one pearl: and the street of the city was pure gold, as it were transparent glass.
KJV
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ii.
(2)
anti
governs only one
case (the Genitive), and denotes over against, or opposite. Hence
it is used as instead of or in the place of (e.g. Matthew
2:22.
Luke 11:11);
and denotes equivalence (e..g. Matthew
20:28.
Hebrews 12:16. 1Peter
3:9),
while huper (Number xvii, below) denotes in
the interest of, or on behalf of (Luke 6:28.
John 17:19).
Matthew 2:22
22 But when he heard that Archelaus did reign in Judaea in the room
[anti] of his father Herod, he was afraid to go thither: notwithstanding, being warned of God in a dream, he turned aside into the parts of Galilee:
KJV
Matthew 20:28
28 Even as the Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister, and to give his life a ransom
for [anti]
many. KJV
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iii. (3)
amphi is used only in
composition in the New Testament and is rare in Classical Greek. It denotes about,
or around. Used of a solid, it denotes both sides.
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iv.
(4)
apo
governs only one
case (the Genitive), and denotes motion
from the surface of an object, as a line drawn from the circumference; it thus
stands in contrast with ek (Number vii), which
denotes a line drawn from the center; while para denotes a line
drawn as a tangent (see diagram at right).
Hence, it is used of motion away from a place
(e.g. Matthew 3:16;
8:1.
Acts 15:38);
marking the distance which separates the two places, or the interval of time
between two events (e.g. Matthew 19:4
Acts 20:18).
It also marks the origin or source whence anything comes, such as birth,
descent, residence (e.g. Matthew 2:1;
15:1;
21:11.
Acts 10:23;
17:13),
or of information (e.g. Matthew 7:16).
Matthew 3:16
16 And Jesus, when he was baptized, went up straightway out of [apo]
the water: and, lo, the heavens were opened unto him, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove, and lighting upon him:
KJV
Matthew 19:4
4 And he answered and said unto them, Have ye not read, that he which made them at
[apo] the beginning made them male and female,
KJV
Matthew 2:1
2:1 Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the king, behold, there came wise men
from [apo] the east to Jerusalem,
KJV
Apo
may consequently be used of deliverance or passing away from any
state or condition (e.g. Matthew 1:21;
14:2.
Mark 5:34.
Acts 13:8;
14:15.
Hebrews 6:1).
Matthew 1:21
21 And she shall bring forth a son, and thou shalt call his name JESUS: for he shall save his people
from [apo] their sins.
KJV
It would thus differ hupo (Number
xviii), which would imply a cause immediate and active while apo
would imply a cause virtually passive, and more remote.
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v.
(5)
dia governs two cases (the
Genitive and Accusative).
1. With the
Genitive it has the general
sense of through, as though dividing a surface into two by an
intersecting line. It includes the idea of proceeding from and passing
out (e.g. Mark 11:16. 1Corinthians
3:15. 1Timothy
2:15. 1Peter
3:20).
Compare diameter.
Mark 11:16
16 And would not suffer that any man should carry any vessel through
[dia] the temple. KJV
In
a temporal sense; after an interval (Matthew 26:61.
Mark 2:1.
Galatians 2:1).
Matthew 26:61
61 And said, This fellow said, I am able to destroy the temple of God, and to build it
in [dia] three days. KJV
From the ideas of space and time dia (with the
Genitive) denotes any cause by means of which an action passes to
its accomplishment (e.g. Matthew 1:22.
John 1:3.
Acts 3:18. 1Corinthians
16:3. 2Corinthians
9:13);
hence, it denotes the passing through whatever is interposed between the
beginning and the end of such action.
Matthew 1:22
22 Now all this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord
by [dia] the prophet, saying,
KJV
2. With the Accusative it has the sense of on account of, or because
of (e.g. Matthew 27:18.
Mark 2:27.
Revelation 4:11),
indicating both the exciting cause (Acts 12:20.
Romans 4:25. 1Corinthians
11:10),
the impulsive cause (e.g. John 12:9.
Romans 4:23;
15:15.
Hebrews 2:9),
or the prospective cause (Romans 6:19;
8:11;
14:15.
Hebrews 5:3).
Matthew 27:18
18 For he knew that for [dia] envy they had delivered him.
KJV
Acts 12:20
20 And Herod was highly displeased with them of Tyre and Sidon: but they came with one accord to him, and, having made Blastus the king's chamberlain their friend, desired peace;
because [dia] their country was nourished by the king's country.
