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Akkermansia muciniphila, a gut microbe you may have never heard of, is gaining attention in the world of metabolic health. This oval-shaped, anaerobic bacterium was first isolated in 2004 and has since become a subject of intense research. Akkermansia is unique in its ability to thrive in your intestinal mucus layer, using mucin as its primary food source. This gives it a survival advantage that isn’t strictly dependent on your diet.

Akkermansia is a significant player in your intestinal ecosystem, but as you age, the abundance of Akkermansia in your gut changes. It’s present in breast milk and increases rapidly in infants, reaching adult levels by age 2.1

Your diet also impacts Akkermansia levels, with high-sugar or high-fat diets reducing its abundance, while calorie restriction and certain prebiotics can increase it.2 Many mainstream media outlets have picked up on Akkermansia’s health potential, including its reputation for being a “game-changer for weight loss.”3,4 Research suggests this attention is well-founded, with a growing body of preclinical evidence now informing early human studies.

Akkermansia and Body Composition Research

Obesity has become a major health concern, and Akkermansia is one area researchers are studying as part of metabolic health approaches. Studies have consistently shown that obese individuals tend to have lower levels of Akkermansia in their gut compared to lean individuals.5 This observation has led researchers to investigate whether supplementing with Akkermansia could help with obesity.

• Animal studies have shown promising results — When obese mice were given live Akkermansia, they showed reduced gain in fat mass and improved insulin sensitivity markers.6 This suggests Akkermansia may have a role in glucose and lipid metabolism, though most direct evidence remains preclinical.

• Akkermansia has been linked to lower inflammation markers — In studies, higher Akkermansia levels correlated with lower levels of inflammatory markers like TNF-α and interleukin-6,7 which are often elevated in obese individuals.

The bacterium also produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like acetate and propionate, which may contribute to glucose and lipid metabolism as well as weight regulation.8

Akkermansia and Natural GLP-1 Production

Injectable glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists like Ozempic (semaglutide) have become widely used for weight loss. However, there are side effects reported in connection with these drugs, including disproportionate loss of muscle mass (associated with frailty), thyroid C-cell tumors in animal models, kidney dysfunction, pancreatitis, and intestinal obstruction.9,10

One disproportionality analysis published in JAMA Network Open also found that suicidal ideation was reported 45% more frequently among semaglutide users than expected relative to other drugs in the World Health Organization (WHO) adverse-event database.11 However, regulatory reviews have not established a causal association.12

There is growing interest in whether the body’s own GLP-1 production can also be supported through the gut microbiome. A study published in Nature Microbiology demonstrated that Akkermansia may not only help enhance thermogenesis but also induce GLP-1 secretion in mice fed a high-fat diet, suggesting a mechanistic overlap between GLP-1 agonist activity and the effects Akkermansia may have on natural GLP-1 secretion.13

In my interview with Dr. Colleen Cutcliffe, a molecular biology scientist and co-founder/CSO of Pendulum Therapeutics (a company that manufactures Akkermansia probiotic products), she discussed how naturally elevating GLP-1 levels by increasing the presence of Akkermansia may support metabolic health:

“When it was observed that people with Type 2 diabetes or prediabetes were low in Akkermansia, it was believed that it was because of this mucin deficiency. But as people started to study Akkermansia more, and the microbiome in general, what’s become clear is that it’s a lot more direct than just the mucin layer.

What happens in your body naturally, if you’ve got all the right microbes, is that you eat a meal, your microbiome metabolizes that food and generates postbiotics [excretions from beneficial bacteria] like butyrate [and] a protein called P9. Some of these postbiotics then signal your body to produce GLP-1.

All that signaling is happening from the microbiome directly to the L cells. And so you eat a meal, your microbiome digests them, these postbiotics get created and tell your L cells, ‘Hey, go produce GLP-1,’ and then you get a spike in GLP-1 in your body.

GLP-1 stimulates your body too. It says, ‘We’ve got to metabolize the sugar in the bloodstream, release insulin.’ It also signals to your brain, ‘We just ate, we’re full, we don’t need to eat again.’ After a period of time, GLP-1 goes down — until the next time you eat a meal. Then it spikes again.

So that’s the natural way of things. There are only two strains that have been published, to date, that have been shown to be able to stimulate L cells to produce GLP-1, and one of them is Akkermansia. It actually secretes three different [postbiotics] that stimulate L cells to produce GLP-1.

So, what’s been found is that if you are low or missing Akkermansia, your body is not naturally producing as much GLP-1 as it’s supposed to be. By giving people back Akkermansia, you can now have these physiological benefits of reducing A1C and lowering blood glucose spikes.

To be clear, the natural GLP-1 you produce is different from the drug. The drug is a mimic. It’s an analog. It looks like GLP-1. It gets injected into the bloodstream directly, which means that rather than the natural spike after you eat [followed by a decline], the [drug] is keeping those levels really high all the time.

So, this signaling of ‘we got to metabolize sugar in the blood and we’re full, we just ate’ is going on constantly. That’s why people experience these incredible, amazing overnight effects because that’s how those drugs are working. But if you actually have the right microbes, you can generate your body’s natural GLP-1 and get back into this natural cycle.”

Akkermansia in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Research

Akkermansia has also been studied in the context of other metabolic conditions, particularly Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Studies have found that individuals with Type 2 diabetes often have lower levels of Akkermansia in their gut. When diabetic mice were supplemented with Akkermansia, they showed improvements in glucose tolerance markers and intestinal barrier function.14

• Akkermansia’s effects on gut and cardiovascular markers — By supporting intestinal barrier integrity, Akkermansia may help regulate chronic low-grade inflammation markers in insulin resistance. In preclinical animal research, Akkermansia supplementation was found to correlate with improvements in Western diet-induced atherosclerosis markers.15

• It achieves this by inhibiting the formation of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) — This is a compound linked to increased cardiovascular risk. These findings suggest that Akkermansia may play a role in supporting healthy blood-sugar and cardiovascular markers, though most direct evidence remains preclinical.16

Akkermansia — Your Gut’s Tiny Guardian

Sometimes called the “sentinel of the gut,” Akkermansia may help support gut barrier integrity, regulate immune reactions, lower inflammatory response markers, and support a healthy balance of beneficial bacteria.17 It may also serve as a marker for a favorable metabolic profile.18

• Akkermansia plays a role in strengthening your intestinal barrier — This is your body’s first line of defense against harmful substances. Akkermansia may help increase the number of mucus-producing goblet cells in your colon and regulate mucus layer thickness by both metabolizing and stimulating the production of new mucin. This process not only provides nutrients for the bacterium but also helps maintain the protective shield for your intestinal epithelial cells.19

• It may also affect gene expression — Akkermansia has been shown to influence the expression of genes involved in immune regulation and metabolism,20 and may accelerate the development of intestinal epithelial cells by stimulating the proliferation of intestinal stem cells.

It may also help increase the expression of the Wnt signaling pathway and promote the production of SCFAs, which interact with specific receptors to maintain the proliferation of intestinal stem cells and promote the differentiation of specialized cells.21

• Furthermore, Akkermansia may upregulate the expression of tight junction proteins — These are key regulators of your intestinal epithelial barrier function. These proteins control the passage of molecules through your epithelial layer based on their size and charge, physically impeding the invasion of microorganisms.

Akkermansia’s extracellular vesicles have been shown to reduce intestinal permeability in mice by modulating these tight junctions. By influencing these various components of the intestinal barrier, Akkermansia may help support the gut’s defense system.22

• Akkermansia interacts with specific receptors to activate the NF-κB pathway — It not only regulates your intestinal immunological microenvironment but also helps prevent intestinal inflammation. By modulating these various inflammatory pathways, Akkermansia plays an important role in maintaining the delicate balance of your gut’s immune system, with potential implications for inflammatory bowel conditions.23

The Role of a Balanced Microbiome in Gut Health

The diverse array of microorganisms inhabiting your gut demonstrates resilience and harmony, with countless microscopic life forms working together to safeguard your health. By nurturing beneficial, oxygen-intolerant bacteria like Akkermansia, you may help support intestinal barrier health, reduce endotoxin exposure, and cultivate a healthier gut environment.

• These bacteria metabolize dietary fibers, producing SCFAs, primarily butyrate — This compound serves as the main fuel for colonic epithelial cells, empowering them to reinforce your intestinal barrier. Additionally, SCFAs stimulate goblet cells to produce mucin, which may help defend epithelial cells against pathogenic oxygen-tolerant bacteria.

• When the oxygen-intolerant bacterial population diminishes, it can lead to leaky gut syndrome — In this condition, the large intestine’s lining may become compromised, which may allow substances like endotoxins, undigested food particles, and microbes to pass through tight junctions that normally control this passage. Research has associated this with systemic inflammation and various chronic conditions.

• Oxygen-intolerant bacteria play a vital role in gut health — These bacteria thrive in an oxygen-free environment, which requires adequate cellular energy to maintain. However, modern factors like seed oil consumption and toxin exposure may compromise mitochondrial energy production, limiting your ability to maintain a gut environment with little to no oxygen present.

• Excessive seed oil consumption shifts the bacterial population from oxygen-intolerant to oxygen-tolerant species — This shift is significant because oxygen-tolerant bacteria produce more virulent endotoxins than their oxygen-intolerant counterparts. This could mean individuals with an abundance of oxygen-tolerant bacteria in their gut may experience more severe reactions to plant carbohydrates due to increased endotoxin exposure.

Grasping the interconnected relationship among cellular energy generation, oxygen distribution in your gut, and microbial diversity is essential for peak wellness, both physical and mental. Enhancing mitochondrial function and preserving a well-balanced intestinal ecosystem can foster the growth of beneficial oxygen-intolerant bacteria while reducing the negative effects of harmful endotoxins.

Top Akkermansia Health Benefits

Akkermansia can be a notably beneficial member of the gut microbiome, with reported relative abundances of approximately 1% to 4% in healthy adult populations.24 However, DNA analyses suggest that about one-third of people have few to no Akkermansia, which may be related to factors like poor cellular energy metabolism and resulting low oxygen levels in the gut. To summarize, here are some of the ways Akkermansia may benefit your health:

• Diabetes risk — DNA sequencing has observed that individuals with prediabetes and Type 2 diabetes often have lower levels of Akkermansia or are missing this strain. (This is an observational association, not an established treatment effect.)

• Gut mucin layer — Researchers have found through both human and animal studies that Akkermansia is the only strain known to date that regulates the mucin layer. Cutcliffe describes it as “the ‘glue’ that keeps your gut lining strong.” She further explains:

“You have these epithelial cells and the junctions between them are held together by glue, which is called mucin. When the mucin layer gets too thin, you lose those tight junctions, and that’s where you can start to get things moving across that boundary that are not supposed to move across it.

So, it’s important to have a strong gut lining and Akkermansia is the only strain we know of that is there at the mucin layer, both consuming and regenerating it, and really regulating that layer. That’s why it’s so pivotal to all these different disease states, because it’s basically in charge of your gut lining.”

• Autoimmune-related research — Studies suggest that leaky gut may be related to Akkermansia loss. Some researchers consider this a contributing factor in autoimmune-related conditions, though it remains an area of active investigation.

• Food sensitivities, allergies, and inflammation — These conditions are associated with mucin layer dysfunction and tight junction permeability. Research suggests that supporting Akkermansia levels may help restore mucin layer integrity and tight junction function.

Why Mitochondrial Function Is Key to Successful Akkermansia Supplementation

When your cellular energy decreases, your body struggles to effectively eliminate oxygen from your colon. This has serious consequences for the normal inhabitants of your colon, which can be killed when oxygen levels rise. This is why Akkermansia supplementation alone is not a complete solution.

• It is important to address mitochondrial-toxin exposure before supplementing — Reduced mitochondrial function may need to be addressed so the colon can maintain its oxygen-free environment. Without this preparation, Akkermansia supplements may have limited benefit, as newly introduced Akkermansia bacteria may not survive in an oxygen-rich colon environment.

• This is one of the primary reasons why it’s important to eliminate seed oils from your diet — Aim for at least six months of seed oil-free eating before beginning the two-phase live-Akkermansia supplementation I will outline in the next section. This preparatory period helps support mitochondrial function and create a more hospitable colon environment.

By taking these steps, you can maximize the potential benefits of Akkermansia supplementation and support overall gut health. Remember, addressing the root cause — mitochondrial function and colon oxygenation — is essential for the success of any gut health intervention.

Two-Phase Akkermansia Supplementation

Rather than jumping straight to live bacteria, I recommend a two-phase approach to Akkermansia supplementation:

1. Phase 1: Begin with a pasteurized Akkermansia postbiotic — Pasteurized Akkermansia contains the protein Amuc_1100, which has been shown to help support gut barrier integrity and reduce inflammation markers. Look for postbiotic formulas with enteric coating or microencapsulation so they survive stomach acid and reach the colon intact. Without that protection, very little will survive the trip. Megadosing to compensate is expensive and inefficient, so prioritize coated formats.

2. Phase 2: Introduce live Akkermansia only after gut tolerance is established — Specifically, wait until bloating remains minimal or absent, stool form has been consistent for at least seven days, and fiber tolerance has expanded without symptom return.
In Phase 2, pair the live probiotic with gentle prebiotics like small amounts of resistant starch to support butyrate-producing strains and a healthy oxygen-sensitive microbial environment. For live-Akkermansia formulations, look for delayed-release technology and take on an empty stomach to support survival through the upper digestive tract.

Probiotic Potency Explained — CFU, AFU, and TFU

When evaluating the potency of probiotics, two units of measurement often come into discussion: Colony Forming Units (CFU) and Active Fluorescent Units (AFU). Understanding the distinction between these units is crucial for both consumers and healthcare professionals to assess the effectiveness and quality of probiotic supplements accurately.

• Colony Forming Units (CFU) — This is the most widely recognized and utilized metric for quantifying the number of viable bacteria or fungal cells in a probiotic product. One CFU represents a single microorganism capable of dividing and forming a colony under specific laboratory conditions. This measure is relevant because the effects of probiotics tend to correlate with the number of live microorganisms that reach the gut.

Probiotic manufacturers typically list CFU counts on product labels, indicating the number of live organisms per serving. Higher CFU counts are often marketed as more potent, though the optimal CFU dosage can vary depending on the specific strains and the health outcomes targeted.

• Active Fluorescent Units (AFU) — This unit is a less conventional and not widely standardized measure in the context of probiotics. While CFU shows the number of bacteria that are alive, AFU refers to the total number of bacteria present, both dead and alive. It is primarily a unit used to measure enzymatic activity.

For instance, AFU could be used to evaluate the activity levels of specific enzymes produced by probiotics, which contribute to their health benefits, such as breaking down lactose or producing vitamins. In some specialized applications, AFU is also used to assess the metabolic activity or functional potency of probiotic strains beyond mere viability.

However, because AFU is not a standardized metric in the probiotic industry, its use can lead to confusion and inconsistency in product labeling and efficacy claims.

• Total Fluorescent Units (TFU) — This unit measures the total bacterial mass, including both live and dead cells, through fluorescent labeling and is typically used only for pasteurized products.

The primary difference between CFU, AFU, and TFU lies in what they measure: CFU quantifies the number of live microorganisms; AFU assesses the functional activity of those microorganisms; and TFU measures the total bacterial mass.

While CFU provides a clear indicator of the potential for colonization and survival of probiotics in the gut, AFU could offer additional insights into the functional capabilities of the probiotic strains.

However, due to the lack of standardization and widespread recognition of AFU in the probiotic market, CFU remains the gold standard for assessing probiotic potency. Consumers are generally advised to focus on CFU counts and the specific strains included in a probiotic supplement to ensure they are selecting a product with proven efficacy for their health needs.

Akkermansia Clinical Trials

Clinical trials published in 2024 investigating Akkermansia have yielded promising results,25 highlighting its potential across a range of health conditions, including infectious disease,26 immune-related disease,27 liver fibrosis,28 stress management,29 intestinal-related diseases,30 metabolic health,31 and brain function.32

• Therapeutic doses vary — These studies, which include both animal and human trials, have primarily used therapeutic doses ranging from 100 million to 10 billion CFU per day. The dosage selected often corresponds to the specific health condition being targeted, ensuring optimal therapeutic effects.

• High doses are used for metabolic disorders — For metabolic conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, study doses of 10 billion CFU per day have been commonly administered. This higher dose aims to influence gut microbiota composition and metabolic function markers, and has been associated with improvements in insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, and other metabolic markers in studies.

• Lower doses may be effective for gut-specific and liver-related conditions — Conversely, lower doses of 1 billion CFU per day have shown promise for gut-specific conditions like leaky gut syndrome, as well as liver health, by promoting intestinal and immune homeostasis.33

At these levels, Akkermansia’s anti-inflammatory and gut barrier mechanisms, detailed in earlier sections, may be sufficient without the need for higher bacterial concentrations.

Note: These findings are from a mix of laboratory, animal, and human clinical trials. Results may not directly apply to all individuals.

Frequently Asked Questions About Akkermansia

Q: Does Akkermansia help with weight loss?
A: Research suggests Akkermansia may play a role in weight regulation by influencing metabolism, appetite signaling, and gut health. Higher levels have been associated with lower obesity rates in observational studies.

Q: Is Akkermansia safe?
A: Akkermansia is naturally present in a healthy microbiome. Available studies have not reported serious side effects from Akkermansia supplementation, though more long-term data are needed. As with any supplement, consult your health care provider before starting.34

Q: Does Akkermansia cause diarrhea?
A: Studies have not linked Akkermansia to diarrhea. On the contrary, one study showed that its presence in the gut helped reduce the occurrence of diarrhea in children.35 However, keep in mind that sudden increases in any beneficial bacteria, including Akkermansia, may cause temporary digestive discomfort, so it’s ideal to introduce Akkermansia gradually, whether through diet or supplements.

Q: What causes low Akkermansia levels?
A: Low levels of Akkermansia can be caused by a diet low in polyphenols and soluble fiber, but high in processed foods, added sugar, and harmful fats like linoleic acid. Aging, antibiotic use, chronic stress, sedentary lifestyle,36 and metabolic disorders can also impact the gut microbiota composition,37 including Akkermansia levels.

This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Consult a qualified health care provider before making changes to your health regimen.

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Collagen makes up a large share of the body’s what?

Stored sugar
Protein
Collagen makes up a large share of the body’s protein, helping support skin, connective tissue, strength, and recovery. Learn more.
Bone calcium
Blood plasma

Most people have no idea they’re carrying around a hidden chemical load that their bodies weren’t designed to handle. But the reality is, we’re living in a world saturated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, commonly known as PFAS. These synthetic compounds are engineered to resist heat, water, and oil — and they don’t just stay on the surface.

Once these substances enter your bloodstream, they’re incredibly hard to get rid of. That’s why researchers are searching for real, practical solutions. Many believe that detoxing PFAS is a lost cause — that once they’re in your body, they’re in for good. But evidence suggests otherwise.

It turns out your gut, not your liver or kidneys, is one key to turning this around. And the solution doesn’t involve harsh protocols or extreme diets. It starts with something as simple as how you digest your food — and whether the right kind of fiber is present to help carry these chemicals out.

If you’ve ever wondered why you’re dealing with persistent fatigue, inflammation, hormone problems, or chronic digestive issues, PFAS could be part of the story. These chemicals hijack your system slowly and silently. But there’s now a realistic path to lowering that burden, and it starts by focusing on what’s happening in your gut.

4 Weeks of Fiber Lowered Toxic PFAS in the Blood

A study published in Environmental Health evaluated 72 adult men with elevated LDL cholesterol who were already enrolled in a trial testing oat beta-glucan’s effects on cholesterol.1

Beta-glucans are a type of soluble fiber found in oats and barley that form a gel-like substance in your gut, helping to trap and remove compounds like bile acids and, as this study explored, PFAS as well. PFAS chemicals, also known as “forever chemicals,” are notoriously hard to remove from the body, so the researchers wanted to know: could a fiber intervention make a dent?

• Participants received either a fiber-rich supplement or a placebo for four weeks — All participants followed the original protocol, consuming either an oat beta-glucan drink (1 gram (g) of beta-glucan and 1.9 g total fiber per serving, three times daily) or a brown rice drink with no active fiber. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after four weeks to measure 17 different PFAS types.

• PFAS levels dropped significantly but only in the fiber group for legacy PFAS — While short-chain PFAS decreased in both groups, likely due to their shorter half-lives, the study found that only the group consuming beta-glucan showed significant reductions in long-chain PFAS known to persist for years in the body.

These included perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) — two of the most studied PFAS compounds, both associated with increased cancer and hormone disruption risks.

• PFAS reductions occurred even in men with exposure levels typical of the general population — Researchers noted that all participants had detectable PFAS levels at the start of the study. The levels of certain PFAS were higher than previously reported in Canadian populations, suggesting rising background exposure. Despite this, the beta-glucan intervention still reduced PFAS levels, showing promise even for people without known occupational or high-dose environmental exposure.

• Only the fiber group saw a drop in the most concerning types of PFAS — These specific PFAS, identified by the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM), are known to increase the risk for serious health issues like thyroid disease, kidney problems, ulcerative colitis and certain cancers.

If your blood level of these seven PFAS reaches just 2 nanograms per milliliter, doctors are advised to monitor your cholesterol, blood pressure during pregnancy and breast cancer risk. At 20 nanograms per milliliter, the recommendations expand to include regular screening for thyroid disease, testicular cancer and more. In the study, only the fiber group had a meaningful reduction in this high-risk PFAS group.

• The proposed mechanism is the fiber’s ability to trap PFAS in your digestive tract — Researchers believe the gel-forming fiber worked because PFAS share biochemical properties with bile acids — compounds already known to bind to beta-glucan and get flushed out in feces. PFAS and bile acids are both amphipathic, meaning they have both water-loving and fat-loving parts. This allows them to interact with fiber gels and get excreted rather than reabsorbed.

Most PFAS don’t leave your body easily. Once excreted into the bile, they’re typically reabsorbed in your intestine, returning to your liver in a loop. Beta-glucan breaks this cycle by holding PFAS in your gut, giving your body a chance to eliminate them through stool rather than cycling them back into your bloodstream.

Oat Beta-Glucan Helped Mice Eliminate PFAS

In a related study published in Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, researchers from Boston University used mice to examine whether oat beta-glucan could reduce the body’s PFAS load.2 They exposed mice to a mixture of seven PFAS compounds in drinking water while feeding them diets that included either inulin, a non-gel-forming fiber, or oat beta-glucan — a gel-forming fiber.

• Despite drinking more contaminated water, fiber-fed mice had lower PFAS in their blood — The mice fed beta-glucan consumed more PFAS-contaminated water, yet ended up with lower blood levels of some of the most harmful PFAS. This suggests that the fiber helped block reabsorption of PFAS in the gut. In other words, even when these mice took in more of the toxic chemicals, their bodies were better at flushing them out before they could circulate back into the bloodstream.

• Mice on the fiber diet had better fat metabolism and lower liver fat — The beta-glucan-fed mice showed lower liver triglycerides and reduced fat accumulation in the small intestine and fat tissue overall. This matters because PFAS have been linked to metabolic disruption and fatty liver disease. These findings suggest that fiber offers a double benefit: lowering toxic load while improving fat regulation in the body.

• Fiber-fed mice experienced better lipid balance without triggering other stress responses — The researchers also looked at markers of liver stress and detoxification. A key enzyme linked to chemical detox was lower in the fiber-fed group during the cleansing phase, indicating that their bodies were under less toxic stress after PFAS exposure.

How to Reduce Your PFAS Burden with Targeted Fiber and Smarter Food Choices

If you’re dealing with fatigue, hormone issues or unexplained weight gain, and you’ve already cleaned up your water, cookware and household products, you could be missing the last piece of the puzzle: what’s stuck inside your body. PFAS aren’t just external threats; they’re internal ones too.

Once these forever chemicals get in, they linger for years unless you take direct steps to push them out. Here’s where smart, gut-focused nutrition comes in. The right type of fiber, at the right time, makes a meaningful difference in your toxic load. But timing and your gut’s condition matter. So, if you’re trying to reduce PFAS levels in your system, start here:

1. Check your gut health first — If you regularly feel bloated after meals, go days without a bowel movement or have frequent loose stools, your gut likely isn’t ready for high-fiber foods. Don’t guess — listen to your symptoms. These are signs that your microbiome is imbalanced and your gut lining is inflamed or damaged. For now, avoid complex carbs and stick to simpler ones like fruit and white rice while your gut settles down.

2. Avoid fiber and fermentable carbs if your digestion is impaired — A damaged gut can’t handle even “healthy” foods. Beans, leafy greens, cruciferous veggies and whole grains all ferment quickly and feed the wrong microbes when your gut is compromised. That drives more bloating, inflammation and gas. In this phase, you want fuel that doesn’t backfire — whole fruit and cooked starches that digest cleanly without fermenting too fast.

3. Reintroduce fermentable fibers in small amounts once your gut calms — When your bloating stops and your digestion becomes regular, that’s your green light. Start with resistant starches like cooked-and-cooled white potatoes or green bananas. These feed butyrate-producing bacteria — the kind that protect your gut lining and regulate inflammation. Slowly add in garlic, leeks and onions. Keep portions small and build up as your tolerance improves.

4. Eat foods high in beta-glucans once your gut is stable — Oats and barley contain beta-glucan, which binds to PFAS in your digestive tract and helps your body eliminate them through your stool. Once your digestion is in good shape, make this fiber part of your daily routine. Other good sources include organic rye, maitake and shiitake mushrooms, and seaweed like kombu.

Be mindful of your portions though, as most seaweeds contain polyunsaturated fats, including linoleic acid, which is harmful to your health in excessive amounts. Choose whole, minimally processed forms of beta-glucans whenever possible to get the most benefit.

5. Cut off PFAS exposure at the source — While you work to flush them out, don’t let more in. Use a water filter certified for PFAS. Stop storing food in nonstick containers or wrappers. Replace your nonstick cookware with stainless steel, ceramic or enameled cast iron. Skip stain-resistant treatments on clothes and furniture. PFAS are everywhere, but the more you avoid them now, the less your body has to fight later.

FAQs About Removing PFAS with Fiber

Q: What are PFAS and why are they dangerous?
A: PFAS are synthetic chemicals used in nonstick cookware, food packaging, stain-resistant fabrics, and firefighting foams. They build up in your blood, liver and fat tissues and don’t easily break down. Long-term exposure has been linked to liver damage, hormone disruption, cancer, immune suppression, and infertility.

Q: How do PFAS stay in my body for so long?
A: Once PFAS enter your system, usually through contaminated water or food, they’re reabsorbed in your intestines and recirculated back to your liver in a loop. This recycling is what gives PFAS such long half-lives — many remain in your body for years unless that cycle is broken.

Q: Does fiber really help remove PFAS from my body?
A: Yes. Clinical research in humans and animals has shown that gel-forming fibers like oat beta-glucan bind PFAS in your gut and stop them from being reabsorbed. This allows your body to eliminate them through stool, reducing your overall PFAS burden over time.

Q: Should I add fiber to my diet immediately?
A: Not necessarily. If you have symptoms of gut dysfunction, like bloating, constipation, loose stools or food intolerances, you need to heal your gut first. Starting fiber too soon makes things worse. Begin with simple, low-fiber carbs like whole fruit or white rice, then reintroduce fiber slowly once your digestion stabilizes.

Q: What are the best ways to lower PFAS exposure and support detox?
A: Avoid sources of PFAS exposure. Use PFAS-certified water filters, stop using nonstick cookware and stain-resistant products, and limit packaged foods. Once your gut is ready, include small amounts of beta-glucan-rich foods like organic oats or barley. Over time, this helps reduce PFAS levels while also improving your gut health and immune resilience.

Energy drinks don’t just spike your adrenaline — they also feed leukemia. A study published in Nature found that taurine, a common ingredient in energy drinks and many pre-workout supplements, fuels the growth of leukemia cells.1 Researchers with the University of Rochester uncovered how this amino acid supercharges the metabolism of leukemia stem cells by activating a powerful growth pathway called mTOR.

In lab tests and animal models, supplementing taurine made leukemia worse. Taurine isn’t just a random additive. It’s naturally produced by your body and found in high concentrations in meat, fish, and dairy. It helps regulate calcium balance, support brain function, and stabilize cell membranes. In healthy individuals, taurine has been shown to improve cardiovascular health, boost energy metabolism, and according to 2023 research published in Science, even extend lifespan in animals.2

So which is it? Is taurine a longevity booster or a cancer risk? The answer isn’t simple, and it comes down to how much you’re getting, from what source and whether cancer is already in the picture. To understand what’s really happening inside the body, and how something as simple as a drink additive could alter the course of a deadly disease, you need to look at what this first study uncovered.

Leukemia Stem Cells Use Taurine as Fuel to Grow and Spread

The Nature study looked at how leukemia stem cells — especially in fast-moving types like acute myeloid leukemia (AML) — survive in the body.3 Researchers found that these cancer cells don’t work alone. They get help from nearby bone marrow cells that change their environment in ways that support cancer growth. One major discovery was that taurine plays a key role in this process.

• Certain bone cells pump out extra taurine to support cancer — As leukemia gets worse, nearby bone cells, called osteolineage cells, start producing more taurine. Taurine isn’t just floating around — it’s actively pulled into the cancer cells through a special channel called the taurine-taurine transporter (TAUT) axis. This allows the leukemia cells to take in extra energy and grow faster.

• Blocking taurine’s entry into cancer cells stopped the disease from spreading — When scientists disabled the TAUT transporter in leukemia cells, the cancer slowed down dramatically. Mice with the transporter turned off lived up to six times longer. Even if taurine was still in the body, cancer cells couldn’t use it without TAUT. That shows just how important this pathway is for the cancer’s survival.

• More taurine meant faster cancer growth and earlier death — Mice that were given extra taurine had their leukemia spread faster and died up to three times sooner. Researchers also found that taurine levels were much higher in the bone marrow of mice with leukemia than in healthy ones. When they blocked the enzyme that creates taurine in bone cells, the leukemia stem cells began to die off.

• Drug-resistant leukemia cells had even more TAUT transporters — Leukemia cells that resisted chemotherapy had higher levels of TAUT, meaning they were more dependent on taurine for survival. When scientists knocked out the TAUT transporter in these cells, they stopped growing, even in lab dishes, and couldn’t survive when transferred into mice.

Taurine Flips a Growth Switch Inside Leukemia Cells

Inside the cancer cells, taurine turns on something called mTOR, which acts like a master switch for cell growth and energy use. Without taurine, this switch doesn’t turn on, and the cells can’t generate the fast energy they need. Markers of energy production dropped sharply when taurine was removed.

• Without taurine, leukemia cells lost their ability to make energy — In cells lacking TAUT, the mTOR signal dropped by threefold. Even when researchers tried to feed the cells energy shortcuts like pyruvate, which is created when your body breaks down sugar, they couldn’t fully recover. That means taurine’s role is more than just fuel — it’s a trigger for the entire energy-making process.

• Taurine sends a signal, not just nutrients — Taurine doesn’t just nourish leukemia cells — it tells them when and where to grow. It uses proteins to direct the mTOR switch to the right place in the cell. Without that signal, the growth switch stays off. Because of this, TAUT is now being studied as a target for treating leukemia.

• This finding hasn’t yet been confirmed in humans — The study showed that taurine levels are elevated in the bone marrow of mice with leukemia, but there’s no direct evidence showing the same taurine increase in humans with acute myeloid leukemia. That means taurine’s role in human leukemia is still uncertain and needs further investigation.

Taurine Drops with Age, but Getting It Back Slows the Aging Process

While cancer cells hijack taurine for their own gain, healthy cells suffer when there’s not enough of it. That’s what researchers uncovered in a study published in Science.4 They wanted to know if taurine was simply a marker of aging or if it actually drives the aging process itself. What they found could change how you think about growing older.

• Taurine levels steadily decline as you age — Researchers measured taurine in mice, monkeys, and humans and saw the same trend across the board: taurine drops sharply with age. It wasn’t just a small dip — it was a consistent and measurable drop that began in middle age.

• Replacing taurine helped animals live longer and stay healthier — When middle-aged mice were given taurine supplements, they thrived. The mice lived 10% to 25% longer depending on how the data was measured. Their strength improved, their metabolism worked better, and they moved more like younger animals.

• Taurine helped the whole body, not just one part, function better — In mice, daily taurine led to stronger bones, less body fat, and more balanced immune responses. Their brains showed fewer signs of aging-related damage. In monkeys, the same pattern emerged — taurine boosted immune activity and improved mitochondrial function, which are both central to how well your body handles aging.

People with Low Taurine Were More Likely to Have Serious Health Issues

Low taurine was linked to a higher risk of obesity, high blood pressure, Type 2 diabetes, and chronic inflammation. These are the same conditions that rob people of quality of life, and in many cases, of life itself.

• Exercise was one of the few natural ways to boost taurine levels — One workout session raised taurine and its related compounds in the bloodstream. This helps explain why physical activity slows aging, because it increases a compound that repairs, regenerates, and protects your cells.5

• Taurine reversed aging at the deepest cellular level — Supplemented animals had less DNA damage, slower cell aging, and better maintenance of telomeres, the protective tips of chromosomes that shrink as you age. That means taurine helped preserve the blueprint for life inside the cell, not just the visible signs of youth on the outside.

• Taurine worked through multiple repair pathways — It supported mitochondria — the energy makers inside your cells — and calmed inflammation that damages tissues over time. It also kept stem cells functioning longer and protected immune systems from burnout. Together, these effects help explain how taurine improved health so broadly and effectively.

• Taurine extended life in complex organisms, but not in yeast — Taurine helped worms live longer, but not single-celled yeast. This suggests its antiaging effects require the presence of complex tissues and systems that communicate and repair each other — something only multicellular creatures have.

• Researchers believe taurine deficiency isn’t just a symptom of aging — it’s a cause — Replacing taurine improved multiple markers of health and longevity, which led the researchers to conclude that taurine loss is a driver of aging.

How to Use Taurine Wisely Without Feeding Disease

If you’re leaning on energy drinks or taurine supplements to push through fatigue, there’s a smarter, safer way to get your energy back. Taurine has real benefits for longevity, brain function, and cellular health, but the source and amount matter, especially if you’re facing a condition like leukemia.

In some cases, too much taurine could make things worse by feeding the disease instead of supporting your recovery. And while energy drinks look like a quick fix, they come with a long list of problems that go far beyond taurine. To protect your health:

1. Cut out energy drinks and synthetic taurine blends completely — If you’re reaching for energy drinks to boost focus or stamina, stop. These drinks are loaded with synthetic taurine and caffeine — and scientists now call them a growing public health concern. They’re linked to heart problems,6 mood issues, digestive distress, and even neurological complications.7 If your energy is low, the real fix starts by restoring healthy mitochondrial function, not flooding your system with artificial stimulants.

2. Pause taurine supplements if you’ve been diagnosed with leukemia or are at high risk — If you’re taking taurine capsules or powders, look closely at why you started. For someone with blood cancer or a strong family history, even small supplemental doses could backfire.

Leukemia cells have been shown to hijack taurine as fuel, and supplying more, especially in concentrated form, could give those cells an unfair advantage. In that case, less is more. Even if you’re healthy, don’t go overboard on taurine supplementation.

3. Focus on whole-food sources instead of artificial boosters — Taurine is naturally found in high-quality animal foods like grass fed beef, pasture-raised eggs, and shellfish. These sources give you taurine in balance with other nutrients, not in isolation. Focus on supporting your health with these natural taurine sources. Skip taurine-fortified beverages and processed products, which don’t support your body the same way.

4. Support your mitochondria, don’t overstimulate them — Instead of looking for a shortcut, think long-term. Boosting taurine should be part of a strategy to improve mitochondrial efficiency — not to mask fatigue. Regular movement, deep sleep, sunlight, and real food do more to restore energy than any supplement. Taurine works best when it’s used intentionally and in context, not on top of a lifestyle that’s already running on empty.

5. Track your response and listen to your body — Whether you’re using taurine for mood, longevity, or stamina, start small and pay attention. Use a simple log to jot down how you’re feeling each day — energy, sleep, digestion, focus. If anything feels off, back down. Your body will tell you when something isn’t working. Respect that signal.

Taurine isn’t good or bad — it’s powerful. And like anything powerful, it demands respect and careful use. The goal isn’t to chase more energy but to create the kind of balance your cells actually need.

FAQs About Taurine

Q: What is taurine, and why is it in energy drinks?
A: Taurine is an amino acid your body makes naturally, and it’s found in meat, fish, and dairy. It’s added to energy drinks and pre-workout supplements because it helps regulate energy use, brain function, and cellular stability. But in concentrated form, especially when combined with caffeine, it overstimulates the body and is harmful in certain conditions like leukemia.

Q: How is taurine linked to leukemia?
A: A study published in Nature found that leukemia stem cells hijack taurine to grow and spread, using it to activate a key growth switch called mTOR.8 In animal models, extra taurine accelerated leukemia progression, while blocking taurine’s entry into cancer cells dramatically slowed the disease and improved survival.

Q: Does that mean taurine is dangerous for everyone?
A: No. Taurine plays important roles in healthy aging and energy metabolism. Research published in Science showed that taurine levels drop with age, and supplementing it helped animals live longer and stay healthier.9 The key is using it wisely — too much, especially in synthetic or supplement form, poses risks in people with leukemia or other blood cancers.

Q: Should I avoid energy drinks with taurine?
A: Yes. Energy drinks are not a healthy source of taurine. Studies have called them a rising public health issue because they’ve been linked to heart, digestive, psychiatric, and neurological problems.10,11 If you need more energy, focus on fixing the root cause — poor sleep, stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction — instead of reaching for a taurine-loaded energy drink.

Q: What’s the safest way to get taurine?
A: Stick with taurine-rich whole foods like grass fed beef, pasture-raised eggs, and shellfish. Avoid synthetic blends and monitor how your body responds if you’re supplementing for longevity or performance. And if you’ve been diagnosed with leukemia or are at high risk, cut out taurine supplements and talk with your care team about dietary adjustments.

Collagen accounts for roughly 12% to 17% of all protein in mammals, yet production drops about 1% to 1.5% every year as you age, according to research published in npj Aging.1 That steady decline explains why skin loses elasticity, hydration falls, and fine lines appear long before deeper health changes become obvious. This loss is more than cosmetic.

Your connective tissue depends on collagen for strength, repair, and structural integrity, which means declining levels influence joints, muscle function, and metabolic resilience as well. Unlike many nutrition trends that focus on surface improvements, collagen sits at the center of cellular structure.

Skin aging, characterized by wrinkles, dryness, and reduced elasticity, reflects a broader shift in tissue repair and resilience. Many people focus on creams or cosmetic procedures while the underlying biology receives little attention. Recent research now suggests that the solution may not require more collagen in general but rather the right components delivered in the right pattern.

What makes this research different from typical collagen studies is its scope. Rather than measuring a single outcome like skin hydration, researchers investigated whether collagen’s core amino acids influence aging itself — from cellular signaling and physical function to measurable shifts in biological age. The human portion was an observational trial in which all participants received the supplement.

The findings suggest that targeted collagen amino acid formulations may influence deeper mechanisms beyond surface appearance, warranting further research into collagen’s broader biological role.

3 Collagen Amino Acids May Influence Aging Signals

For the npj Aging study, researchers examined how specific collagen amino acids affect lifespan, physical strength, and visible aging across cells, animals, and humans.2 Instead of asking whether collagen works as a general supplement, researchers searched for the smallest functional unit — meaning the minimum building block — that triggers collagen repair and longevity signals in the body. This shifts the focus from generic collagen powders to the exact components that drive results.

The researchers tested their hypothesis at three levels of complexity: first in C. elegans (a microscopic roundworm used widely in aging research), then in aged mice, and finally in healthy midlife adults — building evidence from simple organisms to human outcomes.

Human participants were generally healthy adults in midlife, a stage when early aging changes begin to appear even if you feel well. Findings showed improvements in skin characteristics within three months and measurable biological age reduction after six months, suggesting that the internal aging clock moved in a younger direction.

• Lifespan increased when amino acids were combined in a specific ratio — The most striking discovery involved the ratio of three glycine, one proline, and one hydroxyproline, which increased lifespan by 6% to 27% in repeated trials using roundworms.
Individual amino acids alone didn’t produce this effect, which tells you the body responds to patterns, not isolated nutrients. Your cells have receptors that detect collagen fragments — small peptide chains that act as chemical messengers.
When glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline arrive in the same ratio found in intact collagen, those receptors recognize the pattern and activate repair pathways. Think of it like a lock and key: the ratio is the key, and your cell receptors are the lock. Without the correct pattern, the signal doesn’t fire.
Each of these amino acids plays a distinct role: hydroxyproline stabilizes the collagen triple helix — the rope-like structure that gives collagen its strength — glycine may support metabolic balance and has been studied for potential roles in inflammation regulation, and proline fuels tissue growth and mitochondrial function, which is your cells’ energy production system.
What the researchers found is that combining all three produced effects far greater than any single amino acid alone — a combined response where the whole outperforms the sum of its parts. This makes sense biologically: your body doesn’t build collagen from one ingredient. It recognizes the complete pattern and responds accordingly.
• Movement and physical function improved during aging — Beyond lifespan, organisms that received the amino acid ratio maintained movement ability longer during aging, meaning healthspan — the period you remain active and functional — improved alongside lifespan. The study showed the combined ratio preserved activity at very old ages compared with controls.
• Older mice showed strength preservation and less fat accumulation — In aged mice, supplementation maintained grip strength and reduced visceral fat — fat stored around organs that links to metabolic decline — over six months. Body weight and food intake remained stable, which indicates the benefits occurred without calorie restriction or drastic diet changes.
• Human skin metrics improved quickly and measurably — Participants experienced statistically significant improvements in skin texture within one month, followed by sustained increases through month three. Hydration levels rose from very dry baseline values to a more moisturized state, while elasticity scores increased over time, showing structural skin changes rather than surface effects.
• Biological age shifted in a younger direction over six months — Researchers measured biological age using epigenetic clocks — tests that analyze chemical tags called methyl groups on your DNA. These tags change in predictable patterns as you age, and scientists use them to calculate how fast or slow your body is aging compared with your calendar age.
This method, based on DNA methylation analysis, is considered one of the most reliable tools available for tracking biological aging speed. After six months, participants showed an average biological age reduction of about 1.37 years, meaning their internal aging markers shifted in a younger direction.
Some individuals experienced larger improvements, especially those whose biological age started higher than their chronological age, though the researchers caution that part of this pattern may reflect statistical effects rather than differential response to the supplement. The amino acid ratio triggered upregulation — meaning the body turned up the volume on its collagen-building instructions — for genes related to collagen and the extracellular matrix.
Think of the extracellular matrix as the scaffolding between your cells — it gives skin its firmness, cartilage its bounce, and tendons their strength. When those genes become more active, your body rebuilds that scaffolding faster than it breaks down. This explains why visible changes appear alongside functional improvements.

These findings include data from laboratory or animal research and may not directly apply to human health.

How to Support Collagen Production at the Root

The root cause of visible aging and declining tissue resilience centers on a steady drop in collagen combined with insufficient building blocks to replace it. Structural proteins break down faster than your body rebuilds them, which shows up as wrinkles, reduced elasticity, weaker joints, and slower recovery. If you notice these changes, the solution involves supplying the raw materials and signals your body uses to rebuild collagen from the inside.

1. Choose a clean collagen or gelatin source — Quality determines what enters your body. Collagen or gelatin products derived from animals raised in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) have tested positive for contaminants, including drug metabolites and chemicals.
Selecting collagen or gelatin labeled USDA Organic and/or AGA grass fed helps you avoid unwanted exposures while providing structural amino acids your tissues rely on. Gelatin offers a practical food-based option because it’s cooked collagen and delivers the same amino acid profile. Look for a pure gelatin powder without sugar and other additives.
2. Provide the building blocks required for collagen synthesis — Collagen formation depends on vitamin C and antioxidant nutrients that help convert amino acids such as lysine and proline into collagen fibers. If you’re seeking stronger skin, faster tissue repair, or improved elasticity, foods rich in vitamin C support this process. Citrus fruits, tomatoes, bell peppers, broccoli, berries, and leafy greens give your body the nutrients required for ongoing collagen production.
3. Increase collagen-rich protein to reach structural needs — Tissue repair requires sufficient total protein, roughly 0.8 grams per pound of lean body mass (or about 1.76 grams per kilogram), with about one-third coming from collagen-rich sources.
If you’re rebuilding connective tissue, recovering from activity, or noticing aging changes, this step supplies glycine — an amino acid needed for glutathione, the primary intracellular antioxidant that protects tissues from pollution-driven oxidative damage. Bone broth, slow-cooked meats with connective tissue, and high-quality collagen supplements support this foundation.
4. Protect existing collagen from breakdown — Preserving collagen matters as much as producing it. Antioxidant strategies help extend collagen lifespan by reducing enzymes that degrade structural proteins.
Red light therapy may help support collagen production,3 retinol has been associated with reduced breakdown of collagen-destroying enzymes,4 garlic provides sulfur compounds involved in collagen structure,5 and ginseng may help support collagen levels in your bloodstream.6 These approaches may help support tissue strength.
5. Support hydration pathways that keep collagen functional — Collagen and hydration function together inside your skin. If you notice dryness, fine lines, or reduced elasticity, improving hyaluronic acid status supports moisture retention and tissue suppleness.
Oral aloe vera has been shown to help support both collagen and hyaluronic acid production7 — though dosage and form matter, so look for inner-leaf gel supplements with verified purity. Starchy root vegetables like sweet potatoes and taro also supply compounds that support skin hydration from the inside.