KJV
John 12:9
9 Much people of the Jews therefore knew that he was there: and they came not
for [dia]
Jesus' sake [dia] only, but that they might see Lazarus also, whom he had raised from the dead.
KJV
Hebrews 5:3
3 And by reason [dia] hereof he ought, as for the people, so also for himself, to offer for sins.
KJV
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vi.
(6)
eis governs only one
case (the Accusative). Euclid uses eis when a line is drawn to meet another line, at certain point. Hence, it denotes motion to
or unto an object, with the purpose of reaching or touching it
(e.g. Matthew 2:11;
3:10.
Luke 8:14.
Acts 16:10).
Matthew 2:11
11 And when they were come into [eis] the house, they saw the young child with Mary his mother, and fell down, and worshipped him: and when they had opened their treasures, they presented unto him gifts; gold, and frankincense, and myrrh.
KJV
From
this comes the idea of the object toward which such motion is directed (e.g.
Matthew 18:20,30. 1Corinthians
12:13.
Galatians 3:27);
and for, or with respect to which such action or
movement is made.
Matthew 18:20
20 For where two or three are gathered together in [eis]
my name, there am I in the midst of them. KJV
In
contrast with eis, pros (Number xv,
below) may mark one object as the means of reaching an ulterior object
which is denoted by eis (e.g. John 6:35.
Romans 5:1.
Ephesians 4:12).
It is the opposite of ek (Number vii, below).
John 6:35
35 And Jesus said unto them, I am the bread of life: he that cometh to me shall never hunger; and he that believeth
on [eis] me shall never thirst.
KJV
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vii.
(7)
ek governs only one
case (the Genitive), and denotes motion from the interior.
See under apo
(Number iv, above, and diagram
at right). It is used of time,
place, and origin. It means out from, as distinguished from apo
(Number iv, above), which means off, or away
from. Ek marks the more immediate origin, while apo
marks the more remote origin; of expressing the intermediate
meanings.
Revelation 14:18
18 And another angel came out from [ek] the altar, which had power over fire; and cried with a loud cry to him that had the sharp sickle, saying, Thrust in thy sharp sickle, and gather the clusters of the vine of the earth; for her grapes are fully ripe.
KJV
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viii. (8)
en governs only
one case (the Dative), and denotes being or remaining within,
with the primary idea of rest and continuance. It has regard to place and
space (e.g. Matthew 10:16.
Luke 5:16),
or sphere of action (e.g. Matthew 14:2.
Romans 1:5,8;
6:4).
Matthew 10:16
16 Behold, I send you forth as sheep in [en] the midst of wolves: be ye therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves.
KJV
Matthew 14:2
2 And said unto his servants, This is John the Baptist; he is risen from the dead; and therefore mighty works do shew forth themselves
in [en] him. KJV
It
also used for the efficient cause as emanating from within, and hence has
sometimes the force of by, denoting the instrument, with,
passing on to union and fellowship; en denoting inclusion,
and sun (Number xvi, below) denoting conjunction.
En denotes also continuance in time (Matthew
2:1;
27:40.
John 11:10).
Matthew 2:1
2:1 Now when Jesus was born in [en] Bethlehem of Judaea
in [en] the days of Herod the king, behold, there came wise men from the east to Jerusalem,
KJV
2.
With plural = among.
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ix.
(9)
epi governs three
cases (the Genitive, Dative, and Accusative), and denotes superposition.
1.
With the Genitive it denotes upon,
as proceeding or springing from, and answers to the question "Where?"
(e.g. Matthew 9:2;
10:27.
Mark 8:4.
Luke 22:30.
John 6:21).
Matthew 9:2
2 And, behold, they brought to him a man sick of the palsy, lying on
[epi] a bed: and Jesus seeing their faith said unto the sick of the palsy; Son, be of good cheer; thy sins be forgiven thee.
KJV
Mark 8:4
4 And his disciples answered him, From whence can a man satisfy these men with bread here
in
[epi] the wilderness? KJV
Luke 22:30
30 That ye may eat and drink at
[epi] my table in my kingdom, and sit on
[epi] thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel.
KJV
John 6:21
21 Then they willingly received him into the ship: and immediately the ship was
at
[epi] the land whither they went. KJV
With the idea of locality it conveys the
sense, in the presence of (e.g. Matthew
28:14.
Mark 13:9.
Acts 24:19. 1Corinthians
6:1).
Mark 13:9
9 But take heed to yourselves: for they shall deliver you up to councils; and in the synagogues ye shall be beaten: and ye shall be brought
before
[epi]
rulers and kings for my sake, for a testimony against them.
KJV
With the idea of time, it looks backward and
upward, e.g. "in the days of" (Matthew
1:11.
Hebrews 1:2).
Matthew 1:11
11 And Josias begat Jechonias and his brethren, about [epi]
the time they were carried away to Babylon:
KJV
With the idea of place, it denotes dignity
and power (e.g. Matthew 23:2.
Acts 12:21.
Romans 9:5.
Revelation 2:26).
Matthew 23:2
2 Saying, The scribes and the Pharisees sit in [epi]
Moses' seat: KJV
2.
With the Dative it implies actual
superposition, as one thing resting upon another, as upon a foundation
or basis which may be actual (e.g. Mark 6:25,28,39),
or moral (e.g. Matthew 18:13.
Mark 3:5).
Both senses occur in 1Thessalonians
3:7.
Mark 6:25
25 And she came in straightway with haste unto the king, and asked, saying, I will that thou give me by and by
in [epi] a charger the head of John the Baptist.
KJV
Mark 3:5
5 And when he had looked round about on them with anger, being grieved for
[epi] the hardness of their hearts, he saith unto the man, Stretch forth thine hand. And he stretched it out: and his hand was restored whole as the other.
KJV
Hence it is used of the moving principle or motive
suggesting the purpose or object (e.g. Ephesians 2:10),
and sometimes including the result (e.g. 2Timothy 2:14).
Ephesians 2:10
10 For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus unto [epi]
good works, which God hath before ordained that we should walk in them.
KJV
2 Timothy 2:14
14 Of these things put them in remembrance, charging them before the Lord that they strive not about words
to [epi] no profit, but to
[epi] the subverting of the hearers.
KJV
3.
With the Accusative it implies the downward
pressure on that upon which a thing rests; active motion being suggested (e.g.
2Corinthians 3:15. 1Timothy
5:5).
2 Corinthians 3:15
15 But even unto this day, when Moses is read, the vail is upon
[epi] their heart. KJV
Hence, it denotes any extended motion downward (Matthew
13:2;
18:12;
19:28;
27:45)
from heaven to earth (Mark 4:20.
Acts 11:15. 2Corinthians
12:9).
Matthew 13:2
2 And great multitudes were gathered together unto him, so that he went into a ship, and sat; and the whole multitude stood
on [epi] the shore. KJV
Mark 4:20
20 And these are they which are sown on [epi] good ground; such as hear the word, and receive it, and bring forth fruit, some thirtyfold, some sixty, and some an hundred.
KJV
Compared with pros (Number xv,
below), pros marks the motion, the direction to be taken,
while epi (with Accusative) marks the point to be reached.
This downward pressure may be that of the mind, or feeling
(e.g. Matthew 25:21;
27:43.
Hebrews 6:1. 1Peter
1:13).
Matthew 25:21
21 His lord said unto him, Well done, thou good and faithful servant: thou hast been faithful
over [epi] a few things, I will make thee ruler
over [epi] many things: enter thou into the joy of thy lord.
KJV
For the difference between eis (Number
vi, above) and epi (with the Accusative) see Romans
9:21,
"one vessel unto (eis) honour", and
verse 23,
"riches of glory on (epi) the vessels of mercy".
Romans 9:21-23
21 Hath not the potter power over the clay, of the same lump to make one vessel
unto [eis] honour, and another
unto [eis] dishonour?
22 What if God, willing to shew his wrath, and to make his power known, endured with much longsuffering the vessels of wrath fitted
to [eis] destruction:
23 And that he might make known the riches of his glory on [epi]
the vessels of mercy, which he had afore prepared unto
[eis] glory,
KJV
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x.
(10)
kata governs two cases
(the Genitive and Accusative), and denotes two motions, vertical and
horizontal.
1.
With the Genitive it denotes vertical motion,
the opposite of ana (Number i, above),
descent, or detraction from a higher place or plane (e.g. Matthew
8:32.
Mark 5:13);
and direction to, or against (e.g. Mark 9:40.
John 18:29.