FAQs About Collagen and Longevity

Q: How do collagen peptides influence longevity?
A: Collagen peptides supply key amino acids — glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline — that signal your body to repair connective tissue and support cellular structure. Published research suggests a specific ratio of these amino acids may improve lifespan markers in animal studies, physical function in mice, and biological age in human participants, linking collagen intake to deeper aging processes rather than appearance alone.

Q: What makes the three-amino-acid ratio important?
A: The research suggests the body responds strongly when glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline appear in the same pattern found in collagen. In animal studies, this combination acts like a biological signal that increases collagen gene activity, supports tissue repair, and helps maintain movement and strength during aging.

Q: What visible changes were seen in humans?
A: Participants experienced measurable improvements in skin texture, hydration, and elasticity within one to three months. Over six months, biological age decreased on average by about 1.37 years, meaning internal aging markers shifted in a younger direction.

Q: Is gelatin as effective as collagen supplements?
A: Gelatin is cooked collagen and delivers the same amino acid profile after digestion. Because both break down into identical amino acids in your body, gelatin serves as a practical food-based option for increasing glycine intake and supporting connective tissue repair, especially through bone broth or pure gelatin powder.

Q: What steps help support collagen production naturally?
A: Key actions include choosing high-quality collagen or gelatin sources, consuming enough total protein with one-third from collagen-rich foods, ensuring adequate vitamin C intake, protecting collagen from breakdown with antioxidant strategies, and supporting hydration pathways such as hyaluronic acid to keep collagen functional.

This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Consult a qualified healthcare provider before making changes to your health regimen.

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Your brain runs on a delicate balance of minerals — and copper is one of the most important. It’s easy to overlook, but this trace nutrient controls the very processes that keep your mind sharp: how your neurons fire, how your brain makes energy, and how it clears out damaging waste. Without enough, systems start breaking down. You don’t think as clearly. Your memory slips. And your brain begins to age faster than it should.

What makes copper unique is that it’s both necessary and dangerous in the wrong context. Too little leaves your brain vulnerable to oxidative stress. Too much, and it becomes part of the problem — fueling inflammation and structural damage. That tightrope makes copper one of the most powerful, yet high-stakes, nutrients in your diet.

Most people aren’t thinking about copper when they eat. But what you’re eating — or not eating — could be shifting your copper balance in a way that accelerates cognitive aging without you realizing it. That’s why I want to show you what scientists are now uncovering about copper’s impact on your brain, and how dialing it in — not too much, not too little — is one of the simplest ways to sharpen your memory and protect long-term brain health.

Better Brain Function Seen with Daily Copper

A study published in Scientific Reports analyzed data from 2,420 American adults over age 60 to evaluate how dietary copper influences cognitive function.1 Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2011 and 2014, researchers reviewed both diet and memory test scores. Their goal was to determine whether eating more copper-rich foods translated into better brain performance.

• Older adults who consumed more copper scored higher on multiple brain tests — Participants who consumed the most copper — around 1.2 to 1.6 milligrams (mg) per day — consistently scored better on tests measuring memory, language, and processing speed. The relationship held even after adjusting for confounding factors like age, education, calorie intake, and levels of other minerals such as zinc, iron, and selenium.

• The strongest cognitive gains occurred below a specific threshold — Results followed a clear non-linear pattern. When copper intake reached about 1.2 to 1.6 mg per day, cognitive scores improved. But beyond that point, the benefits leveled off.

• Cognitive benefits were greatest in stroke survivors — Among participants with a history of stroke, the effect of copper was even more pronounced. Those in the highest copper intake group had significantly higher global cognition scores than those with the lowest intake. This suggests that copper intake is especially important for neurological recovery and brain resilience after a vascular event.

• Copper’s role in brain recovery likely involves antioxidant and energy enzymes — The study explained that copper serves as a cofactor for key enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD1), which neutralizes reactive oxygen species in brain cells. This action helps prevent oxidative damage — one of the main drivers of neuron death in aging brains. When copper intake falls below the optimal range, SOD1 activity drops, and damage from free radicals increases.

• Copper impacts neuroinflammation and brain cell repair — Researchers also noted copper’s influence on immune cells in the brain. Specifically, copper appears to reduce inflammation after a stroke by shifting microglia — the brain’s immune cells — from a damaging “M1” mode to a healing “M2” state. This transition lowers inflammatory cytokines, while boosting anti-inflammatory molecules.

Higher Brain Copper Linked to Slower Memory Loss and Less Alzheimer’s Damage

Published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry, this community-based study followed 657 older adults for nearly seven years before death and analyzed copper levels in four brain regions during autopsy.2 Researchers wanted to know whether brain copper levels were linked to how quickly memory declined and how much Alzheimer’s disease damage was found after death. They also tracked participants’ dietary copper intake to see if it influenced copper levels in the brain or disease severity.

• Participants with more brain copper declined more slowly and had fewer signs of Alzheimer’s — Higher copper levels in specific areas of the brain, particularly the inferior temporal and mid-frontal regions, were strongly associated with slower loss of memory, attention, and thinking speed over time. Those in the top third for brain copper experienced the slowest decline in global cognition and key memory domains.

• Memory and processing speed were the most improved cognitive areas — The biggest differences were seen in global cognition, working memory, semantic memory (understanding words and meanings), and perceptual speed (how quickly the brain processes information). Participants in the top copper group declined 0.03 units per year more slowly than those in the lowest group — small differences that add up over time.

• Higher brain copper was linked to lower odds of advanced Alzheimer’s stage — Participants with the most brain copper had 40% lower odds of being in the most severe stage of Alzheimer’s pathology compared to those with the lowest copper.

• Copper plays a key role in maintaining healthy brain structure and function — Copper is used by enzymes that support brain energy metabolism, gene regulation, antioxidant defense, and neurotransmitter synthesis. These enzymes protect neurons from oxidative stress, regulate iron, and help with signal transmission between brain cells. A copper shortfall weakens these defenses, leaving neurons more vulnerable to damage.

A High-Copper, High-Fat Diet Raises Dementia Risk

Copper is essential for brain health, but having too much also leads to neurodegeneration and neurological disorders. In an analysis published in the American Journal of Epidemiology, researchers tracked 10,269 middle-aged adults over a 20-year period to examine how dietary copper intake — especially when combined with high levels of saturated fat — affected cognitive performance and dementia risk.3

• Copper wasn’t a risk factor until paired with high-fat diets — Among those who consumed the most saturated fat, higher copper intake was linked to significantly faster cognitive decline. In this group, high copper doubled the rate of memory loss. In contrast, people with low saturated fat intake showed no negative effect from copper, even at higher doses. This interaction highlights how nutrients don’t act in isolation. Your overall dietary pattern matters.

• Verbal memory suffered the most in those with high copper and fat intake — The largest decline was seen in language-related skills. Participants with high copper and high saturated fat diets had the steepest drop in word recall and verbal fluency. These are early warning signs of dementia, especially Alzheimer’s-type cognitive impairment.

• Supplements weren’t the issue — most copper came from food — The researchers confirmed that nearly all copper came from dietary sources. Supplement users made up a small minority and didn’t skew the data. This underscores the need to evaluate food combinations, not just isolated nutrient doses.

• Brain damage likely driven by copper-induced oxidation of fats — The study authors proposed that excess copper oxidizes saturated fats and cholesterol in the bloodstream, triggering inflammatory damage inside the brain. When fats are oxidized, they form harmful compounds called aldehydes, which are known to impair neurons and increase beta-amyloid buildup, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. This damage appears to be especially aggressive in brain regions responsible for memory.

• Related study found participants with the highest copper and saturated/trans fat intake had the worst cognitive outcomes — A study published in Archives of Neurology found that in people with diets high in saturated and trans fats, higher copper intake was linked to a dramatic decline in mental function.4 Their rate of cognitive decline was equivalent to aging 19 years faster compared to participants with low copper and low fat intake.

That means a 65-year-old on a high copper, high-fat diet had the brain function of an 84-year-old. The study found no such effect among those with high copper but low fat intake, showing it was the combination — not copper alone — that accelerated damage.

How to Balance Copper and Protect Your Brain from Cognitive Decline

Copper is one of the most misunderstood minerals in your body. While the mainstream narrative often warns about copper excess, the reality is that most people are walking around copper-deficient — and that has far-reaching consequences for your brain. Copper is foundational for mitochondrial function, iron regulation, and energy production. When it’s low, iron builds up in places it shouldn’t, oxidative stress spikes, and your neurons suffer.

If you’re feeling mentally sluggish, forgetful, or easily fatigued, your copper status may be off. But rather than guessing, I recommend a strategic approach that supports your body’s ability to regulate copper naturally — using whole foods, metabolic support, and, if needed, supplementation. Here are five key steps to optimize your copper levels and protect your brain:

1. Add copper-rich whole foods to your diet — Foods like grass fed beef liver, shellfish, shiitake mushrooms, dark chocolate, and bee pollen are some of the best sources of bioavailable copper. These foods don’t just supply copper — they deliver it in a way your body knows how to handle. Retinol (preformed vitamin A), found in beef liver and organ meats, plays a direct role in copper metabolism. Without enough retinol, copper can’t get where it needs to go.

2. Shift your macronutrient balance — more carbs, less fat — A high-fat diet disrupts how your body burns glucose and instead forces it to rely on fat for energy. That imbalance drives chronic disease. I now recommend keeping fat intake between 30% and 40% of your daily calories.

That means prioritizing healthy, digestible carbs like whole fruit, cooked root vegetables, white rice, and small amounts of well-tolerated whole grains, as long as your gut is healthy and you tolerate them. For healthy fats, focus on grass fed butter, ghee, and tallow, while minimizing the polyunsaturated fat linoleic acid in vegetable oil.

3. Supplement strategically with copper bisglycinate if needed — If your copper intake is low or you’ve been dealing with signs of deficiency, such as brain fog or unexplained fatigue, consider taking 3 to 4 mg of copper bisglycinate daily. This chelated form is highly absorbable and less likely to irritate your gut. But don’t supplement blindly — test your levels, track your progress, and adjust your copper intake as needed.

4. Balance copper and iron — It’s important to recognize the interplay between iron and copper. Iron overload coupled with copper deficiency presents a particularly risky scenario. Copper deficiency is widespread, and many individuals require increased copper intake to support proper iron metabolism.

Balanced copper levels aren’t just about brain performance — they’re about restoring the mineral harmony that drives every system in your body. When copper is where it’s supposed to be, your energy, memory, and clarity come back online.

FAQs About Copper and Your Brain

Q: What does copper do for your brain?
A: Copper is essential for your brain’s electrical activity, antioxidant defense, and energy production. It activates enzymes like superoxide dismutase, which neutralize free radicals and protect neurons from damage. Without enough copper, your brain cells can’t generate energy efficiently or repair oxidative injury, leading to memory problems and cognitive decline.

Q: Can eating more copper-rich foods really improve memory?
A: Yes. Research published in Scientific Reports found that adults over 60 who consumed about 1.2 to 1.6 mg of copper daily had better memory, language skills, and processing speed — especially those recovering from stroke.5 Another study in Molecular Psychiatry showed that higher copper levels in brain tissue were linked to slower cognitive decline and less Alzheimer’s pathology.6

Q: Is too much copper dangerous for your brain?
A: It can be. While copper is necessary, too much — especially when paired with a high-fat diet — fuels oxidative stress. A study in the American Journal of Epidemiology found that high copper intake doubled the rate of memory loss in people eating diets rich in saturated fat.7 The damage is likely caused by copper oxidizing fats in the blood, triggering brain inflammation and beta-amyloid buildup.

Q: What foods help regulate healthy copper levels?
A: Grass fed beef liver, shellfish, shiitake mushrooms, dark chocolate, and bee pollen are excellent sources. Retinol (vitamin A) from organ meats is also needed to direct copper into your cells and prevent accumulation in the wrong places.

Q: Should I take a copper supplement?
A: If your diet lacks copper or you’re showing signs of deficiency, such as fatigue or brain fog, it may help to take 3 to 4 mg of copper bisglycinate daily. This form is gentle on digestion and highly absorbable. However, food-based copper should typically come first.

If you’ve been searching for a single activity that improves your physical health, calms your nervous system, and protects your brain as you age, the answer might be sitting right outside your door. Gardening is often dismissed as a casual hobby, but a growing body of research shows it functions more like a full-spectrum health intervention. It moves your body, exposes you to sunlight, lowers stress hormones, sharpens your thinking, and even shifts your eating habits in a lasting way.

What makes gardening unusual is how many systems it touches at once. Gardening blends physical activity, mental engagement, stress reduction, and lifestyle structure into a single routine.1 Most health strategies ask you to optimize one variable at a time. Gardening reshapes several of them in parallel, which is part of why its effects show up across so many different studies.

This matters because the biggest threats to your long-term health rarely come from one source. Chronic stress, inactivity, and poor diet feed into each other. Elevated cortisol disrupts sleep, weakens immune function, and accelerates cognitive decline. Low physical activity reduces blood flow to your brain and limits the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a compound that supports memory and learning.

Poor nutrition compounds both. When those systems break down together, your energy, focus, and resilience decline with them. That’s why a simple, hands-on activity like gardening stands out. It doesn’t target one problem in isolation. It rebuilds the foundation underneath several of them at once, from your muscles to your nervous system to your brain. To understand why that happens, it helps to start with what gardening actually does to your body physically, where the most immediate changes begin.

Gardening Works Your Body and Resets Your Stress at the Same Time

A report by The Seattle Times describes gardening as “quite simply, hard work,” involving lifting soil, digging trenches, and repeated squatting and bending.2 These are the same movement patterns used in structured workouts. Instead of forcing yourself through a routine, you get strength training and cardio while doing something productive and engaging. The article frames gardening as a “green gym,” meaning your environment itself becomes your training space.

• You gain measurable increases in weekly activity without forcing it — Research published in The Lancet Planetary Health journal found people who started gardening increased their moderate-to-vigorous exercise by about 42 minutes per week.3 That’s a meaningful jump without adding a formal workout program. If you struggle to stay consistent with exercise, this gives you a built-in way to close the gap simply by maintaining a garden.
Gardening improves grip strength, flexibility, balance and stamina. These directly affect how well you move, reduce injury risk and support long-term mobility. Think about carrying bags of soil or pushing a wheelbarrow. Those actions train your body in ways machines often fail to replicate.

• Sun exposure during gardening supports key systems in your body — Spending time outside while gardening triggers vitamin D production through sunlight exposure while optimizing your cellular health. That process supports bone health, immune regulation, and function of your mitochondria, your cells’ energy factories. Instead of adding another supplement or routine, you build this into your day naturally. It ties your environment directly to your physiology in a way indoor lifestyles don’t.

• Gardening shifts your mental state by forcing you into the present moment and reducing stress — Gardening pulls your attention into the present in a way few activities can. You can’t weed a row of carrots while doomscrolling.
The task itself demands that your hands, eyes, and mind occupy the same moment, and your nervous system responds to that focused attention by easing off the stress accelerator. When you focus on physical tasks like planting or weeding, your mental chatter drops and your body moves into a calmer state.
A study published in the Journal of Health Psychology compared gardening to reading after a stressful task and found both reduced stress, but gardening led to a “significantly better mood” and “lower levels of cortisol.”4 Cortisol is your primary stress hormone. Lowering it reduces strain on your body, improves recovery, and stabilizes your mood.
Soil exposure even triggers brain chemistry changes that improve mood. The article highlights specific soil bacteria, including Streptomyces rimosus, which is linked to reduced inflammation markers. That means simply working with soil changes your internal chemistry in a way that supports mental health.

• Your senses do the calming work for you — The warmth of sun on your neck, the resistance of soil against your fingers, the smell of crushed basil; these signals tell your nervous system, in a language older than thought, that you’re safe. Researchers call this heightened body awareness interoception, and it’s one of the channels through which your body shifts out of fight-or-flight mode.

• Growing your own food rewires what ends up on your plate — When you’ve spent six weeks watching a tomato plant climb its trellis, you don’t let the fruit rot on the counter. You eat it. You plan meals around it. You hand one to your neighbor. The investment of time in growing food changes the calculation in ways willpower never could.

Gardening Challenges Your Brain and Builds Long-Term Mental Resilience

The most surprising effects of gardening may not happen in your muscles or your gut; they happen between your ears. The Washington Post framed gardening as an activity that “supports cognitive health” by combining several proven brain-protective behaviors into one routine.5 Gardening stacks multiple benefits together, which increases your odds of maintaining memory and mental sharpness as you age.

• Large-scale data shows a clear link between gardening and better brain function — One of the strongest findings highlighted in the article comes from a study involving nearly 137,000 adults age 45 and older.6,7 People who engaged in regular activities like gardening reported fewer memory problems and fewer limitations in daily function tied to cognitive decline.
That translates into something very practical. You stay independent longer. You think more clearly. You handle daily tasks with less difficulty.

• Gardening influences multiple brain-related lifestyle factors at once — Experts quoted in the report emphasize that gardening touches “nearly every lifestyle factor brain-health research has already confirmed matters,” including movement, sleep quality, social interaction, and mental engagement.
Instead of trying to optimize each area separately, this gives you a single activity that improves all of them at once. That simplifies your approach and reduces the mental load of trying to manage your health.

• Long-term tracking shows benefits that carry into older age — A separate longitudinal study followed participants from childhood into their late 70s and beyond.8 Those who reported gardening at age 79 showed better thinking skills and stronger memory compared to their earlier baseline. This tells you the habit compounds over time. The earlier you start and the more consistent you stay, the more benefit you build.

• Gardening strengthens multiple types of thinking at the same time — Planning what to plant, remembering care schedules, and solving problems as plants grow all engage different parts of your brain. This includes memory, decision-making, and what researchers call executive function, meaning your ability to plan and follow through. Instead of passive activities, you actively train your brain each time you garden.
The article explains that engaging multiple brain systems at once “may help build the brain’s resilience against decline.” In simple terms, you create a stronger, more adaptable brain. This makes it easier to maintain function even as you age or face stress. It’s similar to cross-training for your mind rather than relying on one narrow activity.

• Physical movement from gardening feeds your brain at a biological level — Experts explain that movement increases blood flow to your brain and boosts levels of BDNF, which acts like fertilizer for your brain cells.
BDNF helps existing brain cells survive longer, encourages them to form new connections with each other, and supports the birth of new cells in the hippocampus, the brain region that turns short-term experiences into long-term memories. When BDNF levels rise, your brain becomes better at learning, adapting, and retaining information.

Use Gardening to Rebuild Your Energy, Focus, and Daily Health Habits

Modern life pulls you in the opposite direction of what your body and brain need. You sit more, move less, stay indoors, and stay mentally scattered. That combination drives stress, weakens your physical capacity, and dulls your mental edge over time. Gardening flips that pattern. It restores movement, sunlight, focus, and real-world engagement in one place. If you want a simple way to correct a root cause behind low energy, chronic stress, and cognitive decline, this is where you start.

1. Start small so you build consistency, not overwhelm — If you’ve never gardened, start simply. A few pots, a raised bed, or even herbs on a windowsill are enough. What matters is repetition. When you create a setup that fits your space and schedule, it makes it easier to show up daily, which is where the real benefits come from. Think of this as your baseline habit. You gain benefits by doing it often, not by doing it perfectly.

2. Turn gardening into your daily movement routine — Replace part of your exercise time with gardening tasks. Digging, planting, watering, and carrying supplies all count. If you already work out, treat gardening as functional training that improves how your body actually moves. If you’re sedentary, this becomes your entry point. Set a simple goal like 20 to 30 minutes per day. Track your time like a game. Watch your weekly total climb.

3. Use gardening to reset your stress response in real time — When your mind feels overloaded, step outside and work with your hands. Focus on the task in front of you. Feel the soil, notice your body position, and pay attention to your breathing. This acts as a physical reset. The more you practice this, the faster your body shifts out of stress mode. Treat each session like a reset button you can press anytime.

4. Engage your brain by planning and solving problems in your garden — Decide what to plant next. Track what grows well. Adjust your approach when something fails. This builds memory, decision-making, and problem-solving skills at the same time. If you like structure, keep a simple log or checklist. If you prefer flexibility, treat it like an experiment. Either way, you stay mentally engaged, which strengthens your brain over time.

5. Grow at least one food you will actually eat and enjoy — Choose something simple and rewarding like tomatoes, herbs, or leafy greens. When you harvest something you grew yourself, you value that food more. You eat it more often. That improves your daily nutrition without forcing it. If your fridge regularly fills with vegetables that wilt before you eat them, this is the fix that finally works. You don’t have to want kale more; you just have to grow lettuce, and the wanting takes care of itself.

FAQs About Gardening Health Benefits

Q: How much gardening do I need to see real health benefits?
A: Research shows even modest increases, like adding around 40 minutes of activity per week, lead to measurable improvements. What matters most is consistency. Short, regular sessions build strength, improve mood, and support long-term brain health more effectively than occasional long efforts.

Q: Does gardening really count as exercise?
A: Yes. Gardening includes movements like lifting, digging, squatting, and carrying, which mirror strength training and cardiovascular activity. These movements improve flexibility, balance, and endurance in ways that directly translate to better daily function and reduced injury risk.

Q: How does gardening reduce stress so quickly?
A: Gardening lowers cortisol, your main stress hormone, while shifting your attention into the present moment. The combination of physical movement, outdoor exposure, and sensory input helps your nervous system move out of stress mode and into a calmer, recovery-focused state.

Q: Can gardening actually improve my brain function as I age?
A: Evidence shows people who garden regularly report fewer memory problems and better daily functioning later in life. Gardening engages memory, decision-making, and problem-solving all at once, while also supporting brain chemistry through increased blood flow and higher levels of BDNF, which supports memory formation.

Q: Does growing my own food really change how I eat?
A: Yes. When you grow food yourself, you place higher value on it and are more likely to eat it regularly. This leads to higher intake of fresh, nutrient-rich foods without relying on willpower. Over time, this shifts your eating habits in a lasting and practical way.

Test Your Knowledge with Today’s Quiz!
Take today’s quiz to see how much you’ve learned from yesterday’s Mercola.com article.

How did the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) change its way of evaluating drinking water contaminants?

By focusing on testing one contaminant at a time in water
By reviewing only contaminants that are already regulated
By shifting to groups of contaminants instead of single substances
The update prioritizes groups like microplastics and pharmaceuticals, helping track combined exposure instead of isolated substances. Learn more.
By limiting testing to contaminants found only in bottled water

If you’ve ever poured your energy into growing vegetables only to watch them wilt, weaken, or fall prey to pests, you’re not alone. The missing piece in many struggling gardens isn’t fertilizer, more watering, or better tools — it’s flowers. Not for looks, but for function. Flowers are the most underused tool in the gardener’s toolkit, and the science is catching up to what experienced growers have known all along: your vegetables thrive when they’re surrounded by the right blooms.

Most people treat flowers and vegetables like they belong in separate worlds — one for beauty, the other for food. But that separation is costing you time, yield, and resilience. When you rely on synthetic pest control or isolated rows of crops, you’re working against nature’s built-in systems. You’re left doing more of the labor yourself — spraying, weeding, watering, and battling burnout.

Instead, think of your garden as a living, layered system. One that works better when flowers pull in pollinators, when their roots break up compacted soil, and when their scent and shape bring balance to the chaos above and below ground. You don’t need a massive plot or perfect conditions. You need strategic choices — flowers that multitask, protect, and support your veggies from seed to harvest. Here’s how to bring that strategy to life.

Yarrow, Fennel, and Goldenrod Make Your Garden Smarter, Not Harder

Instead of relying on pesticides, Modern Farmer highlights how planting wildflowers at the edges of your beds brings in natural predators that keep pest outbreaks in check.1 These flowering plants attract insects that feed on destructive bugs before they cause damage. Wildflowers also reinforce soil health and promote nutrient cycling, which helps your garden stay productive and resilient long term.

• Yarrow, fennel, and goldenrod attract the insects that eat your garden’s worst pests — These flowers act like magnets for lady beetles, parasitic wasps, hoverflies, and lacewings — the insect world’s cleanup crew. These natural allies target and kill aphids, thrips, spider mites, caterpillars, and beetles, preventing them from wiping out your greens, tomatoes, or cucumbers.

According to the article, “The most important benefit is how wildflowers attract predatory insects,” shifting the focus from reaction to prevention.

• Their umbrella-shaped blooms are designed to support predator insects — Fennel and yarrow have umbrella-like clusters of flowers, called umbels, that make it easy for short-tongued insects to access nectar. This helps keep tiny beneficial insects like parasitic wasps and hoverflies energized and active in your garden. Many of them lay eggs directly into pests like hornworms, where their larvae hatch and devour the pest from the inside out.

• These same flowers strengthen your soil while protecting it from erosion — If you’re dealing with bare patches, runoff, or compacted dirt, these flowers do double duty. Yarrow fills gaps fast, holding topsoil in place and limiting erosion. Goldenrod thrives in sloped or erosion-prone areas, anchoring the soil during heavy rain. For gardeners in areas with heavy clay or sandy beds, these plants offer a low-effort fix that improves structure over time.

• Some wildflowers even earn their keep as crops or useful herbs — Fennel isn’t just a pest magnet — its bulbs and seeds are edible and marketable. Bee balm (Monarda) offers leaves for tea with a minty, peppery flavor, and milkweed attracts monarch butterflies while supporting pollinator diversity. With the right mix, you’re not just growing flowers; you’re adding revenue streams and apothecary tools to your backyard.

Choose Wildflowers That Match Your Region’s Soil and Climate

Yarrow survives in U.S. Department of Agriculture Zones 3 through 9, making it reliable in both frosty winters and scorching summers.2 Liatris and milkweed are well-suited for dry, drought-prone gardens, while Joe Pye weed thrives in wetter areas near creeks or drainage spots. Matching the flower to the soil helps reduce maintenance and boosts long-term success.

• Wildflower roots support a thriving underground microbial network — These wildflowers aren’t just feeding bees above ground — they’re feeding beneficial microbes below it. Their roots support fungi and bacteria that help your vegetables absorb key nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen. The result? Stronger root systems, faster growth, and better crop health, without synthetic fertilizers.

• More insects mean fewer diseases — Pests don’t just chew holes — they spread viruses and bacteria. Wildflower-attracted insects interrupt these cycles by keeping vector populations low. This means fewer sick plants, stronger defenses, and less need for chemical sprays.

• Each season, your garden gets smarter and stronger — Many of these flowers reseed on their own or spread through underground roots. That means the longer you use them, the stronger their benefits become. You’ll spend less time replanting, less money on inputs, and see more life, and harvest, in your garden year after year.

These Flowers Work Overtime in Your Garden

A piece from Meadowlark Journal details how planting specific flowers in and around your vegetable garden supports a more balanced and productive garden.3 The article explores how integrating colorful annuals and perennials helps pull in beneficial insects, prevent pest outbreaks, support pollination, and improve soil health, all without synthetic chemicals.

• The right flowers make your entire garden work smarter, not harder — Pairing specific blooms with your vegetables makes your space more productive. When you surround your crops with the right flowers, you attract natural pest controllers, boost pollination, improve soil health, and reduce the need for pesticides or fertilizer.

• Best flowers for pest control and pollination? Start with marigolds, alyssum, and nasturtiums — Marigolds do double duty by repelling root-damaging nematodes and attracting lacewings and ladybugs that feed on aphids. Sweet alyssum draws in hoverflies and predatory wasps, keeping caterpillars and aphids in check. Nasturtiums are the garden’s decoy — they lure pests away from your veggies and act as living trap crops.

• Borage and sunflowers pull their weight by boosting vegetable yields — Borage lifts minerals from deep in the soil where most vegetable roots can’t reach, feeding nearby crops like tomatoes, squash, and strawberries. Sunflowers act as pollinator magnets and natural trellises for beans and cucumbers, helping you maximize space and support climbing plants without needing extra structures.

• Zinnias, lavender, and calendula directly improve soil health and root strength — These flowers aren’t just beneficial above ground — they work below the surface, too. Zinnias and lavender reduce erosion and bring in pest-fighting insects. Calendula improves soil aeration, helps beneficial insects like lacewings thrive, and feeds the earth as it breaks down after blooming. The result? Looser soil, better drainage, and stronger roots.

Flower and Veggie Combos Give You a Major Edge

Warm-season pairings — like zinnias with squash or cosmos with melons — create mini microclimates that protect sensitive plants from extreme sun while drawing in more bees.4 These flower partners also help repel pests like cucumber beetles and squash vine borers. In cooler weather, calendula and violas pair well with lettuce and root crops for similar benefits.

• Smart layout tips help you get more from small spaces — Instead of lining up vegetables in strict rows, try tucking flowers at the base of tall crops or placing them in hanging baskets for vertical impact. Borage planted at the corners of strawberry beds, or marigolds circling tomato plants, help you make the most of every square foot, improving function and drawing in beneficial insects where you need them most.

• Some flowers even boost flavor and resilience — Basil planted near tomatoes or peppers doesn’t just keep mosquitoes and flies away — it actually improves their flavor and growth rate. Lavender pulls pollinators into your plot while keeping deer and moths at bay.

Flowers Add Function, Not Just Color, to Your Garden Beds

A detailed guide from Gardenary breaks down why every kitchen garden should include flowers as essential components of soil health, pest control, and biodiversity.5 It outlines four key reasons: attracting pollinators and predators, improving soil, offering edible blooms, and enhancing the beauty of your space, all of which benefit vegetable production.

• Some of the best flowers in your garden belong on your plate or in your medicine cabinet — You don’t have to choose between beauty and utility. Calendula petals can be made into soothing skin salves or brewed into a calming tea. Borage blooms are perfect in salads or frozen into ice cubes for herbal drinks. Nasturtium flowers and leaves add a spicy, peppery bite to meals.6 These edible flowers serve multiple functions — feeding you, feeding your pollinators, and strengthening your garden ecosystem.

• Choose flowers based on the pests you’re battling — If aphids or squash bugs are tearing up your crops, Gardenary suggests planting marigolds to repel nematodes and attract helpful insects like ladybugs. Catmint, sage, and lavender all use strong fragrances to confuse and deter destructive insects like Japanese beetles and cabbage worms. Nasturtiums lure pests away from high-value vegetables like broccoli and kale, sacrificing themselves to protect the rest of your crop.

• Flowers break up hard soil and pull nutrients to the surface — Plants like phacelia and clover act as living soil boosters. Their roots loosen compacted earth, help with drainage, and leave behind nutrient-rich organic matter as they die back. Comfrey and dandelion have long taproots that mine minerals like calcium and potassium from deep underground, delivering them where your veggies can use them.

• Layout matters — use flower placement to boost airflow, light, and growth — Gardenary recommends skipping the straight rows and thinking in layers. Pair sunflowers with bush beans to avoid shading out smaller plants. Surround brassicas like cabbage with lavender to confuse pests and add fragrance. Let nasturtiums sprawl beneath taller crops like okra to cover the soil, prevent weeds, and deter bugs, all in the same space.

• Use the seasons to guide your flower choices and planting timeline — In fall, start with cool-hardy blooms like larkspur, yarrow, and Queen Anne’s lace. Once spring arrives, switch to heat-lovers like cosmos, marigolds, and zinnias. This staggered system means your garden keeps feeding pollinators all year long, and your soil never sits bare.

• No big garden? No problem — flowers work in containers, too — Even if you’re growing on a balcony, in a courtyard, or in a few raised beds, you can still make flower-based gardening work. Use hanging baskets or grow bags to add layers of pollinator-friendly plants throughout your space. Move them around to experiment with light, airflow, or pest pressure without committing to fixed beds. This makes gardening more forgiving and more fun.

How to Rebuild a Healthier Garden Using Flowers as Tools

If your vegetable garden is constantly battling pests, drying out too fast, or struggling to produce, the real issue could be a lack of support plants. Flowers aren’t just decorative — they solve root problems like soil erosion, poor pollination, and pest overload. By choosing the right flowers and placing them strategically, you give your vegetables the backup they need to thrive without chemicals. Here’s how to get started:

1. Choose flowers that fix the biggest problem in your garden — If you’re fighting off aphids or squash bugs, start with marigolds and nasturtiums. If you’re noticing low yields or misshapen fruit, focus on flowers that attract more bees and butterflies, like zinnias, borage, or cosmos. For compacted soil or poor drainage, calendula, clover, and phacelia are the go-to picks because they naturally improve soil structure as they grow and break down.

2. Plant with a purpose, not just for color — Every flower should have a job. Use sunflowers as living fences or trellises for beans and cucumbers. Add basil and lavender to repel moths and mosquitoes while boosting flavor in nearby tomatoes and peppers. If you’re working with limited space, place flowers in baskets or pots near your veggies to attract pollinators without crowding your garden beds.

3. Pair the right flower with the right veggie — Match based on sun, size, and season. For example, tuck marigolds around your tomato or pepper plants. Place borage near squash or strawberries to help pull up nutrients. Grow cosmos behind zucchini or melons to shade the soil and attract hoverflies. Avoid pairing sunflowers with potatoes — sunflowers release compounds that stunt certain root vegetables.

4. Start with what’s easiest to grow — If you’re new to gardening or short on time, begin with direct-sow flowers like zinnias, salvia, and wildflower blends. They grow fast and require almost no babying. You’ll see results within weeks, and so will your vegetables. This gives you an early win and keeps motivation high throughout the season.

5. Build your garden to evolve and improve each year — Perennials like yarrow, lavender, and Joe Pye weed come back every season and expand your flower coverage over time. Let self-seeding annuals like calendula and borage do some of the work for you. Once they’re established, you’ll spend less time replanting and more time harvesting. Your garden will start managing itself.

FAQs About Flowers for Your Vegetable Garden

Q: What are the best flowers to plant in a vegetable garden for pest control?
A: Top choices include yarrow, fennel, goldenrod, marigolds, sweet alyssum, and nasturtiums. These flowers attract beneficial insects like lady beetles, parasitic wasps, and hoverflies that prey on pests such as aphids, thrips, and caterpillars.

Q: How do flowers improve soil health?
A: Flowers like calendula, borage, clover, and comfrey break up compacted soil, prevent erosion, and feed beneficial soil microbes. Their roots loosen the ground and pull up deep minerals like calcium and potassium, helping nearby vegetables absorb more nutrients.

Q: Can I grow flowers and vegetables together in small spaces?
A: Yes. Flowers can be tucked between crops, grown in containers, or added to hanging baskets. Strategic placement boosts airflow, pollination, and pest control without requiring large garden beds.

Q: Which flowers are edible or medicinal?
A: Calendula, borage, nasturtiums, and bee balm are edible and offer health benefits. Calendula petals work well in teas or salves, while nasturtiums add a peppery flavor to salads. These multipurpose blooms support your garden and your wellness.

Q: How should I choose flowers based on my garden’s needs?
A: Select flowers based on your biggest challenges — marigolds and nasturtiums for pests, borage and cosmos for pollination, or clover and phacelia for soil structure. Match flowers to your region’s climate, and pair them seasonally with vegetables to maximize benefits.

As the global population grows older, dementia cases are expected to double every two decades, rising to 78 million by 2030 and 139 million by 2050.1 It often begins subtly, with memory lapses like forgetting names or misplacing items. These early symptoms are classified as mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a condition that affects 10% to 20% of adults over 65 and significantly raises the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.2

With no cure for Alzheimer’s and limited pharmaceutical options, scientists are exploring how lifestyle interventions help preserve cognitive health. A research team at the State University of Campinas in Brazil investigated whether weight training helps protect the brain from the structural decline seen in people with MCI, and their findings were promising.3

Weight Training Slows Brain Aging and Protects Against Alzheimer’s

The featured study, published in the GeroScience journal in January 2025,4 focused on whether weight training prevents brain shrinkage and memory loss before full-blown dementia takes hold. The study involved 44 older adults with mild cognitive impairment, randomly assigned to either twice-weekly supervised resistance training or a non-exercising control group. Training sessions lasted six months and used moderate to high-intensity weights with progressive loading.

• Exercise preserved brain regions that are most vulnerable to Alzheimer’s — The researchers focused on two brain areas often damaged in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease — the hippocampus, which is key for forming new memories, and the precuneus, which plays a role in attention, visual processing, and sense of self.

After six months, the group that exercised saw no volume loss in the right side of either region, unlike the control group, which experienced significant shrinkage in both. This suggests weight training can help physically preserve brain tissue in areas most vulnerable to Alzheimer’s.

• White matter and nerve fiber health also improved — Beyond just preserving brain volume, weight training also improved the quality of the brain’s white matter, which serves as the communication network between different brain regions. The study also found an increase in fractional anisotropy, an indicator of healthier, more organized nerve fibers, in the training group.

In contrast, the control group saw a decrease in the same metric, showing a steady decline. The training group also saw a decrease in axial diffusivity, which indicates less damage along nerve fibers, while the control group’s white matter degraded.

• Some participants improved enough to no longer qualify as cognitively impaired — Participants in the resistance training group scored higher on tests of verbal episodic memory, which is the ability to recall words or stories from conversations or events.

Remarkably, by the end of the study, five of 22 participants in the training group had improved so much that they no longer met the clinical criteria for mild cognitive impairment. Meanwhile, memory declined further in the non-exercising group.5

• Long-term resistance training could offer more dramatic improvements — Although the study spanned just six months, the researchers believe that longer-term strength training could yield even greater benefits, reversing early cognitive decline rather than merely slowing it. Isadora Ribeiro, the lead author of the study, noted:

“All the individuals in the bodybuilding group showed improvements in memory and brain anatomy … This leads us to imagine that longer training sessions, lasting three years, for example, could reverse this diagnosis or delay any kind of dementia progression. It’s certainly something to be hopeful about and something that needs to be studied in the future.”6

• Exercise may work by reducing inflammation and boosting brain-healing proteins — These findings point to two likely reasons why resistance training helped. First, it stimulates the release of brain-protective molecules like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and irisin, both of which support nerve growth and repair.

Second, it lowers overall inflammation in the body, including the brain, which is known to accelerate cognitive decline. High levels of inflammation are linked to the buildup of abnormal proteins that damage neurons, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. Exercise works by shifting the immune response toward anti-inflammatory signals, giving the brain a better chance to heal and adapt.7

• Resistance training is a low-cost intervention with high impact — Dr. Marcio Balthazar, one of the lead researchers of the study, highlighted:

“For example, the new anti-amyloid drugs approved in the United States indicated for the treatment of dementia and for people with mild cognitive impairment, cost around USD 30,000 a year. That’s a very high cost. These non-pharmacological measures, as we’ve shown is the case with weight training, are effective, not only in preventing dementia but also in improving mild cognitive impairment.”8

Learn more about the benefits of exercise for brain health in “Exercise Transforms Your Brain and Protects Against Cognitive Decline.”

Why Exercise Should Be Part of Every Brain Health Plan

Beyond weight training, a wide range of exercises have been shown to protect brain health. A review published in the Journal of Aging Research9 analyzed findings from multiple meta-analyses to determine how various forms of physical activity impact cognition in older adults who do not yet have cognitive impairment.

• Exercise cuts Alzheimer’s risk — Research consistently showed that people who exercised were up to 45% less likely to develop Alzheimer’s and had a 28% lower risk of dementia overall. Even those with mild memory problems benefited.

The strongest effects came from aerobic training, resistance training, or a combination of the two. Exercises like Tai chi and yoga were also found to be effective, especially in enhancing executive function, attention, and processing speed.

• Exercise activates four powerful brain-protective pathways — The review highlights four key biological mechanisms that explain how exercise protects the brain. First, it boosts levels of growth factors like BDNF and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which help brain cells grow, repair, and communicate more efficiently.

Exercise also helps regulate the immune system by lowering chronic inflammation, which contributes to cognitive decline. Moreover, it improves blood flow and oxygen delivery to the brain by strengthening the heart and blood vessels. Finally, it helps stabilize the body’s stress system, particularly the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which becomes overactive with age and damages brain tissue.

• Different exercises benefit your biological systems in unique ways — Aerobic exercise, such as brisk walking or cycling, was more likely to raise BDNF levels, especially in older adults over 65. In contrast, resistance training had a stronger effect on IGF-1. Interestingly, the more complex the movement, such as dancing or Tai chi, the stronger the improvements in brain flexibility and multitasking skills.

• Exercise lowers inflammation, a major driver of brain aging — Inflammation also plays a major role in brain aging, and exercise directly combats it. In one review of 13 trials, older adults who exercised showed significant reductions in interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), two inflammatory markers linked to memory loss.

The researchers also observed that those with lower inflammation had larger hippocampal volumes and better performance on attention and memory tests. It’s believed that muscle contractions during exercise release anti-inflammatory molecules that help shield brain cells from damage.

• Cognitive gains occur even without improvements in cardiovascular fitness — While heart and blood vessel health are clearly important, not all brain benefits from exercise are tied to improvements in cardiovascular fitness. Some studies found that even when aerobic capacity didn’t improve, cognitive function still did.

In one trial, older adults who exercised for 12 weeks had increased blood flow in the brain’s decision-making regions and performed better on memory tasks despite no change in physical endurance. This suggests that exercise influences brain function through multiple pathways, not just by getting the heart pumping.

• Mind-body exercises like yoga improve stress regulation and memory — The review emphasized the importance of stress reduction. As we age, our ability to recover from stress weakens, and high cortisol levels are linked to faster cognitive decline. Exercise helps regulate the body’s stress response and even restores balance to the nervous system.

Yoga and Tai chi, for instance, have been shown to lower cortisol and anxiety while improving mental clarity. In one study, an eight-week yoga program not only reduced cortisol but directly improved test scores in memory and decision-making tasks. This underscores the role of mind-body exercise in supporting emotional and cognitive resilience.

Beyond cognitive health, the benefits of weight training span every major system of your body. Read “Weightlifting for an Hour a Week Cuts Risk for Stroke and Heart Attack Up to 70%” to learn more.

The Sweet Spot for Strength Training

Keep in mind that more isn’t always better, especially when it comes to lifting weights. While resistance training is a critical tool for protecting muscle, bone, and brain health as we age, evidence suggests that overdoing it may actually shorten your lifespan.

• Longevity benefits peak at 40 to 60 minutes of lifting per week — In my interview with cardiologist James O’Keefe, he discussed findings from his research,10 wherein he observed that vigorous exercise backfires, especially when done in high volumes.

As shown in the graph below, strength training has a J-shaped dose-response with all-cause mortality. Its benefits max out at around 40 to 60 minutes per week. Beyond that, the benefits plateau and eventually reverse.

• How excessive exercise reduces your lifespan — Prolonged intense physical activity places chronic stress on the body, leading to issues like cardiac overuse injury and an increased risk of musculoskeletal injuries. Overtraining also impairs recovery, causing fatigue, reduced performance and a weakened immune system.

• Training over two hours weekly negates the advantage — When you’re doing strength training for a total of 130 to 140 minutes per week, the longevity benefits of exercise go down to the point as if you’re not exercising at all. In short, if you train for three to four hours a week, your long-term survival is worse than people who don’t do strength training at all.

• Excessive lifting leaves you worse off than being sedentary — Again, when you’re doing intense vigorous exercise in excess, you’re still better off than people who are sedentary. But for some (yet undetermined) reason, excessive strength training leaves you worse off than being sedentary.

• Aim for 20 minutes twice a week, not more — The lesson here is to keep strength training to 20 minutes twice a week on non-consecutive days, or 40 minutes once a week. Moreover, it’s just an add-on to your exercise regimen — don’t center your entire exercise sessions around it. Moderate-intensity exercise such as walking gives you far greater benefits.