Acts 25:27. 2Corinthians
13:8).
Matthew 8:32
32 And he said unto them, Go. And when they were come out, they went into the herd of swine: and, behold, the whole herd of swine ran violently
down [kata] a steep place into the sea, and perished in the waters.
KJV
2.
With the Accusative it denotes horizontal
motion, along which the action proceeds (e.g. Luke
8:39;
10:33.
Acts 5:15;
8:26.
Philippians 3:14).
Luke 8:39
39 Return to thine own house, and shew how great things God hath done unto thee. And he went his way, and published
throughout [kata] the whole city how great things Jesus had done unto him.
KJV
Sometimes it includes the purpose or intention (e.g.
2Timothy 1:1;
4:3.
Titus 1:1).
In this connection eis (Number vi, above. 2Timothy
4:14)
marks the more immediate purpose, pros (Number
xv, 3. Ephesians 4:12.
Philemon 5)
the ultimate purpose; and kata (Number x, 2.)
the destination to be reached. It has regard to the duration of the motion
(e.g. Matthew 27:15.
Hebrews 3:8)
and the accordance, conformity or proportion of the two things which such
motion thus connects (e.g. Matthew 16:27;
23:3;
25:15.
Luke 2:22).
2 Timothy 1:1
1:1 Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, according
[kata] to the promise of life which is in Christ Jesus,
KJV
Matthew 27:15
15 Now at [kata] that feast the governor was wont to release unto the people a prisoner, whom they would.
KJV
Matthew 16:27
27 For the Son of man shall come in the glory of his Father with his angels; and then he shall reward every man
according to [kata] his works.
KJV
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xi.
(11)
meta governs two cases
(the Genitive and Accusative), and denotes association and companionship
with. It thus differs from sun (Number
xvi, below), which denotes proximity to, and hence conjunction
or coherence.
Compare Ephesians 6:23.
(meta) with Ephesian 4:31.
(sun); and 1Thessalonians 3:13.
(meta) with Colossians 3:3
(sun).
Ephesians 6:23
23 Peace be to the brethren, and love with
[meta]
faith, from God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.
KJV
Ephesians 4:31
31 Let all bitterness, and wrath, and anger, and clamour, and evil speaking, be put away from you,
with [sun]
all malice: KJV
1 Thessalonians 3:13
13 To the end he may stablish your hearts unblameable in holiness before God, even our Father, at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ
with [meta]
all his saints. KJV
Colossians 3:3
3 For ye are dead, and your life is hid with
[sun]
Christ in God. KJV
1.
Hence meta, with the Genitive, denotes among, amid
(e.g. Matthew 26:58.
Mark 1:13.
Revelation 21:3),
or in company with (e.g. Matthew 9:15.
John 11:31. 2Thessalonians
1:7.
Revelation 14:13).
Matthew 26:58
58 But Peter followed him afar off unto the high priest's palace, and went in, and sat
with [meta]
the servants, to see the end. KJV
Matthew 9:15
15 And Jesus said unto them, Can the children of the bridechamber mourn, as long as the bridegroom is
with [meta]
them? but the days will come, when the bridegroom shall be taken from them, and then shall they fast.
KJV
It refers specially to the mental disposition with which an
action is performed (e.g. Matthew 12:30.
Mark 3:5.
Luke 1:39;
9:49.
John 8:28. 2Corinthians
7:15).
Matthew 12:30
30 He that is not with [meta]
me is against me; and he that gathereth not with
[meta]
me scattereth abroad. KJV
2.
With the Accusative it means after, always in connection with
time (e.g. Matthew 17:1;
26:32.
John 13:7.
Hebrews 4:7;
7:28).
Matthew 17:1
17:1 And after six days Jesus taketh Peter, James, and John his brother, and bringeth them up into an high mountain
apart [meta]
, KJV
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xii.
(12)
para governs three
cases (Genitive, Dative, and Accusative), and the uniform meaning is beside,
or alongside of. See apo,
Number iv,
above, and compare diagram at right.
1.
With the Genitive it denotes from
beside, implying the source from which anything proceeds (e.g.
Matthew 2:4;
21:42.
Luke 2:1;
6:19.
Acts 26:10.
Philippians 4:18).
Matthew 2:4
4 And when he had gathered all the chief priests and scribes of the people together, he demanded
of [para]
them where Christ should be born. KJV
As distinguished from hupo (Number
xviii, below) it denotes the general sense of motion,
while hupo marks the special sense or efficient
cause of such motion.