• Even short weekly sessions protect against aging — Interestingly, this moderate amount of strength training aligns with findings from the Brigham Young University study,11 which showed that even small doses of resistance training — around 10 to 50 minutes weekly — result in measurable benefits to telomere length, slowing biological aging without the risks associated with overtraining.

To learn more about the benefits of weight training for older adults and how to incorporate it into your workout routine, read “Strength Training Turns Back the Clock on Your Biological Age.”

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Weight Training and Alzheimer’s

Q: Does weight training help prevent Alzheimer’s disease?
A: Yes. The study published in GeroScience showed that just six months of weight training twice a week preserved critical brain areas like the hippocampus and precuneus in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). These areas usually shrink early in Alzheimer’s, and the exercise group showed no volume loss, unlike the non-exercising control group.

Q: How does exercise protect the brain at a biological level?
A: Exercise activates several protective pathways:

• It boosts brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and IGF-1, which help brain cells grow and repair.

• It reduces chronic inflammation, a major driver of cognitive decline.

• It improves blood flow and oxygen delivery to the brain.

• It regulates the HPA axis, lowering stress hormones like cortisol.

Q: What other brain benefits does strength training offer besides memory protection?
A: In addition to preserving brain volume, resistance training improves white matter integrity, supports nerve fiber health, and enhances verbal episodic memory. In the Brazilian study, five out of 22 participants in the training group improved so much they no longer met clinical criteria for MCI.

Q: How much strength training is enough to see brain and longevity benefits?
A: The sweet spot appears to be 20 to 40 minutes twice a week, or 40 to 60 minutes total per week. Research led by cardiologist Dr. James O’Keefe found that this level of training maximizes longevity benefits. Exceeding 130 to 140 minutes per week actually reverses these gains, increasing inflammation, injury risk, and stress on the body.

Q: Are lighter exercises like yoga or Tai chi also effective for brain health?
A: Yes. Mind-body exercises such as yoga and Tai chi lower cortisol and anxiety, improve mental clarity, and enhance executive function. One study showed that yoga not only reduced cortisol but also improved decision-making and memory test performance, demonstrating how gentle movement supports emotional and cognitive resilience.

For years, concerns about microplastics and pharmaceutical residues in drinking water were treated as fringe worries; the kind of thing that made headlines briefly before fading from public attention. That era is over. Federal agencies are now formally acknowledging that these substances are widespread, difficult to remove, and increasingly present inside the human body. What was once speculative is now a matter of official policy and funded research.

The question is no longer whether these contaminants exist in your water and your body; it’s what you can actually do about it. What makes this moment different from previous warnings is the scope of what’s being confirmed. Regulators aren’t flagging a single chemical or an isolated incident; they’re identifying entire categories of contaminants that enter your body through ordinary daily routines: the water you drink, the food you eat, and the products you use.

At the same time, scientists are confronting an uncomfortable truth about their own limitations. The tools to precisely measure what’s accumulating inside you, and what it’s doing once it gets there, are still being developed. That gap between what’s known and what can currently be measured is driving an urgent push at the federal level, one with real consequences for how your water is monitored, regulated, and ultimately treated.

The Government Just Redefined What Counts as Safe Drinking Water

An announcement from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on April 2, 2026, introduced a new draft of its Sixth Contaminant Candidate List, a tool used under the Safe Drinking Water Act to identify substances that are not yet regulated but are known or expected to show up in public water systems.1

This update stands out because it identifies entire groups of contaminants, including microplastics and pharmaceuticals, as priorities. That shift changes how your water is evaluated going forward, because regulators are no longer looking at isolated threats but entire categories that affect daily exposure.

The agency framed this as an effort to determine both how much of these substances reach you and what they actually do inside your body; questions that, remarkably, remain unanswered despite decades of plastic use. In simple terms, they’re trying to answer two key questions: how much of these substances you’re exposed to, and what that exposure does inside your body. Until those answers are clear, the focus remains on tracking, measuring, and building the evidence needed to act.

• Microplastics and pharmaceuticals are now treated as priority threats — For the first time in the program’s history, the EPA placed both microplastics and pharmaceuticals into high-priority contaminant groups.
Microplastics are tiny plastic particles that form as larger plastics break down, while pharmaceuticals refer to drug residues such as antibiotics, hormones, and antidepressants that enter water through human waste and improper disposal. These substances move through treatment systems and remain in the water you drink, meaning exposure is ongoing rather than occasional.
• The agency responded directly to public concern about hidden contaminants — The EPA made it clear this move reflects widespread demand for answers about what’s in drinking water. Administrator Lee Zeldin stated, “For too long, Americans have vocalized concerns about plastics and pharmaceuticals in their drinking water. That ends today.”
That statement marks a shift toward transparency and accountability, where contaminants that were once ignored are now being actively tracked and studied.
• Hundreds of drug compounds are now being evaluated for health risk — Alongside adding pharmaceuticals as a group, the EPA released human health benchmarks for 374 different drugs found in water systems. A benchmark is simply a safety reference point; it helps local water systems determine when a substance reaches a level that requires action. This gives your local water authority a measurable way to assess risk instead of guessing or ignoring the issue altogether.
• The list includes multiple contaminant groups, not just plastics and drugs — The updated list also includes per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), often called “forever chemicals,” along with disinfection byproducts, 75 individual chemicals, and nine microbes. This broader scope shows that water contamination is a layered problem involving industrial chemicals, treatment byproducts, and environmental pollutants all interacting at once.
• This list isn’t a regulation yet, but it drives what happens next — The Contaminant Candidate List does not immediately change your water quality, but it determines what gets studied, funded, and eventually regulated. Think of it as the starting point in a pipeline. Once a contaminant is on this list, it becomes eligible for deeper investigation and future limits. That means today’s “candidate” contaminants often become tomorrow’s regulated hazards.

The EPA opened a 60-day public comment period and will consult its Science Advisory Board before finalizing the list, with a target decision date of November 17, 2026. This process allows input from scientists, policymakers, and the public, shaping how aggressively these contaminants are addressed in future regulations.

Scientists Are Building a Way to Measure What’s Inside Your Body

From the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), a new $144-million initiative called the Systematic Targeting Of MicroPlastics (STOMP) was launched to solve a core problem: nobody has had a reliable way to measure how much plastic is inside your body.2

The program focuses on building tools that track, study, and remove microplastics and nanoplastics — particles so small they cross the blood-brain barrier and the placenta, reaching organs that larger fragments can’t. Without measurement, there’s no way to track progress or know whether exposure is rising or falling over time.

• The focus is not just exposure but what happens after it enters your body — Researchers involved in STOMP are working to understand how these particles move through different organ systems and what they do once they get there. The agency made it clear that plastics aren’t all the same; each type behaves differently, interacts with tissues differently, and carries different levels of harm.
This means your personal exposure is not just about how much plastic you encounter, but what type it is and where it ends up inside you.
The research highlights that certain groups, including pregnant women, children, people with chronic disease, and workers with high exposure, face higher risks from accumulation. That distinction shows this is not a one-size-fits-all issue. Your lifestyle, environment, and health status influence how much exposure you carry and how your body responds.
• The biggest gap right now is inconsistent and unreliable measurement — Scientists acknowledged that current lab methods produce conflicting results, which makes it difficult to compare studies or draw firm conclusions. One lab might detect a certain amount of microplastics while another lab finds something completely different in the same type of sample. That inconsistency slows progress and keeps both researchers and the public in the dark.
• New testing tools are being designed to give you a measurable number — One of the program’s key goals is to create a clinical test that measures your individual “microplastic burden,” meaning the total amount of plastic particles in your body. Once you have a number, you can follow changes over time, compare risk levels, and see whether interventions actually reduce your exposure.
• Researchers are ranking which plastics matter most for your health — The program is also building a system to classify plastics based on how harmful they are biologically. This ranking system helps answer a key question: which types of plastics demand immediate attention and which are less urgent. Instead of treating all plastics equally, this approach focuses effort where it has the greatest impact on health outcomes.
• The program is structured in two phases to move from understanding to action — Phase one focuses on measurement and mapping, identifying where plastics accumulate and how they interact with the body. Phase two focuses on removal, using the data from phase one to design targeted strategies that eliminate harmful particles. This step-by-step structure gives you a clear path: first identify the problem, then remove it in a precise way.

With reliable testing and classification systems in place, public health agencies and health care providers gain the ability to guide decisions, monitor progress, and evaluate interventions over time. This transforms the issue from something abstract into something measurable and manageable, giving you a clearer path to take action.

You Can Reduce Your Exposure to Microplastics and Pharmaceutical Residues Starting Today

Federal programs will take years to produce regulated limits and clinical tests. In the meantime, your exposure continues every day. The good news is that your most significant sources of exposure — your water, your food packaging, and your medication habits — are largely within your control right now. That’s why I wrote my book, “Microplastics Cure,” available for preorder now.
In it, I explain how this invisible exposure affects your long-term health, why your body struggles to clear plastics once they accumulate, and how daily habits either worsen or reduce that burden.

The book lays out clear, science-backed steps you can take now to lower exposure and support your body’s natural defenses. If you’re feeling overwhelmed, focus on one step at a time. Treat this like a simple system you improve week by week. The goal isn’t perfection. The goal is steady reduction.

1. Install a high-quality water filtration system that targets microplastics and pharmaceuticals — Your drinking water is one of the most direct exposure routes, so focus on that first. Look for a water filtration system designed to remove fine particles and chemical residues. If you’re using standard pitcher filters, understand they typically don’t address these newer contaminants. A properly designed system gives you a daily baseline of cleaner water.
2. Stop adding to the problem with plastic-heavy food and drink habits — Every time you heat food in plastic, drink from disposable bottles, or store meals in plastic containers, you increase your exposure. Switch to glass, stainless steel, or ceramic wherever possible. If you rely on convenience foods, start with one swap; replace your most frequent plastic use first and build from there.
3. Reduce unnecessary pharmaceutical use — A large portion of drug contamination starts with everyday use and disposal. Look at where medications show up in your routine. If you reach for over-the-counter drugs regularly, start by addressing the root issue — sleep quality, diet, stress, and movement.
Build a foundation that lowers your reliance on medications so they become a targeted tool, not a daily habit. When you do need them, use them intentionally and dispose of unused medications through proper take-back programs, not down the drain.
4. Support your body’s ability to handle toxic load through cellular energy — Your body isn’t passive in this process. Microplastics generate oxidative stress inside cells, impairing the mitochondria — your cells’ energy-producing structures — and reducing your body’s capacity to manage toxic load. The more efficiently your mitochondria function, the better equipped your cells are to respond to this kind of chronic chemical stress.
Support mitochondrial function with consistent sunlight exposure, adequate healthy carbohydrates, and balanced nutrition, including limiting linoleic acid (LA), a polyunsaturated fat concentrated in seed oils like soybean, corn, canola, and sunflower, which contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction when consumed in excess.
5. Replace one high-exposure habit this week and lock it in before adding another — Instead of trying to overhaul everything at once, pick the single biggest exposure point in your routine and eliminate it. If you drink bottled water daily, switch to filtered water. If you heat food in plastic containers, replace them with glass. Focus on one change, repeat it every day until it becomes automatic, then move to the next.
This approach keeps you consistent and prevents burnout while steadily lowering your overall exposure.

FAQs About Microplastics and Pharmaceuticals in Your Drinking Water

Q: My water utility says my tap water is safe. Why should I be concerned about this?
A: Federal agencies confirm that both microplastics and pharmaceutical residues are present in public water systems. These substances come from plastic breakdown, human waste, and improper medication disposal, and they pass through standard water treatment processes, which means your exposure is ongoing.

Q: Why are regulators only now taking action on these contaminants?
A: The U.S. EPA recently added microplastics and pharmaceuticals to its Contaminant Candidate List for the first time, marking a major shift in how water safety is evaluated. This list drives future research and regulation, meaning these contaminants are now a priority after years of public concern.

Q: How do microplastics build up inside my body?
A: Plastic particles enter through water, food, and air, then move through your bloodstream and settle in different organs. Researchers from HHS report that microplastics have been detected across multiple organ systems, and scientists are still working to understand how different types affect tissues in different ways.

Q: Why is it so hard to measure my exposure?
A: Current testing methods are inconsistent, which means results vary from one lab to another. That’s why a new national program is focused on developing tools to measure your total “microplastic burden,” giving you a clear number that reflects how much plastic has accumulated in your body and allowing progress to be tracked over time.

Q: What’s the most effective way to reduce my exposure right now?
A: Start with your water. Installing a high-quality filtration system designed to remove microplastics and pharmaceutical residues gives you immediate control over one of your biggest exposure sources. From there, reduce plastic use in food storage and limit unnecessary medication use to lower the overall burden entering your system each day.

Test Your Knowledge with Today’s Quiz!
Take today’s quiz to see how much you’ve learned from yesterday’s Mercola.com article.

What is the leading cause of death worldwide?

Chronic kidney disease
Type 2 diabetes
Seasonal infections
Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide, even after decades of medical progress. Learn more.

You’ve likely been told that omega-3s are your go-to remedy for inflammation — that taking fish oil will protect your heart, sharpen your brain, and extend your life. But what if the story isn’t that simple?

For years, the narrative around omega-3 fats has been built on the idea that they’re anti-inflammatory by nature. They’ve been packaged into pills, added to processed foods, and promoted as one of the most important supplements you can take. Millions rely on them daily, believing they’re supporting long-term health and disease prevention.

But something isn’t adding up. Inflammation remains at the core of most chronic diseases, yet rates of those diseases keep climbing, even among those who supplement with omega-3s. Could the problem be the very thing you’ve been using as the solution?

A line of research is forcing a major re-evaluation. It challenges the idea that more omega-3 automatically equals better health. And it raises an uncomfortable but necessary question: Is your fish oil doing more harm than good? Let’s dig into what the researchers discovered, and why it matters so much for your health.

Omega-3s and Omega-6s Both Linked to Higher Inflammation

A study published in the International Journal of Epidemiology looked at how omega-3 and omega-6 fats really affect inflammation in your body.1 Instead of just asking people what they ate, the researchers used data from two large population groups — the UK Biobank and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children — and a method called Mendelian randomization. This tool uses genetic data to figure out if something actually causes a health problem, or if it’s just linked to it by chance.

• Over 15,000 healthy people were analyzed, and the results were surprising — Researchers focused on three key markers in the blood that show inflammation: C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA).

While CRP is a general alarm bell for inflammation, GlycA gives a steadier view of low-grade inflammation that lasts over time. To their surprise, both omega-3 and omega-6 fats were linked to higher GlycA levels. That includes docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 found in fish oil, and linoleic acid (LA), an omega-6 polyunsaturated fat found in vegetable oils. Both also raised CRP.

• Higher omega-3 levels raised two major inflammation markers — Using genetic data to filter out things like diet and lifestyle, the researchers found that higher omega-3 levels actually caused increases in both CRP and GlycA. This matters because both of these markers are connected to long-term health problems like heart disease and Type 2 diabetes. The numbers were clear: total omega-3 fats led to a 0.09-point rise in CRP and a 0.12-point rise in GlycA — enough to raise a red flag.

• It wasn’t just the omega-6 to omega-3 ratio — each type of fat raised inflammation on its own — For years, people thought the problem was an imbalanced ratio — too much omega-6 and not enough omega-3. But this study found that both fats, even on their own, caused a spike in GlycA. And people with higher omega-6 to omega-3 ratios were more likely to have higher levels of all three inflammatory markers.

• Omega-6s were confirmed to be inflammatory, even after adjusting for other fats — When the researchers factored in other fats like cholesterol, triglycerides, saturated fat, and monounsaturated fat, omega-6s still stood out as drivers of inflammation. Omega-3s didn’t show a strong independent effect anymore, meaning their influence could depend on your overall diet. But omega-6s caused inflammation no matter what else was going on.

Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fats Go Through the Same Chemical Pathways in Your Body

Both fats are processed by your body using the same set of enzymes. Since they rely on the same machinery, they compete with each other. If your system is flooded with omega-6, it slows down your body’s ability to process omega-3, and vice versa. Some of the byproducts made in this process fuel inflammation or increase blood clotting depending on how much of each fat is present.2

• Your genetics shape how you respond to these fats — The study also looked at specific genes that control how your body metabolizes fats. People with gene variants linked to DHA production had higher CRP levels, while those linked to LA metabolism had slightly lower CRP. This shows that your genetic makeup influences how these fats impact your body, but the picture is complicated, and other factors also play a role.

• Neither omega-3 nor omega-6 behaved like anti-inflammatories — This study directly contradicts the idea that omega-3s fight inflammation. In reality, both types of fats had either no effect or made inflammation worse. The takeaway is clear: blindly taking fish oil or eating “heart-healthy” vegetable oils is making things worse, not better.

Bad Diets Put Your Immune System on High Alert — and That Keeps You Inflamed

A study published in Frontiers in Immunology looked at 19,110 U.S. adults and found that people who ate low-quality diets had more signs of chronic inflammation.3 The researchers used two major tools to measure diet: one that scored overall diet quality and another that looked at how inflammatory the foods were. The goal was to see how your daily food choices affect your immune system.

This also helps explain why omega-3 supplements, as shown in the International Journal of Epidemiology study,4 didn’t reduce inflammation. If the rest of your diet is poor, simply adding omega-3s won’t fix the underlying immune imbalance. Instead, it could even backfire, raising inflammation further if your body is already under metabolic stress.

• People with the worst diets had the highest levels of immune activity, without being sick — Those eating the most processed, nutrient-poor foods had the highest levels of white blood cells, platelets, and neutrophils — cells that rush in when your body senses danger. Even though these people weren’t fighting off an infection, their immune systems acted like they were. People with the worst diets were stuck in a constant state of low-grade inflammation.

• You can’t fix a bad diet with a few “healthy” foods — Even if you include anti-inflammatory foods like berries, your immune system won’t calm down if the rest of your diet is poor. What really matters is the overall quality and balance of everything you eat.

The study showed that people with pro-inflammatory diets still had lower inflammation if their total diet quality was high. That means it’s not about eating a few good foods — it’s about building every meal around whole, unprocessed ingredients.

• Inflammation hits harder as you get older — The study found that age makes this problem worse. As you get older, your immune system naturally becomes more reactive and less flexible, a process sometimes called “inflammaging.” That means a poor diet is even more harmful if you’re over 50. What you eat in your 60s and 70s has a bigger impact than it did in your 30s.

• Fiber, alcohol, and calories made the biggest difference in inflammation levels — When the researchers broke it down, three things stood out: not getting enough fiber, drinking too much alcohol, and overeating were the biggest drivers of inflammation. If you’re eating clean but still bloated, tired, or dealing with brain fog, chances are you’re still missing enough fiber or eating too much overall.

Even a perfect supplement routine won’t calm your immune system if those three areas aren’t under control. Remember, fiber is necessary, but if you consume it when your gut is unhealthy, it makes symptoms worse. So, before increasing your intake of high-fiber foods, be sure your gut is healthy.

How to Reduce Inflammation Without Making It Worse

If you’ve been relying on fish oil or omega-3 supplements to fight inflammation, it’s time to rethink that plan. The latest research shows that these fats — especially when taken in high doses or without regard for your overall fat balance and diet quality — actually raise key inflammation markers in your body. That means what you thought was helping is keeping you stuck in a cycle of low-grade immune stress.

The good news is, there are simple, proven ways to shift your body out of that inflammatory state. These steps don’t just patch symptoms — they address the root of the problem: too much LA from vegetable oils, poor fat balance, and oxidized or low-quality supplements that work against your health goals. Here’s what I recommend to start fixing the problem at its source:

1. Ditch the vegetable oils that flood your cells with inflammatory fat — If your diet includes soybean oil, canola oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, or safflower oil, even in small amounts, your body is likely overloaded with LA. That’s the real driver of inflammation for most people.

These oils are hidden everywhere: salad dressings, sauces, chips, restaurant meals, even “healthy” processed snacks. Swap them for anti-inflammatory fats like grass fed butter, ghee, or tallow. If you eat out frequently or rely on packaged foods, start flipping labels, and looking for those oils — they’re everywhere.

2. Switch from fish oil to krill oil to protect your cells — If you’re taking omega-3 supplements, I recommend making the switch to krill oil. Unlike fish oil, krill oil binds omega-3s to phospholipids — fat molecules that actually make up your cell membranes. That means your body absorbs them better and routes them where they’re needed most, like your liver and brain.

Krill oil also contains astaxanthin, a powerful antioxidant that prevents it from going rancid. Rancid fish oil doesn’t just stop working — it turns toxic. That’s the last thing you want in your bloodstream if you’re trying to cool inflammation.

3. Be smart about dosage — high levels of omega-3s backfire — Here’s where people go wrong: they assume that more omega-3 is always better. But that thinking has led to a dangerous trend. High doses of omega-3 supplements, especially those taken long term, have been linked to an increased risk of atrial fibrillation, a heart rhythm disorder that raises your risk of blood clots and stroke.5

This is the omega-3 paradox: the very thing you’re taking to protect your heart could be harming it if the dose is too high. You don’t need megadoses to see benefits. Stick with a food-first approach when possible — prioritize wild-caught fish like Alaskan salmon, sardines, anchovies, and mackerel — and if you use krill oil, keep it in a moderate range. Just enough to support liver repair and heart health without tipping the balance.

4. Rebuild your fat balance by focusing on animal-based whole foods — Most people don’t need to be loading up on plant-based oils for health. You’re better off getting your fats from whole, unprocessed animal sources — like pasture-raised eggs, grass fed beef, lamb, bison, and dairy from grass fed animals.

These fats have a better balance of saturated and monounsaturated fats and far less LA than even olive oil or so-called “healthy” seed-based products. If you’re still eating almond butter, nuts, or seeds, which are high in LA, that’s going to slow your progress.

5. Avoid processed foods that hide damaged fats and drive inflammation — Even if you’re eating healthy most of the day, one processed meal or snack reintroduces the same harmful fats you’ve been trying to avoid.

Even “healthy” processed snacks like protein bars and salad dressing often still contain high-LA oils. Don’t trust gluten-free chips, store-bought sauces, or dairy-free desserts. Stick to simple ingredients and make your own versions when possible. If your goal is to calm inflammation and regain energy, you need to keep the fat composition of your diet tightly controlled.

Start there. Once you’ve eliminated the root drivers and rebalanced your fat intake, your body will begin to recover naturally. Inflammation will come down, energy will go up, and you’ll stop throwing gasoline on the fire without even knowing it.

FAQs About Omega-3s and Inflammation

Q: Are omega-3s still considered anti-inflammatory?
A: Not in the way we’ve been led to believe. A large-scale genetic study published in the International Journal of Epidemiology found that higher omega-3 levels — especially DHA from fish oil — actually raised key inflammation markers.6 That means omega-3s don’t always calm inflammation the way we thought, and in some cases, they make it worse.

Q: Why doesn’t fish oil reduce inflammation for most people?
A: Because inflammation isn’t just about what you add — it’s about what you remove. If your diet is still high in inflammatory vegetable oils, processed foods, or alcohol, fish oil won’t help. The Frontiers in Immunology study showed that poor overall diet quality — not just lack of specific nutrients — keeps your immune system on high alert, no matter what supplements you take.7

Q: What’s the real root cause of chronic inflammation in most people?
A: The biggest drivers are a diet full of LA from vegetable oils, not enough dietary fiber, too many calories, and poor fat balance. These factors disrupt your immune system and make inflammation a constant background problem, even if you feel “mostly healthy.”

Q: Should I stop taking fish oil completely?
A: If you’re relying on high-dose fish oil without fixing your diet first, it’s time to reconsider. Most fish oil on the market is already oxidized by the time you take it — exposure to heat, light, and oxygen during processing and storage causes the fats to go rancid. Once oxidized, fish oil stops fighting inflammation and starts fueling it, creating harmful byproducts that damage your cells and arteries.

A better approach is switching to krill oil in moderation and focusing on anti-inflammatory whole foods like wild-caught fish, grass fed meats, and animal-based fats. Krill oil is more stable because it contains astaxanthin, a potent antioxidant that protects it from going rancid. Plus, it’s absorbed more efficiently and doesn’t require megadoses to support your fat balance and reduce immune stress.

Q: What’s the fastest way to lower inflammation naturally?
A: Start by eliminating vegetable oils like soybean, canola, sunflower, and corn oil. Then rebalance your diet with animal-based whole foods, moderate amounts of omega-3s from krill oil or fatty fish, and more fiber-rich vegetables once your gut is healthy. Cut back on alcohol and avoid processed foods. These changes target the root of the problem and support your immune system the way it was designed to function.

1 What animal has been found to develop brain changes seen in Alzheimer’s disease?

Laboratory mice
Bottlenose dolphins
Bottlenose dolphins can naturally develop amyloid plaques and brain inflammation, two brain changes also seen in Alzheimer’s disease. Learn more.

African elephants
Domestic cats

2 What happened when older adults had weaker slow-wave sleep?

Morning focus improved after waking
Anxiety levels were higher the next day
Weaker slow-wave sleep was linked to higher next-day anxiety, likely because the brain had less overnight emotional recovery. Learn more.

Stress responses became easier to control
Emotional balance stayed mostly unchanged

3 How does somatic therapy differ from talk therapy?

Talk therapy focuses only on muscle tension
Somatic therapy avoids the nervous system
Somatic therapy starts with body signals
Somatic therapy begins with body signals like tension and shallow breathing, while talk therapy focuses more on conversation and understanding. Learn more.

Talk therapy is based on barefoot grounding

4 How does gut health affect diabetic neuropathy?

A weak gut barrier can increase nerve inflammation
A weakened gut barrier can let bacterial toxins enter circulation, raising inflammation that may worsen nerve irritation and pain sensitivity. Learn more.

Better digestion removes the need for nerve repair
Gut bacteria stop all blood sugar problems quickly
The intestines have no role in diabetic nerve pain

5 Why have many people used semaglutide as a quick weight loss fix?

It builds muscle while removing fat
It slows digestion and curbs appetite
Semaglutide slows digestion and curbs appetite, but using it mainly for weight loss may hide serious risks to muscle, organs, bones, and mental health. Learn more.

It improves bone density in older adults
It removes hunger without side effects

6 What matters most for meditation benefits?

Feeling deeply relaxed every single time
Avoiding discomfort during each session
Taking quiet breaks even without focused effort
Staying present through mental challenge
Meditation benefits can come from staying present through discomfort, which helps train the brain to handle stress better over time. Learn more.

7 Why does grass fed dairy matter more than low-fat dairy?

Low-fat dairy always has more C15:0
Grass fed dairy removes all saturated fat
Grain fed dairy has no nutrients at all
C15:0 is found in the fat portion of milk
C15:0 is found in milk fat, so removing fat lowers C15:0 levels. Grass fed dairy also contains more C15:0 than grain fed dairy. Learn more.

Test Your Knowledge with
The Master Level Quiz

1 Which foods contain C15:0?

Wild-caught fish
Leafy greens and berries
Full-fat dairy and pasture-raised meats
C15:0, also called pentadecanoic acid, is found in full-fat dairy and pasture-raised meats and may help support brain cell health. Learn more.

White rice and refined grains

2 If you live near a golf course, how can filtering your drinking water help?

It lowers pesticide exposure from local groundwater
Filtering drinking water can reduce pesticide residues from local groundwater, helping lower daily exposure, and support neurological health. Learn more.

It removes plenty of possible Parkinson’s disease risks
It adds minerals that block all nerve damage
It makes nearby pesticide spraying unnecessary

3 Which statement about Alzheimer’s disease is not accurate?

Brain changes can begin before symptoms appear
Memory and independence can decline over time
Alzheimer’s disease develops only overnight
Alzheimer’s disease does not develop overnight. Brain changes may unfold years before memory loss or other symptoms appear. Learn more.

Prevention strategies are becoming more urgent

4 What can help improve sleep quality?

Drinking more fluids close to bedtime
Leaving the television on all night at whisper volumes
Keeping the room dark, quiet and cool
A dark, quiet and cool room can improve sleep depth. Reducing nighttime noise, using blackout curtains, and avoiding late fluids may also help. Learn more.

Raising the room temperature before bed

5 Aside from bentonite clay, what other toothpaste ingredient do you need to watch out for?

Peppermint oil
Calcium carbonate
Heavy metals may enter toothpaste through poorly tested ingredients like calcium carbonate, hydroxyapatite, and bentonite clay, so sourcing matters. Learn more.

Coconut oil
Baking soda

6 Which flavonoid may help prevent vascular calcification?

Quercetin
Luteolin
Apigenin
Fisetin
Fisetin is a flavonol found in strawberries, apples, and onions. It may help prevent artery calcification. Learn more.

7 What is the practice of walking barefoot outdoors to absorb the Earth’s electrons called?

Earth worship
Terranova studies
Nervous system reset
Earthing
Earthing means walking barefoot outdoors to connect with the Earth’s surface, while somatic grounding is used to calm the nervous system. Learn more.

8 How do microplastics enter your body?

Via skin contact with plastic bags
Through food, water, and air
Microplastics can enter through food, water, and air, then lodge in tissues and trigger inflammation that may disrupt normal cell function. Learn more.

Only from drinking bottled water
Mainly through plastic containers

9 Why is store-bought sauerkraut often less beneficial for gut health?

It contains too much fresh cabbage fiber
Pasteurization removes helpful live cultures
Store-bought sauerkraut is often pasteurized, which can remove live cultures and beneficial metabolites that support gut health. Learn more.

Fermentation makes it harder to digest
Homemade sauerkraut lacks gut metabolites

10 Which daily habit may help calm hypersensitive nerves?

Walking after meals
Walking after meals supports circulation and glucose handling, which may help lower inflammatory stress linked to hypersensitive nerves. Learn more.

Nap for a few hours to feel more awake
Drinking two cans of non-alcoholic beer for relaxation
Frying with high-quality, extra virgin olive oil

11 Which condition is not listed as something dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) may help support?

Chronic pain from arthritis
Skin burns and ulcers
Seasonal food cravings
Chronic pain, burns, ulcers, tinnitus, and sinusitis are listed among DMSO’s possible uses, while seasonal food cravings are not included. Learn more.

Tinnitus and sinusitis

12 Which symptom may be a sign of low zinc?

Sudden bursts of extra energy
Faster hair growth than usual
Frequent colds and slow recovery
Low zinc may show up as frequent colds, fatigue, thinning hair, poor appetite, or slow recovery because zinc supports immune and cellular function. Learn more.

Stronger appetite after every meal

13 How can semaglutide affect muscle health?

Muscle size grows faster than strength
Muscle repair becomes stronger with age
Muscle strength may drop even if size looks stable
Semaglutide may reduce muscle strength even when muscle size looks stable, raising the risk of frailty, falls, injuries, and loss of independence. Learn more.

Muscle loss happens only after stopping the drug

14 Which one is not a type of kyphosis?

Inflammatory kyphosis
Kyphosis can result from poor posture, aging, or structural spine damage from osteoporosis-related fractures. Inflammatory kyphosis does not fit those causes. Learn more.

Postural kyphosis
Age-related kyphosis
Structural kyphosis

15 What percentage of American adults do not do physical activity after work?

15.8%
25.3%
About 25.3% of American adults are sedentary after work, which means they do not engage in physical activity during their off-hours. Learn more.

38.6%
49.2%

16 What is a simple way to practice meditation without a retreat?

Use daily focus, repetition, and consistency
Daily meditation with a clear focus, repeated effort, and consistency helps build attention, emotional control, and steadier energy. Learn more.

Wait until stress fully disappears first
Meditate only when life feels calm
Replace focused practice with rest only

17 Among these, which is not a key way to preserve bone strength?

Relying on multiple medications
Bone strength depends on lifestyle and hormonal balance, with weight-bearing exercise, sunlight, and nutrient-rich foods playing key roles. Learn more.

Doing weight-bearing exercise
Getting healthy sunlight exposure
Eating nutrient-rich whole foods

18 Which statement is true about cue-related brain activity?

Phone breaks make the brain ignore phone images
Neutral pictures trigger the strongest phone cravings
Phone cues can activate brain areas tied to wanting
Cue-related brain activity means the brain reacts to triggers, such as phone images, by activating areas tied to wanting rewards or checking the phone. Learn more.

Brain scans show phones have no effect on attention

19 Which foods are most likely to contain more odd-chain saturated fats like C15:0?

Premium nuts like macadamia and pine nuts
Grass fed full-fat dairy products
Full-fat dairy from grass fed cows, such as milk, butter and cheese, provides some of the richest sources of C15:0. Learn more.

Wild fish such as salmon and sardines
Cold-pressed oils like olive and avocado oil

20 What type of work can disrupt the body’s natural circadian rhythm?

Daytime desk work
Morning farm work
Weekend volunteer work
Shift work at night
Shift work can disrupt circadian rhythm when someone stays awake for three or more hours between 10 p.m. and 5 a.m. on many workdays. Learn more.

21 What may help trigger the degenerative process seen in Alzheimer’s disease?

Impaired brain blood flow and lymphatic drainage
Poor brain blood flow and weak lymphatic drainage may impair waste removal, which can raise dementia risk and contribute to cognitive decline. Learn more.

Stronger circulation during deep sleep
Better oxygen delivery to brain tissue
Improved waste removal from the brain

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide,1 even with decades of medical progress. For much of the past century, saturated fat was labeled a primary driver of clogged arteries and heart attacks, shaping dietary advice, food production, and the way entire populations eat.2 Yet research has revealed that this blanket condemnation overlooked important distinctions in fats.
In 2025, I published a narrative review in the World Journal of Cardiology, an internationally recognized, peer-reviewed journal known for advancing understanding of cardiovascular disease and its prevention. In this work, I highlight an emerging paradigm: not all saturated fats are the same, and the odd-chain saturated fat pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) — primarily found in dairy fat — appears to have meaningful effects on several cardiovascular and metabolic markers, according to studies.
The framework I present challenges long-standing dietary guidance that restricts all saturated fats as a single category. Instead, my review synthesizes evidence showing that C15:0 supports healthier lipoprotein profiles, inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and mitochondrial function — mechanisms that, taken together, are being investigated for their relevance to cardiovascular risk.
By reframing C15:0 as a “good” saturated fat, this paper provides the scientific foundation for re-evaluating dietary recommendations and exploring whether C15:0 intake — through food or supplementation — fits into broader cardiovascular research.
Below, I summarize its central findings; however, I also encourage you to read the paper (linked below), or download a copy of the simplified version of it (see link at the end of the article), so you can better understand why this unique fat is so important for heart health.

> > > > > Click Here > > > > Click Here

Editor’s Note: This article is a reprint. It was originally published October 28, 2018.

Satchidananda Panda, Ph.D., is a leading researcher in a very important field of study — the circadian rhythm, which is the topic of his book, “The Circadian Code: Lose Weight, Supercharge Your Energy, and Transform Your Health from Morning to Midnight.” It’s a great read, written at a level that is easy to understand.

Growing up on a farm in India, he was initially intrigued by the fact that he slept best during the summertime. Then, going through agricultural school, he realized that different plants flower at certain times of the day.

“A few years later, when I was thinking about grad school, I realized there are so many things about biology of time,” Panda says. “Every biological system depends on time; just like throughout the day we have a clear timetable when we should be doing this and that — meeting people and having conversation and having dinner.

Every organism has that [but] we haven’t learned the biology of time. That’s why I got excited about circadian rhythms, because this is a universal timing system, starting from pond scum to humans … Every organism has to go through this 24-hour timing schedule.

If this is disrupted, then plants will flower at the wrong time and animals will not reproduce well. In humans, lots of different diseases can happen. That’s why I got excited about circadian rhythms and got into my Ph.D. Now I’m at the Salk Institute, a nonprofit research organization in San Diego, California.”

Circadian Rhythms Are Under Genetic Control

In 2017, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to three U.S. biologists — Jeffrey Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael Young — for their discovery of master genes that control your body’s circadian rhythms.1,2,3,4,5 Panda explains:

“The bottom line is almost every cell in our body has its own clock. In every cell, the clock regulates a different set of genes, [telling them] when to turn on and [when to] turn off.

As a result, almost every hormone in your body, every brain chemical, every digestive juice and every organ that you can think of, its core function rises and falls at certain times of the day [in a coordinated fashion].

For example, your growth hormone might rise in the middle of the night, in the middle of sleep. At the same time, if there is not [too much] food in your stomach, then the stomach lining will start to repair. For that repair to work perfectly, the growth hormone from the brain has to coincide with the stomach repair time.

In that way, different rhythms in different parts of our body have to work together for the entire body to work optimally. In fact, to have these daily rhythms and sleep-wake cycle, being more alert in the morning, having the bowel movement at the right time, having better muscle tone in the afternoon, these rhythms are the fountain of health. That’s the indication of health.”

Shift Work Disrupts Your Circadian Rhythm

The idea that you could micromanage this intricately timed system from the outside is foolish in the extreme. As Panda notes in his book, the key, really, is to pay attention to and honor ancient patterns of waking, sleeping, and eating.6 By doing that, your body more or less takes care of itself automatically.

“Yes, to leverage these daily rhythms that are so ingrained in our body, we just have to do a few things: sleep at the right time, eat at the right time, and get a little bit of bright light during the daytime. That’s the foundation. We can do very simple things to reap the benefits of the circadian rhythm and the wisdom of our body,” Panda says.

One of the most common circadian anomalies in today’s modern world is shift work. If you’re like me, you might be under the misconception that it’s a relatively small minority of people that engage in this activity, but Panda cites research showing a full 20% to 25% of the American nonmilitary workforce disrupt their natural circadian rhythm by working nights.

In his book, shift work is defined as any work that requires you to stay awake for three hours or more between 10 p.m. and 5 a.m. for more than 50 days a year (basically once a week).

The fact that 1 in 4 is exposed to this circadian rhythm aberration is bad enough, but on top of that there are the health effects of dirty electricity and the unhealthy light spectrum emitted by pulsing light-emitting diodes (LED) and fluorescent lighting, which further exacerbates the problem.

“Only in the last 16 years we have come to understand the impact of light on our health,” Panda says. “Before this, we thought that lighting is only for vision. Our eyes just have retinal cone cells to guide us throughout the world. Sixteen years ago, myself and two others … discovered this blue light-sensing light receptor called melanopsin.

These light-sensing cells in the retina — 5,000 of them per eye — are hardwired to many parts of the brain, including the master clock in the hypothalamus, and the pineal gland that makes … melatonin.

That discovery completely changed how we look at light. It’s not only lighting for safety or security. We have to now think about lighting for health … We [also] have to now think about blue light.

It’s not that we should get rid of blue light completely. We need more blue light during the daytime, and we need less at least three to four hours before going to bed.

The bottom line is in the last 100 to 150 years, we have cleared the man-made world without paying attention to circadian rhythms. Now we have the excellent opportunity to recreate and rebuild this entire world that will optimize our health.”

The Price You Pay for Chronic Sleep Disruption

It’s extremely difficult to estimate the price paid for widespread sleep disruption, but what is known is what happens when you chronically disrupt your circadian rhythm. Panda explains:

“Starting from babies all the way to 100-year-olds, we know that a few nights of staying awake for three to four hours or even eating at the wrong time can cause irritation, foggy brain, mild anxiety, loss of productivity and insomnia.

At the same time, this can flare up underlying autoimmune disease … We can look at shift workers in controlled clinical studies. When we make a list of diseases that circadian rhythm disruption contributes to, it’s a huge list.

It goes from mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disease, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder [to] obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and fatty liver disease …

Many of these affect more than 10% of the population. And then you bring in gastrointestinal diseases: irritable bowel syndrome, irritable bowel disease, and even heartburn and ulcerative colitis.

If you combine all of these, then we can see clearly why nearly one-third of all adults in the U.S. have one or more of these chronic diseases, more than two-thirds of adults at the age of 45 have some of these chronic diseases. Nine out of 10 at the age of 65 have two or more of these chronic diseases.

Now, the question is, ‘How much of this is due to circadian rhythm disruption and other factors, or maybe circadian rhythm disruption with underlying genetic cause?’ We cannot come up with a clear figure, but it’s very clear that if we optimize circadian rhythm, we can really move the needle.”

Sleep Deprivation Induces Glucose Intolerance

Research by Eve Van Cauter, director of the Sleep, Metabolism and Health Center at the University of Chicago, also shows that sleeping less than six hours a night dramatically increases your risk of insulin resistance, which is at the core of most chronic diseases, including those mentioned above. There’s actually a daily rhythm in insulin sensitivity.

For example, if you do a glucose tolerance test in the morning, it may be normal, but done in the evening, it may suggest you have prediabetes. She also showed that when otherwise healthy people are deprived of sleep and allowed to sleep only five hours or less per night, they develop glucose intolerance in as little as four days. As noted by Panda:

“That’s really eye-opening. Because many of us go through that kind of disruption on a monthly or weekly basis. Shift workers go through that half of their life. That might explain the rise in glucose intolerance and having 85 million prediabetics in [the U.S.].”

Melatonin Production and Sleep Disorders

In his book, Panda discusses how melatonin production changes with age. With increasing age, melatonin production starts going down such that a 60-year-old produces one-tenth the melatonin of a 10-year-old. As noted by Panda, reduced melatonin production is at the heart of many sleep disorders seen in the elderly.

So, how can you optimize your melatonin production as you age? One common solution is to take a melatonin supplement. Melatonin receptor agonist drugs are also available. However, a simpler solution that anyone can do, which costs nothing, is to control your lighting.

“Just imagine, 150 years ago, the firelight, the lamplight or even the full moon light was only 1 to 5 lux. Full moon light is maximum 1 lux. Now, we have 50 to 100 lux. In some department stores you can get 600 to 700 lux of light in the evening. That’s a tremendously high amount of light. That would slam your melatonin [production] down to almost zero,” Panda says.

Ideally, replace LEDs and fluorescent light bulbs in key areas where you spend time in the evening with low-watt incandescent bulbs, and avoid electronic screens for a few hours before bedtime.

An alternative is to wear blue-filtering eyeglasses at night. Just make sure not to wear them during daytime. Also, make sure the glasses filter out light between 460 and 490 nanometers (nm), which is the range of blue light that most effectively reduces melatonin. If they filter everything below 500 nm, you should be good to go.

The Importance of Meal Timing

Panda has also investigated the impact of meal timing on circadian rhythm. Just like many cleanout functions occur in your brain during deep sleep, all other organs also need downtime. Many organs actually need between 12 and 16 hours of rest, meaning a minimum of 12 hours without food, to allow for repair.

In time-restricted feeding trials, Panda has shown that mice whose feedings are restricted to a window of eight to 12 hours are protected from obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, systemic inflammation, high cholesterol and a host of other diseases. This, despite the fact they’re eating the same amount of calories and the same type of food as animals allowed to graze throughout the day and night.

More importantly, when fat mice are placed on an eight- to 10-hour time-restricted feeding schedule, many of these diseases can be reversed. Human trials suggest the same results can be obtained in humans who adopt a time-restricted eating schedule where all food is eaten within a window of eight to 10 hours.

According to Panda, at bare minimum, you should fast for 12 hours a day — that’s eight hours of sleep, plus three hours of fasting before bed, plus another hour in the morning, to allow your melatonin to level off. At 12 hours of fasting per day, you will maintain your health, but you’re unlikely to actually reverse disease. For that, you need to fast longer.

“The question is how short one can go. This is where there is some limitation in doing controlled studies like we do on animals, where we can do this for a long period of time, because if you reduce access to food for less than six hours in many animals, they will reduce their caloric intake.

So, then we cannot figure out whether the benefit or harm we are seeing is due to the reduction in calories or reduction in timing,” Panda says.

“The way I look at it, 12-hour time-restricted eating is something everybody should do. It’s like brushing your teeth every day. What is surprising is only 10% of the population consistently eat within 12 hours … [Then] once every six months or once a year, [go down to] eight-hour eating for a month or so.”

There’s an App for That

Panda has developed a very helpful free app, available on Android and iOS, called myCircadianClock. By using this app, you will contribute to Panda’s circadian research.

“We ask people to self-monitor themselves for two weeks, because we know their weekdays and weekends might be different. We just want to get a broader picture of what is your lifestyle from one day to another. And then after two weeks, people can self-select whether they want to eat all their food within 10 hours, 12 hours or eight hours.

You’re free to do whatever you want to do … Over a long period of time, we can figure out what is good or bad for people. In this new app, you can log your food. It also has other bells and whistles. The app can be paired with your Google Health or Apple Health Kit. It can extract your step count, sleep, et cetera. …

After 12 weeks, we also want you to enter your body weight. If you have been collecting lots of other health data, then it’s good to enter that. That’s how it will help to figure out, at the epidemiological level, in real life situations, what our habits are and how we can change it.