As distinguished from apo (Number
iv, above) it marks the motion from person (e.g. Matthew
2:16),
while apo may imply motion from a place (e.g. Matthew
2:1).
Matthew 2:16
16 Then Herod, when he saw that he was mocked of the wise men, was exceeding wroth, and sent forth, and slew all the children that were in Bethlehem, and in all the coasts thereof, from two years old and under, according to the time which he had diligently inquired
of [para]
the wise men. KJV
Matthew 2:1
2:1 Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the king, behold, there came wise men
from [apo]
the east to Jerusalem, KJV
2.
With the Dative it denotes rest beside and at a person,
place, or thing, expressing rest and position there (e.g. John
19:25.
Acts 9:43);
laid up with, or in store with (e.g. Matthew 6:1.
Luke 1:30),
or proximity to (e.g. Matthew 22:25.
Colossians 4:16).
John 19:25
25 Now there stood by [para]
the cross of Jesus his mother, and his mother's sister, Mary the wife of Cleophas, and Mary Magdalene.
KJV
Matthew 6:1
6:1 Take heed that ye do not your alms before men, to be seen of them: otherwise ye have no reward
of [para]
your Father which is in heaven. KJV
Matthew 22:25
25 Now there were with [para]
us seven brethren: and the first, when he had married a wife, deceased, and, having no issue, left his wife unto his brother:
KJV
Hence it implies in the power of (Matthew
19:26.
Luke 1:37);
in the judgment of (e.g. Romans 2:12 [typo
error
by Bullinger in naming verse 12, it is in verse 13]. 2Peter
2:11).
Matthew 19:26
26 But Jesus beheld them, and said unto them, With
[para]
men this is impossible; but with
[para]
God all things are possible. KJV
Romans 2:13
13(For not the hearers of the law are just before
[para]
God, but the doers of the law shall be justified.
KJV
3.
With the Accusative it denotes motion to a place, so as to be alongside it
(e.g. Matthew 15:29
Mark 4:1).
Matthew 15:29
29 And Jesus departed from thence, and came nigh unto
[para]
the sea of Galilee; and went up into a mountain, and sat down there.
KJV
Hence, beside and beyond, and so
against (e.g. Acts 18:13.
Romans 1:25,26;
4:18. 1Corinthians
3:11.
Galatians 1:8);
and beside, i.e. more or less than
(e.g. Luke 3:13;
13:2.
Romans 14:5. 2Corinthians
11:24).
Compare pros, number xv, below.
Acts 18:13
13 Saying, This fellow persuadeth men to worship God contrary
[para]
to the law. KJV
Luke 3:13
13 And he said unto them, Exact no more than
[para]
that which is appointed you. KJV
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xiii.
(13)
peri governs two
cases (Genitive and Accusative), and denotes around, or about,
like a completed circle. Hence concerning. It marks the object
about which the action of the verb takes place.
1.
With the Genitive it means as concerning,
or as regards, but always with the primary idea, and marking
the central point of the activity (e.g. Matthew 4:6.
Luke 24:19,27,44).
Matthew 4:6
6 And saith unto him, If thou be the Son of God, cast thyself down: for it is written, He shall give his angels charge
concerning [peri]
thee: and in their hands they shall bear thee up, lest at any time thou dash thy foot against a stone.
KJV
2.
With the Accusative it denotes the extension of such activity, hence, around
(e.g. Mark 9:42.
Luke 13:8.
Acts 28:7.
Philippians 2:23).
Mark 9:42
42 And whosoever shall offend one of these little ones that believe in me, it is better for him that a millstone were hanged
about [peri]
his neck, and he were cast into the sea. KJV
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xiv.
(14)
pro governs only one
case (the Genitive), and denotes the position as being in sight,
or, before one, in place (e.g. Luke
7:27,
9:52,
James 5:9);
time (e.g. Matthew 5:12,
John 17:24,
Acts 21:38);
or superiority (e.g. James 5:12, 1Peter
4:8).
Luke 7:27
27 This is he, of whom it is written, Behold, I send my messenger before
[pro] thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee.
KJV
Matthew 5:12
12 Rejoice, and be exceeding glad: for great is your reward in heaven: for so persecuted they the prophets which were
before [pro] you. KJV
James 5:12
12 But above [pro] all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by heaven, neither by the earth, neither by any other oath: but let your yea be yea; and your nay, nay; lest ye fall into condemnation.