The same app is being used in many controlled clinical studies. There are nearly 10 different studies going on in different parts of the world that use the same app … In that way, we can benefit from a controlled study as we launch this large open-to-all kind of studies.”

According to Panda, most people will notice improvements in their sleep within two to three weeks of time-restricted eating. Symptoms of heartburn will also typically begin to resolve. Between weeks four and six, daytime energy levels typically increase while evening hunger pangs are reduced.

Between six and 12 weeks, people with prediabetes or diabetes will begin to see improvements in fasting blood glucose. Those with mild hypertension also tend to notice improvements at this time, as do those with irritable bowel syndrome, as the microbiome improves and the gut begins to repair.

“Once the gut repair improves, then systemic inflammation goes down. Between eight to 12 weeks, that’s when a lot of people report that their joint pain goes down, because that’s a good sign of inflammation.

Once in a while, we get random reports. For example, some people who have inflammatory disease or autoimmune disease, they sometimes say the severity has gone down,” Panda says.

However, once you regain your metabolic flexibility and are no longer insulin-resistant, which takes a few weeks to a few months, it’s important to increase your eating window again. This is because extended fasting raises your cortisol levels, which contributes to inflammation and cellular damage.

Vary your eating window between eight and 12 hours and avoid going lower or higher than that window. It is also best to avoid eating before sunrise or after sunset and at least three hours before bedtime.

On NAD and Circadian Rhythm

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) — one of the most important metabolic coenzymes in your body that helps redox balance and energy metabolism — is primarily generated through a salvage pathway rather than de novo or building NAD+ from scratch pathway.

The rate-limiting enzyme is nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), which is also under circadian control. When your circadian rhythm gets disrupted, it causes NAMPT impairment. NAMPT also helps set the circadian rhythm. In short, by optimizing your circadian rhythm, you’re going to optimize your NAD production. Panda explains:

“Studies say it goes both ways, because NAD also affects sirtuins, and sirtuins integrate with circadian rhythm. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) ratio also affects your [circadian] clock and transcription factors bind to DNA.

The bottom line that we have seen with circadian rhythm is if the clock regulates something, then there is a reciprocal feedback regulation from that output into the clock. That’s the best way you can clear the homeostatic system. It’s the chicken and egg story.”

More Information

To learn more, be sure to pick up a copy of “The Circadian Code: Lose Weight, Supercharge Your Energy, and Transform Your Health from Morning to Midnight.” Also consider downloading myCircadianClock. It’s free of charge, and will help you track your circadian rhythm while simultaneously contributing to Panda’s research.

What if the mental patterns you’ve been struggling with for years could begin to shift in just a single week? It sounds like an overstatement, but recent research suggests your brain is far more adaptable than you might think, and the timeline for meaningful change is much shorter than you might expect.

A study published in Communications Biology set out to answer a deceptively simple question: what actually happens inside your body when you commit to a focused, immersive mental practice?1 Rather than isolating meditation alone, researchers examined a holistic intervention that combined meditation with mindset training and healing rituals, then used brain imaging and detailed blood analysis to track participants before and after.

The goal was to see whether real, biological change could be measured, not just felt, and whether the synergy of these practices produced something greater than any single technique. The findings challenge the common assumption that meaningful brain change requires months or years of effort.

They also push back against the idea that meditation is mainly about relaxation. As complementary research highlighted in Psychology Today makes clear, the most powerful mental shifts often come from doing the hard work of staying present, not from escaping discomfort.2

Together, these insights point to something worth paying attention to. Your brain and body respond to the specific signals of focused attention and controlled effort, and they respond faster than you’d think. The real question is what’s happening beneath the surface that allows these rapid shifts to take place, and how you can use that knowledge to train your own mind more effectively.

7 Days of Mind-Body Training Rewired Brain Efficiency

For the Communications Biology study, researchers used advanced tools, including brain scans and blood analysis, to track changes before and after the intervention.3 Instead of relying on subjective feelings alone, they measured real shifts in brain function, cellular activity, and metabolism.

• Participants showed clear shifts in brain activity and chemistry — The study followed 20 healthy adults, including both experienced meditators and beginners. After just one week, participants showed measurable improvements in how their brains processed information and how their bodies supported that activity. While everyone improved, advanced participants showed stronger markers tied to metabolic efficiency and cellular regulation.
Beginners still experienced significant gains, which reinforces a key point: you don’t need years of practice to see results. However, consistent repetition strengthens these effects over time, turning short-term gains into lasting changes.
Brain scans also confirmed that meditation reduced rigid thinking patterns while improving communication across brain regions. At the same time, blood markers linked to brain repair, energy production, and immune signaling all shifted in a coordinated way.
• Brain cells physically grew and formed new connections — One of the most striking findings involved neurite outgrowth, which refers to the tiny extensions that brain cells use to connect with each other. When researchers exposed cells to blood taken after the retreat, those cells grew longer and stronger connections compared to before. In simple terms, your brain becomes more wired for learning and adaptation.
On a deeper level, meditation reduced connectivity in networks tied to self-focused thinking while increasing overall efficiency across the brain. In practical terms: the mental clutter quiets. You think faster, distract less easily, and make decisions with less internal friction. Your brain isn’t working harder; it’s working cleaner.
• Energy production shifted to support faster brain function — The study also found a significant increase in glycolysis, which is a faster way for your body to produce energy at the cellular level. Think of this as switching from a slow-burning fuel system to a quicker-response system that supports rapid thinking and adaptation.
Cells exposed to post-intervention plasma showed higher baseline energy production rates, suggesting the body adjusted its fuel strategy to match the demands of a more active, flexible brain.
• Both stress and repair signals activated together — And this is actually the finding you want to understand. The intervention didn’t simply lower inflammation. It increased both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers simultaneously, which sounds contradictory until you consider what happens when you exercise. Your muscles sustain controlled damage, trigger an inflammatory response, and then rebuild stronger.
The same hormetic principle appears to be at work here: the body ramps up a controlled stress signal specifically to trigger repair.
• Mood and pain pathways were directly activated — Researchers also found increased activity in your body’s built-in system for reducing pain and improving mood, known as endogenous opioid pathways. Levels of compounds like beta-endorphins rose significantly after the intervention. This explains why meditation often leaves you feeling calmer, more focused, and more resilient. It is not just in your head; your body is actively producing chemicals that support those changes.

Real Change Comes from Effort, Not Comfort

What’s actually driving these changes? An article published in Psychology Today points to something counterintuitive.4 It examined what meditation retreats actually do to your mind and body, and it directly challenges the idea that they’re calming escapes. The author states clearly, “We’ve studied meditation retreats, and they are not very relaxing,” highlighting that the real driver of change is the mental effort involved. Instead of switching off stress, you’re asked to sit with it, observe it, and work through it.

That discomfort is not a flaw in the process. It’s the mechanism that forces your brain to adapt. The article draws on research involving people dealing with stress and life instability, rather than highly trained practitioners. What stands out is that participants were not given an easy experience. They were placed in a structured environment that required sustained focus, repetition, and effort, which created the conditions for measurable mental and physical changes.

• The biggest gains came from doing the hard mental work — The retreat acted like a “mental gym,” not a passive reset. During these types of exercises, you’re repeatedly asked to bring your attention back, sit through discomfort, and stay present even when it feels difficult. That repeated effort strengthens your ability to regulate your thoughts and emotions. Your brain builds resilience the same way your muscles do; through stress and adaptation, not comfort.
• Mindfulness produced deeper biological changes than simple relaxation — The article highlights a key comparison between mindfulness training and basic relaxation techniques. Both approaches made people feel better in the short term. However, only the mindfulness group showed measurable changes in brain networks tied to attention and self-control.
Even more important, those changes were linked to improvements in long-term inflammatory markers, which are tied to overall health. This shows that feeling relaxed is not the same as creating lasting change inside your body.
• The hardest moments are where the biggest gains happen — The article describes retreats as “long and grueling” and mentally demanding, which explains why they’re so effective. When you sit with discomfort instead of escaping it, your brain learns a new response. You build tolerance and control. Over time, situations that once triggered stress lose their intensity because your system has already trained under pressure.
• This process rewires how you respond to stress in daily life — At a deeper level, the repeated act of staying present during discomfort strengthens executive control, which is your brain’s ability to manage impulses and reactions. That translates directly into real-world benefits.
You pause instead of reacting. You think more clearly under pressure. You handle stress without spiraling. These benefits show up in your decisions, your relationships, and your ability to stay focused when it matters most.
• You build resilience, not just temporary relief — The key takeaway is that meditation retreats work because they train you to handle stress. When you consistently face and process discomfort in a controlled way, your brain and body adapt. That adaptation creates lasting resilience, which stays with you long after the retreat ends.

How to Train Your Brain for Stronger, Lasting Resilience

You’re not stuck with your current mental patterns. The research shows your brain changes when you repeatedly train attention in a structured way. This isn’t about vague “mindfulness.” It’s about specific actions you repeat daily that reshape how your brain connects and how your body supports that change.

If you want results, you need a clear method, not general advice. While the full retreat combined several practices, the core driver of change appears to be sustained, focused attention, which you can train at home with the following approach.

1. Set up a daily meditation block that removes distractions — If you’re constantly switching tasks or checking your phone, your brain doesn’t enter the focused state required for change. You need a defined meditation session each day. Sit in a quiet space, set a timer for 20 minutes, and remove all distractions. No music, no scrolling, no multitasking. This is your training window. The goal isn’t silence; it’s returning. Every time you bring your attention back, that’s the work.
2. Use a clear focus point during each meditation session — When you sit down to meditate, you need a specific anchor. Focus on your breathing, the sensation of air moving in and out of your nose, or the rise and fall of your chest. That’s your task. Every time your mind wanders, bring it back to that single point. This repetition is what drives the brain changes seen in the research. Without a clear focus, you’re just sitting still, not training anything.
If emotions or distressing thoughts arise, note them without engaging and return to your breath; this is normal and part of the process.
3. Expect your mind to wander and use it as the training moment — If your thoughts drift after a few seconds, that’s normal. That moment is the entire point of the exercise. Each time you notice your attention has shifted and you bring it back, you complete one “rep.” Think of it like lifting weights. The return is the repetition. Over time, those repetitions strengthen your brain’s ability to stay focused and reduce mental noise.
4. Increase frequency to reinforce brain and body adaptation — If you want stronger results, add more than one meditation session per day. For example, do one session in the morning and another in the evening. Each session reinforces the last. This repeated signaling is what drives changes in brain efficiency and cellular activity. You’re not just calming your mind. You’re training your system to operate differently.
5. Track your sessions to build consistency and momentum — Write down each session you complete. Aim for a daily streak. Increase your session length gradually once 20 minutes feels manageable. This transforms meditation from something you do when you remember into something your brain begins to expect and depend on. Over time, you’ll notice sharper thinking, better emotional control, and more stable energy because your brain and body have adapted to the repeated training.

FAQs About Meditation and Your Brain

Q: Can meditation really change my brain in just seven days?

A: Yes. Research showed that after a seven-day intensive mind-body program, participants had measurable changes in brain connectivity, energy production, and cellular signaling. Brain scans confirmed improved efficiency and reduced rigid thinking patterns, while blood analysis showed increased markers tied to brain repair and adaptation. This means your brain responds far faster than most people assume when you train it consistently.

Q: What exactly improves after a short meditation program?

A: The study found multiple systems improved at the same time. Brain cells formed stronger connections, energy production shifted to a faster system, and both stress and repair pathways activated together. In simple terms, you think more clearly, process information faster, and your body supports those changes with better energy and recovery.

Q: Is meditation supposed to feel relaxing to work?
A: No. One of the most important findings is that the benefits come from effort, not relaxation. Meditation retreats are described as mentally demanding and even grueling. The gains happen because you stay present through discomfort, which trains your brain to handle stress more effectively over time.

Q: Why does effort matter more than just taking a break?

A: Relaxation alone improves how you feel in the moment, but it doesn’t create lasting biological change. Mindfulness training, which requires focused attention and repeated effort, leads to measurable shifts in brain networks and long-term health markers like inflammation. This is the difference between temporary relief and real adaptation.

Q: How do you apply this without going on a retreat?

A: You recreate the key elements: focused attention, repetition, and consistency. Set a daily meditation session, use a clear focus like your breath, and treat each moment your mind wanders as a training repetition. Over time, this builds stronger attention, better emotional control, and more stable energy because your brain and body adapt to the signals you repeat.

Test Your Knowledge with Today’s Quiz!
Take today’s quiz to see how much you’ve learned from yesterday’s Mercola.com article.

What was semaglutide originally designed to treat?

Type 2 diabetes
Semaglutide was made to manage Type 2 diabetes by mimicking glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which helps regulate blood sugar and appetite. Learn more.
Arthritis
Hypothyroidism
Obesity

Bone strength is not just a women’s issue — it’s a foundation of lifelong vitality that too many men lose sight of until it’s too late. Every year, millions of fractures occur in older adults, yet few realize that these breaks often signal a deeper problem: bones that have quietly weakened over time. The first sign is rarely pain. It’s a sudden fall, a small twist, or a minor impact that ends in a break that changes everything — mobility, confidence, and independence.

What makes this problem so concerning is how easily it hides in plain sight. Men, in particular, are rarely screened for bone loss, even though the consequences are often more severe than in women. Years of lifestyle habits — sitting too much, relying on processed food, or neglecting strength training — gradually shift your bone metabolism from rebuilding to erosion.

Hormonal changes, especially falling testosterone, only speed up the process, turning strong, dense bone into something fragile and hollow. Your bones are living, responsive tissue. They rebuild when stressed and weaken when ignored. Every step, jump, and lift sends signals that strengthen them, while inactivity does the opposite.

That means the same daily choices that preserve your heart and muscles also determine your skeletal future. Research now challenges the long-held assumption that osteoporosis is a women’s disease. It shows that men, too, face significant risk — and that the solutions are within reach. By understanding how your body maintains bone strength and taking charge of that process, you can stay active, upright, and strong well into later life.

Men’s Hidden Epidemic of Brittle Bones Finally Comes to Light

An evidence-based guideline by the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, published in Nature Reviews Rheumatology, redefines how doctors diagnose and treat bone loss in men.1

The research group reported that 1 in 5 men over age 50 will experience an osteoporotic fracture in their lifetime — a statistic nearly identical to that of women, despite men being far less likely to be screened or treated. Osteoporosis in men is not rare but severely underdiagnosed, creating a hidden epidemic of silent fractures and preventable deaths.

• Men are far more likely to die after a fracture than women — The data showed a 10.2% inpatient mortality rate for men compared to 4.7% for women, and a one-year mortality rate of 37.5% for men compared to 28.2% for women. This means that a broken hip is not just a mobility issue — it’s a life-threatening event.

Men’s higher death rates are partly linked to comorbidities like heart disease and infections that follow immobilization. These findings make early diagnosis and lifestyle prevention even more urgent for men who want to maintain independence and avoid long-term disability.

• Bone loss occurs differently in men than in women, which changes how it should be treated — Women tend to lose trabecular connectivity — the lattice-like internal structure of bone — while men lose trabecular thickness but retain structural links between bone layers.

This means men’s bones stay denser for longer but may become suddenly brittle once strength thresholds are passed. That translates into fewer early warning signs but a higher risk of catastrophic breaks once bone mass declines.

• Experts now recommend using the same testing standard for both men and women — For years, bone scans for men were compared against female data, which caused confusion and missed diagnoses. The guideline keeps one shared reference chart — based on the national female database — because studies show men and women face the same fracture risk at the same bone density levels. This makes test results clearer and helps men get the treatment they actually need.

• Lifestyle interventions were recognized as essential to treatment success, not optional add-ons — The guideline urged physicians to recommend physical activity, adequate protein, and nutrient-rich diets to all male patients with osteoporosis. Specifically, resistance and weight-bearing exercise were identified as key strategies to improve bone density, balance, and coordination — all key for preventing falls.

The researchers also noted that men with prior fractures should automatically qualify for treatment, whether through nutrition or targeted therapies. Fractures in men account for roughly one-quarter of all fracture-related health care costs, with each case averaging $52,000 compared to $17,000 for women. This financial burden reflects longer hospital stays, higher complication rates, and slower recovery times.

• Hormone balance emerged as a major, but overlooked, factor in male bone health — Testosterone, often associated with muscle and libido, also regulates bone remodeling by converting into estradiol through an enzyme called aromatase. Low testosterone or impaired conversion leads to bone weakness and faster loss of density. The study recommended screening testosterone levels in men with low bone mineral density (BMD).

As men age, reduced testosterone and increased sex hormone binding globulin lower available estradiol, which normally inhibits bone resorption — the breakdown process. Without this balance, osteoclast activity outpaces bone rebuilding. Meanwhile, lower vitamin D and calcium absorption accelerate this imbalance. By correcting these underlying issues, men significantly improve bone strength without relying on pharmaceuticals.

Lifestyle and Aging Are the Real Drivers of Bone Loss

Your skeleton is constantly being rebuilt — old bone is broken down while new bone forms to replace it.2 This process, called bone remodeling, keeps your bones strong as long as there’s balance between breakdown and rebuilding. But as you age, that balance shifts.

Your body begins to reabsorb calcium and phosphate from your bones instead of keeping them there, slowly hollowing out your skeletal structure. That’s when bones become fragile, setting the stage for fractures that occur from simple movements, not just falls or injuries.

• Certain daily habits speed up this breakdown process — Alcohol damages bone tissue and increases your risk of falling, while smoking interferes with bone healing and weakens bone density over time. A sedentary lifestyle compounds the issue — when you don’t regularly bear weight on your legs or spine, your bones get the signal that strength isn’t needed, so your body stops reinforcing them.

• Chronic illness and certain medical treatments also interfere with healthy bone renewal — Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, long-term kidney disease, diabetes, and hyperparathyroidism are major contributors to bone loss. Prolonged use of corticosteroids, anticonvulsants, and hormone-blocking therapies for prostate cancer further suppress bone rebuilding.

These drugs interfere with calcium absorption and increase calcium loss through urine, leaving your skeleton depleted. Patients confined to bed or recovering from surgery are also at higher risk because immobility tells your body to stop maintaining bone mass.

• Restoring bone strength is about building consistency, not chasing quick fixes — Your bones respond directly to the daily inputs you give them — movement, minerals, and sunlight. Weight-bearing exercise, like walking or resistance training, stimulates bone cells to grow stronger.

Getting outside boosts vitamin D, which helps absorb calcium. By treating bone health as a living process instead of a static number on a scan, you rebuild resilience one day at a time. This isn’t just prevention — it’s active repair through small, steady choices that retrain your body to keep its strength for life.

How to Rebuild Stronger Bones Naturally

If you’ve been told your bones are thinning or your doctor has suggested a bone medication, take a breath before you act. True bone strength comes from restoring your body’s ability to rebuild itself, not from blocking it. Your skeleton is alive — it responds to how you move, eat, and live every day. These five steps target the real cause of bone loss and help you rebuild strength from the inside out.

1. Rethink bone drugs that interrupt your body’s natural repair cycle — If you’ve been prescribed bisphosphonates or denosumab, it’s important to understand what they do. These drugs don’t build new bone — they freeze your bone metabolism by stopping osteoclasts, the cells that clear out old bone so new bone can form.

When that process stops, microcracks begin to form, leaving bones more brittle over time. Denosumab, in particular, almost eliminates osteoclast activity altogether. If you want stronger bones, focus on restoring healthy remodeling instead of shutting it down.

2. Choose safer bone scans that don’t expose you to radiation — DEXA scans have become the go-to method for measuring bone density, but they often give inconsistent results and rely on a narrow measure of density rather than bone strength. Worse, the scans expose you to unnecessary ionizing radiation.

A better option is radiofrequency echographic multispectrometry (REMS) — a technology that uses ultrasound instead of X-rays to analyze bone structure in detail. A study published in Diagnostics found that REMS is not only more accurate but also safer.3 It measures how your bones handle real-world stress, giving you a clearer picture of your fracture risk and progress from lifestyle changes.

3. Feed your bones the full range of nutrients they need to rebuild — Your bones are about 50% mineral and 50% collagen. Focusing only on calcium leaves half the equation unsolved. To rebuild true strength, you need vitamin D to absorb calcium, vitamin K2 to guide it into bone tissue, magnesium to maintain balance, and collagen to create the flexible matrix that minerals attach to.

These nutrients work together like a construction crew — each has a job, and none can do it alone. Bone broth, sardines, leafy greens, and pasture-raised eggs are simple, whole-food ways to cover all of them naturally, but most people benefit from magnesium supplementation as well. Another powerful, and often overlooked, addition is creatine.

Known for its benefits to muscle, creatine also supports bone health by energizing bone-building cells (osteoblasts).4 These cells rely on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) — your body’s main energy molecule — to form and mineralize bone tissue. Creatine boosts this ATP system, stimulating osteoblast activity while reducing the breakdown caused by osteoclasts. Over time, that helps preserve bone structure, improve density, and enhance overall skeletal function.

4. Train smarter — not harder — to stimulate bone growth safely — Heavy lifting isn’t your only option for rebuilding density. If you’re older, recovering, or managing injuries, blood flow restriction (BFR) training is an excellent alternative.

Also known as KAATSU, this method briefly limits blood flow in your limbs during light exercise, triggering the same hormonal and cellular growth responses as intense strength training. Paired with whole-body vibration (WBV) therapy — standing or doing simple movements on a vibrating platform — it helps stimulate bone formation, circulation, and balance without strain.

5. Stay consistent with movement and mineral-rich meals — Your bones thrive on rhythm — daily motion, steady sunlight, and nutrient-dense food. Walk every day. Get regular sun exposure to activate vitamin D without damaging your skin. Eat foods high in magnesium, calcium, and collagen, and avoid processed seed oils and refined foods that block mineral absorption. One major but often ignored culprit is soft drinks.

Their high phosphoric acid content disrupts your body’s calcium-phosphorus balance, forcing calcium to leach from your bones even if you’re eating enough calcium. Every soda you skip helps protect your skeletal reserves. Keep an eye on iron levels, too — too much iron damages bone-forming cells and increases inflammation. Every step, every meal, and every small correction builds momentum toward stronger, more resilient bones.