KJV
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xv.
(15)
pros governs three
cases (the Genitive, Dative, and Accusative), and denotes to,
or, toward, implying motion onward. Its general
meaning with the three cases is the motive-as in
consideration of (with the Genitive); in addition to
anything-as an act (with the Dative); with a view to anything-as
an end (with the Accusative).
Compared with para (Number xii,
above), pros denotes only direction and tendency, whereas para
denotes both motion and change of place of some object.
1.
With the Genitive the only
occurrence is Acts 27:34.
Acts 27:34
34 Wherefore I pray you to take some meat: for this is for
[pros]
your health: for there shall not an hair fall from the head of any of you.
KJV
2.
With the Dative it occurs five times : Luke 19:37.
John 18:16;
and twice in John 20:12.
Revelation 1:13.
Luke 19:37
37 And when he was come nigh, even now at
[pros]
the descent of the mount of Olives, the whole multitude of the disciples began to rejoice and praise God with a loud voice for all the mighty works that they had seen;
KJV
3.
With the Accusative, see e.g. Matthew 2:12;
3:10;
21:34;
26:57.
Mark 5:11;
11:1;
14:54.
Luke 7:7.
Acts 6:1. 1Thessalonians
3:6.
Matthew 2:12
12 And being warned of God in a dream that they should not return to
[pros]
Herod, they departed into their own country another way.
KJV
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xvi.
(16)
sun governs only one
case (the Dative). See under meta (Number xi,
above) (e.g. Luke 23:11.
Romans 6:8).
Ephesians 4:31
31 Let all bitterness, and wrath, and anger, and clamour, and evil speaking, be put away from you,
with [sun]
all malice: KJV
Colossians 3:3
3 For ye are dead, and your life is hid with
[sun]
Christ in God. KJV
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xvii.
(17)
huper governs two
cases (the Genitive and Accusative), and denotes above, and over,
with respect to the upper plane of a solid. Latin, super.
1. With the
Genitive it is used in its relative
rather than its absolute sense. In the place of (e.g. John
11:50;
18:14.
Romans 5:6. 1Timothy
2:6.
Philemon 13. 1Peter
3:18).
John 11:50
50 Nor consider that it is expedient for us, that one man should die for
[huper]
the people, and that the whole nation perish not.
KJV
In the interests of
(e.g. 2Thessalonians
2:1).
2 Thessalonians 2:1
2:1 Now we beseech you, brethren, by [huper]
the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, and by our gathering together unto him,
KJV
In behalf of
(e.g. Matthew
5:44.
Acts 9:16).
Matthew 5:44
44 But I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray
for [huper]
them which despitefully use you, and persecute you;
KJV
For the purpose of
(e.g. John
11:4.
Romans 15:8. 2Corinthians
12:19.
Philippians 2:13).
John 11:4
4 When Jesus heard that, he said, This sickness is not unto death, but for
[huper]
the glory of God, that the Son of God might be glorified thereby.
KJV
With the Genitive huper is connected with peri,
being the apex of the triangle, or the fixed point of the compass, whereas peri
(see Number xiii.) is the circle described around it.
Hence huper has regard to feeling, and implies the pleading a
case on behalf of another, whereas peri implies the mere
description of the circumstances of the case. (e.g. 1Peter
3:18.
Jude 9).
2.
With Accusative it denotes beyond, in excess
of measure, honour, number, or time (e.g. Matthew 10:24. 2Corinthians
1:1-8.
Ephesians 1:22.
Philippians 2:9.
Philemon 16).
Matthew 10:24
24 The disciple is not above [huper]
his master, nor the servant above
[huper]
his lord. KJV
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xviii.
(18)
hupo governs two
cases (the Genitive and Accusative), denotes the under side of a
solid, and is thus the opposite of huper (see
Number xvii, above).
With the Genitive it describes motion from beneath; with
Dative (not used in the New Testament), position beneath; and with the
Accusative, motion or extension underneath.
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Materials on this page referenced from:
The Companion Bible; "Appendix #104 'Prepositions'",
E.W. Bullinger, 1922; pgs. 148-150.
A Manual Grammar of the Greek New Testament; Dana and
Mantey, 1927; pgs. 96-115.
WBSG
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