When you live in sync with your body’s natural design, your bones respond quickly. Strength, stability, and confidence return — not through suppression or fear, but through action, nourishment, and consistency. Your skeleton is built to adapt; all you have to do is give it the reason to rebuild.

FAQs About Bone Loss in Men

Q: Why are men at risk for osteoporosis if it’s considered a women’s disease?
A: Osteoporosis affects men almost as often as women, but it’s far less recognized. One in five men over 50 will suffer an osteoporotic fracture in their lifetime, and men are more likely to die after a fracture than women. The main reasons are hormonal decline (especially lower testosterone), poor nutrition, inactivity, and underdiagnosis due to outdated testing standards that were designed for women.

Q: What lifestyle habits weaken bones the fastest?
A: Smoking, excessive alcohol use, and lack of physical activity are top culprits. These habits reduce blood flow to bone tissue, slow repair, and signal your body to stop maintaining bone mass. Soft drinks are another hidden problem — their phosphoric acid disrupts calcium-phosphorus balance, pulling calcium out of your bones even when you get enough in your diet.

Q: What’s a better alternative to conventional bone scans?
A: DEXA scans are the current standard, but they expose you to radiation and sometimes give inconsistent results. A newer, safer option is radiofrequency echographic multispectrometry (REMS), which uses ultrasound to assess bone structure and strength more accurately. REMS helps identify bone weakness early and tracks improvements from lifestyle changes without radiation exposure.

Q: How can I rebuild bone strength naturally without medications?
A: Start by focusing on your body’s natural remodeling process. Do daily weight-bearing activities such as walking or strength training to activate bone growth. Eat nutrient-rich foods containing calcium, magnesium, vitamins D and K2, and collagen. Consider adding creatine, which energizes bone-building cells and helps block bone breakdown, improving both density and structure.

Q: Are bone drugs like bisphosphonates or denosumab effective?
A: These drugs stop bone breakdown temporarily but also halt bone renewal, leading to microcracks and brittleness over time. Denosumab in particular shuts down osteoclast activity almost completely. A better long-term strategy is to restore your natural bone remodeling cycle through exercise, proper nutrition, sunlight exposure, and hormonal balance. This approach strengthens your skeleton safely and sustainably.

Ever feel like your cellphone is glued to your hand? It’s tough to put it down, but what if you took a break for three days — would your brain cheer or rebel? Cellphones are part of daily life for most, but too much time on them interferes with your mind. Many people start craving them more, almost like an addiction, and that hurts your mental health.

Researchers wanted to see what happens when you take a cellphone break, so they asked 25 young adults to ditch their phones for 72 hours.1 They used brain scans to check how their brains reacted to phone pictures afterward. The results might surprise you. Your brain could light up with cravings, but there’s good news too. Let’s explore what they found and how it affects you.

Why Your Brain Lights Up When You See a Phone

You’ve probably noticed how some things grab your attention fast — like seeing a juicy piece of watermelon on a hot day. Your stomach growls, and you want it right away. That’s your brain reacting to a “cue,” a trigger that makes you want something.

Scientists call this “cue-related brain activity.” It’s like your brain shouting, “I need that!” Your cellphone does the same thing. When you see it, especially after a break, your brain gets excited. It’s used to the fun stuff — like texts or games — so it perks up when it spots your phone.

• How the study worked — Here’s what the researchers did. They got 25 young adults to skip their phones for 72 hours — three days with no scrolling or texting. Before the break and after, they scanned their brains with a machine that shows activity. While scanning, they showed them pictures: cellphones turned on, cellphones turned off and neutral images like landscapes. They wanted to see how your brain handles phone cues after being away from it.

• What they discovered — After the break, parts of the brain tied to wanting things got more active when they saw phone pictures. It’s like your brain missed your phone and got super excited to see it again. The break made their brains hungrier for the phone’s rewards.

• Why this hits home — This might sound familiar. Ever tried cutting back on your phone and felt a tug to grab it? Maybe you forgot it at home and couldn’t stop thinking about it all day. That’s your brain noticing it’s gone. The study shows that after a break, your brain’s reaction to phone cues gets stronger. It explains why it’s tough to ignore your phone even when you want to.

Your Brain’s ‘Pleasure Center’ and Why It Loves Your Phone

Your brain loves feeling good. When you text a friend or scroll TikTok, a part called the “pleasure center” lights up. This is reward processing — your brain’s way of saying, “This is fun! Keep going!” It’s the same rush you get from eating chocolate or winning a game. Your phone gives you little hits of happiness, and your brain eats it up.

• The brain parts involved — Two key areas handle this — your brain’s pleasure center — it gets happy when rewards come — and the region that helps you decide what to do next. In the study, these spots got busier after the 72-hour break when people saw phone pics. It’s like they were itching for that phone fun again.

• Changes after no phone — So, what happened? After three days without phones, these brain areas went wild when they saw phone pictures. It’s like they were begging, “Give me that reward!”

• Your daily life — This craving affects you every day. It’s why you likely check your phone without thinking, even during a movie or chat. Your pleasure center pushes you to grab it for that quick joy. It’s tough to ignore when your brain’s wired to love those little rewards.

The Chemicals Behind Your Smartphone Cravings

Your brain uses chemicals like messengers to control your feelings and actions. Two big ones are dopamine and serotonin. Think of dopamine as a text saying, “Get excited!” and serotonin as one saying, “Relax, you’re good.” They team up to keep your mood and behavior in check.

• The study’s take — The study linked these chemicals to brain changes after the break. More dopamine activity showed up, meaning stronger phone cravings. It’s like craving coffee for a morning lift — dopamine drives that urge, whether it’s caffeine or your phone.

• What it means for you — If your brain gets hooked on phone dopamine, you might feel jittery without it. It’s a hint that too much screen time could lean toward addiction. Ever felt off when social media’s quiet? That’s your brain missing its dopamine hit, showing how powerful those cravings are.

Your Brain’s ‘Attention Center’ and Your Phone Obsession

Part of your brain’s attention center is like a spotlight. It helps you focus on what’s around — like a friend talking or your phone buzzing. It’s why you notice your phone lighting up across the room, even when you’re busy with something else.

• Craving connection — After the 72-hour break, this area tied into phone cravings. The more it worked, the more they wanted their phones. Imagine working hard but daydreaming about texting — that’s your attention center drifting to your phone instead of staying put.

• Why it’s hard to quit — When this part locks onto your phone, focusing elsewhere gets tricky. It pulls you back like a magnet. It’s like trying to ignore a loud TV — you want to tune it out, but your brain keeps noticing it. Your phone’s the same way.

• Taking charge — You can fight this. Hide your phone when you need to focus — stick it in a drawer or another room. Fewer cues mean less craving. It’s like clearing distractions so your attention stays where you want it.

Take Control of Your Cellphone Use

The study showed that a 72-hour phone break makes your brain crave it more. Areas tied to rewards and attention lit up when they saw phone pics. It’s a sign your phone has some serious pull over you.

• The risks — Overusing your phone feels like an addiction. It disrupts your focus, sleep, and mood. It’s not just a habit but a real hit to your well-being. Ever stayed up late scrolling and felt awful the next day? That’s the downside in action.

• What you can do — Here’s how to take charge:

◦Set phone-free times, like meals or before bed.
◦Use screentime limits to cut back.
◦Try a mini-break — skip it for a few hours or a day. Try a no-phone Sunday and you may feel calmer by Monday. Small steps work.

• The upside — Managing your phone lets you enjoy its perks — like staying connected — without it ruling you. You’ll feel in control and less stressed. Plus, taking time away from your cellphone is important to reduce your exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs). It’s all about balance.

A 72-hour cellphone break wakes up your brain’s craving zones. It shows how hooked you could be, thanks to rewards and attention driving your habits. Knowing this explains why your phone’s hard to ignore — and how to push back. Try it out: start by hiding your phone at dinner and then try putting it away for the whole night. See how you feel. Your phone’s a useful tool, but you’re the boss. Take a break, and your brain will thank you.

FAQs About Cellphones and Your Brain

Q: Why does my brain like my phone so much?
A: Your brain likes your phone because it gives you little rewards, like fun videos or messages from friends, which make you feel good. This makes you want to use it a lot.

Q: What happens to your brain when you take a break from your phone?
A: Your brain craves it more after a break. Areas tied to rewards and attention get extra active, like it’s missing the fun and wants it back. This increased craving highlights the powerful hold your phone has on your brain’s reward system.

Q: Is my brain addicted to my phone?
A: The study suggests that your brain gets used to the rewards from your phone, making you want to use it more, similar to how people feel with things like coffee.

Q: How can you reduce your cellphone cravings?
A: Set phone-free times — like meals or bedtime. Hide it when you work and try short breaks. Less temptation means fewer cravings. By using these strategies, you regain control over your phone use and reduce your brain’s urge for instant gratification.

Q: Is too much phone use bad for your mental health?
A: Yes, it interferes with your focus, sleep, and mood. It even feels addictive, so balancing it helps keep you feeling good. Taking breaks from your cellphone helps you become more aware of this impact and encourages healthier habits.

Being sedentary is one of the worst things you can do for your health. According to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 25.3% of American adults don’t engage in physical activities after clocking out from work.1

Now, one way to combat this problem is simply going for a walk. However, it needs to be more than that — a structured regimen designed to marginally challenge your body is needed to boost your fitness, and one effective solution is interval walking training (IWT).

IWT is a Japanese exercise developed by university professor Nose Hiroshi. Unlike conventional continuous walking, IWT alternates between periods of fast-paced walking and slower recovery periods.

IWT Found to Enhance Various Health Markers

In a meta-analysis published in Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, researchers reviewed the health benefits of IWT. By examining multiple studies since IWT’s inception (2009), the team quantified how impactful IWT is, and whether the benefits were consistent across different groups of people. Participants in the selected studies consisted of middle-aged and older adults, including many who were managing chronic conditions.2

• Improved aerobic fitness — One striking finding was that aerobic fitness, measured as VO2 max, increased by about 10% after five months of IWT. For context, VO2 max refers to your body’s ability to absorb and utilize oxygen.

To put it simply, your body becomes more efficient at supplying oxygen to your muscles, helping you stay energized and less likely to be fatigued during strenuous activities. Even a 10% increase is substantial, considering that as you age, maintaining or improving aerobic fitness becomes challenging yet crucial for longevity and better quality of life.

• Blood pressure readings showed better numbers — The studies showed reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Specifically, participants saw drops of about 9 mm Hg in systolic (upper number) blood pressure and 5 mm Hg in diastolic (lower number) blood pressure, on average, over a five-month period.

Such changes represent a meaningful decrease in the risk for heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular issues. In practical terms, IWT provides benefits comparable to some blood pressure medications, but without the side effects commonly associated with taking them.

• Timing and adherence significantly influenced the outcomes — Researchers found that IWT provided robust health benefits when participants followed the program consistently. However, outside of controlled research settings, maintaining consistency proved challenging for many people. Average weekly walking time dropped dramatically, indicating that participants often struggled to stick to the recommended routine without additional support.

• Specific groups reaped the largest health gains — Older adults and those already facing metabolic challenges, like insulin resistance or prediabetes, demonstrated particularly noticeable improvements in glucose management.

Going deeper into the analysis, IWT was highly effective at enhancing glucose effectiveness, which is the muscles’ ability to absorb sugar directly from the bloodstream without additional insulin. This result is a game-changer if you’re at risk for diabetes, as it offers an immediate method to control blood sugar levels with minimal lifestyle changes.

• The cycling of intensities is the source of the benefits — Mechanistically, researchers attribute IWT’s benefits to its unique approach of cycling between periods of higher and lower intensity. These alternating intensities stimulate muscles in a manner similar to resistance training but without the associated joint stress and muscle fatigue that heavier exercise routines often cause.

• IWT is convenient — The review emphasizes that IWT is especially advantageous because it does not require any special equipment or costly gym memberships, making it accessible and practical for nearly everyone. However, it also points out that overcoming barriers like motivation and adherence remains a challenge.

Study Confirms Benefits of IWT for Diabetics

A study published in PLoS One explored how IWT can work to help manage diabetes. Instead of a controlled laboratory setting, researchers aimed to evaluate how effectively participants could follow an IWT at home using a specially designed device to track their VO2 max.3

Fifty-one adult participants were asked to complete 60 minutes of IWT each week for a total of 20 weeks. The monitoring device helped them maintain the proper intervals of faster-paced walking, ensuring the sessions provided consistent intensity. Despite challenges commonly seen in home-based exercise routines, all participants completed the study, showing the routine was manageable enough for everyday use. However, only about 39% of participants fully reached the intended weekly walking goal.

• Short-term IWT still produces noticeable improvements — Even when the participants didn’t fully meet the recommended time, health improvements still transpired. One notable outcome was the substantial rise in participants’ HDL cholesterol, often labeled as “good” cholesterol because it helps remove excess cholesterol from your bloodstream. This eventually leads to meaningful health benefits, especially for diabetics who typically struggle with maintaining healthy cholesterol levels.

• Liver fat was lowered — Even small increases in weekly IWT minutes led to visible reductions in triglycerides, which is another biomarker linked to heart disease, and decreased liver fat as measured by MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans. Lowering liver fat is especially beneficial because fatty liver disease is a common complication in Type 2 diabetes.

• Consistency creates noticeable health improvements — Participants who consistently met the target of at least 60 minutes per week experienced notably greater gains in aerobic fitness, which is measured by improvements in VO2 max.

Specifically, those meeting the exercise goal achieved an impressive 10% improvement in their aerobic capacity. This aligns closely with the earlier study I cited, reinforcing IWT as an effective form of cardiovascular exercise, even when performed in a more unpredictable environment, such as your home.

• IWT stimulates muscles without causing excess fatigue — The brief periods of fast walking boost muscle function enough to improve fitness without overwhelming your body. Researchers emphasized how IWT mimics certain resistance-training benefits by repeatedly contracting and relaxing muscle fibers.

These actions improve muscle metabolism and overall muscle health, significantly enhancing your body’s ability to handle sugar efficiently, which is crucial if you’re currently managing Type 2 diabetes.

How to Do IWT Properly

This video can only be viewed on YouTube. Click HERE to watch.

Now that you know the health benefits of IWT, how do you do it? In the video above, Medical Frontiers host Erica Angyal tracks down Hiroshi to explain how IWT is done:4

1. Start by properly stretching your muscles.
2. Walk with a small stride. You’ll know you’re at the right intensity when you’re able to enjoy a conversation with a walking partner.
3. Up the intensity by walking with bigger strides. Your heels are supposed to touch the ground first, then your toe.
4. Bend your arms at a right angle and swing them back and forth widely to help you walk with big strides naturally. Aim for a speed that slightly tightens your calf muscles.
5. Alternate between three minutes of slow walking and three minutes of fast walking.
6. Aim for a total of 60 minutes of fast walking weekly, spreading your IWT sessions in several days.

• IWT can be done by everyone — It began in Shinshu University in Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture. Hiroshi initially created IWT for athletes, but he retooled it to fit all age groups and fitness levels. From there, he noticed that it was an effective form of exercise that helped combat inactivity among aging adults.

• Real-world results of IWT — To test the effectiveness of IWT, Hiroshi’s team created three groups — one that didn’t walk, one that walked 10,000 steps every day, and one that did 30 minutes of IWT every day.

Once the study was completed, the team noticed that systolic blood pressure in the IWT group lowered four times more than the group who walked 10,000 steps. Furthermore, diastolic blood pressure decreased by 2.5 times. Based on these findings, the team believes that participants who practice IWT for five years will be able to reduce their risk of stroke by 40%.

• IWT improves your fitness — The findings showed that participants had better hamstring strength. Specifically, the IWT group had stronger hamstrings (by 12%) compared to the group that did 10,000 steps. Aerobic endurance was better as well.

• Other benefits of IWT — The team noticed that fitness wasn’t the only improvement among the participants. Symptoms of depression were reduced by 50%, and sleep efficiency increased by 12%, too. Participants noted that their immune system was better thanks to IWT. “I used to get sick often, but now, I rarely catch colds. It’s a major change,” one participant says.5

Additional Tips to Make the Most Out of Your Walking Sessions

Barring any serious condition or disability, most people will benefit from going for a walk every day. But before you put your walking shoes on, here are some things that can help you maximize your IWT sessions further:

1. Aim for 10,000 steps — There is no doubt in my mind that exercise is good for you, but too much of it eventually harms your health. In my interview with cardiologist Dr. James O’Keefe, he noted that excessive vigorous (high-intensity) exercise eventually backfires on your health.

Here’s where walking comes in because it’s a medium-intensity exercise. O’Keefe’s research shows that you get significant health benefits when you aim for 10,000 steps daily (with a maximum of 12,000 steps). Once you get to the maximum rate, the benefits plunge down as if you were sedentary in the first place.

2. Wear a weighted vest — If you’ve been exercising for quite a while now, try mixing up your routine via a weighted vest. The extra load engages your muscles more, helping build strength and endurance while keeping your routine in familiar territory.

When trying this method, pay attention to your posture to avoid injuries. Uneven weight distribution will cause your body to compensate by changing posture, leading to injuries such as lower back pain. So, start with something light and then increase your weight as you get better.

3. Try Nordic walking — This exercise requires the use of fixed-length ski poles while walking on land, which essentially mimics the movement of skiing. The great thing about it is that it uses 90% of your muscles, which provides both your upper and lower body with a complete workout. Your aerobic fitness will also benefit, as it requires 18% to 25% more oxygen compared to walking without poles at the same speed.6

4. Go for a walk with a friend — If you find that going for walks becomes monotonous, add a social element to keep things fresh. O’Keefe says:

“Exercising and making social connections at the same time, that is an absolute goldmine of a longevity activity. That means that even walking with your dog or your friend … is huge … The whole thing is to move your body in a fun, playful manner and make it social.”

5. Get creative while walking — I recommend you take advantage of your outdoor walks to improve your craft or engage in other hobbies that enrich your life, such as listening to audiobooks or podcasts. You can also use the time to brainstorm ideas for personal projects.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About IWT

Q: What exactly is interval walking training (IWT)?
A: Interval walking training involves alternating three minutes of brisk walking with three minutes of slower walking, creating a structured and effective workout that boosts aerobic fitness, reduces blood pressure, and helps manage blood sugar.

Q: Why is interval walking better than regular continuous walking?
A: Interval walking delivers greater health benefits, including significant reductions in blood pressure and improved muscle glucose absorption, compared to regular continuous walking. Alternating intensities stimulate muscles more effectively without excessive fatigue or joint strain.

Q: Who benefits the most from interval walking training?
A: Older adults, diabetics, and those with metabolic challenges experience the greatest improvements from interval walking. These groups see notable enhancements in heart health, cholesterol levels, and reductions in liver fat.

Q: Do I need special equipment or a gym membership to do interval walking?
A: No special equipment or gym memberships are required. Interval walking can easily fit into your daily routine, and simple wearable devices are sufficient to help you maintain the right pace and track your progress (while also minimizing your exposure to electromagnetic fields).

Q: How much IWT is recommended weekly to see health improvements?
A: For optimal results, aim for at least 60 minutes of brisk interval walking per week, spread across several sessions. Even moderate adherence leads to meaningful health improvements, but consistency greatly amplifies the benefits.

Ozempic, known generically as semaglutide, is a drug originally developed to treat Type 2 diabetes, and it works by mimicking a natural hormone called GLP-1. Its commonly advertised effects include regulating blood sugar, slowing digestion, and reducing appetite — and these are the reasons why many are now relying on it to further their weight loss goals.

But as the number of people worldwide using these drugs continues to grow, so does the list of damaging health effects that are being associated with it. One study, for example, linked Ozempic to effects on muscle strength, even though muscle size remains stable. In animal models, this was associated with increased frailty risk and reduced physical performance — findings researchers note urgently need confirmation in human clinical trials.

Study Finds Unexpected Patterns in Muscle Health During Ozempic Use

A recent animal study published in Cell Metabolism investigated how Ozempic changes body tissues beyond just fat loss.1 Conducted by researchers from the University of Utah Health, the study found that although changes in muscle mass appear trivial, the same cannot be said for muscle strength. According to a press release from the University, this points out “an urgent need for clinical studies to pin down the full effects of the popular medications.”2

• The research used mice as the study population and produced surprising results — They found that the lean mass of the test subjects dropped by about 10% overall. However, most of that decrease came not from skeletal muscle but from organs like the liver, which shrank nearly in half.
• This means that your organs are also reshaping during weight changes — The researchers said that some organ shrinkage is considered normal during healthy weight loss. However, the exact effects on humans are still unclear.
• Skeletal muscles also shrank slightly — The researchers noted a 6% reduction in these muscles, although this wasn’t enough to explain the total lean mass loss. Some muscles even stayed the same size. The researchers explained that this could reflect a “return to baseline,” because when you gain fat, your body also tends to build more muscle just to move the extra weight around. As fat goes away, that supportive muscle drops as well.
• A significant finding was the mismatch between muscle size and muscle strength — When the scientists tested how much force the mice’s muscles could produce, they found some muscles got weaker even though their size looked unchanged. In others, strength remained unchanged.
• These effects raise particular concerns for older adults — People over 60 years old are already at a higher risk for muscle weakness and mobility issues, so if the drug-related strength declines observed in mice translate to humans, it could increase falls and reduce independence. As senior author Katsu Funai, Ph.D., emphasized, “the loss of physical function is a strong predictor of not just quality of life but longevity.”3

The researchers cautioned against drawing one-to-one comparisons with people, stressing the urgency of conducting human clinical trials to confirm these findings. They explained that while the mice in the study became obese from eating a high-fat diet, human weight gain comes from many causes, including poor sleep, stress, and genetics.

Still, there are similar studies highlighting these effects of Ozempic and similar GLP-1 receptor agonist medications on your musculoskeletal health, adding to the growing body of evidence suggesting that rapid weight loss has damaging consequences for your well-being.

Ozempic Alters More Than Just Your Weight

Earlier this year, I published an article on how Ozempic leads to alarming side effects, affecting users not just physically but also psychologically, and even influencing their long-term health trajectory. One of the primary points I raised was that these drugs are leading to severe loss of muscle and bone.

• GLP-1 drugs reduce lean mass, according to studies — To better understand, it’s important to know what “lean mass” is. Simply put, this refers to the weight of everything in your body except fat — muscle mass, bone mass, organ size, fluids, and water in fat tissues.4
According to one review, up to 40% of total weight lost on semaglutide may come from lean mass, while liraglutide, the active ingredient in Victoza, a GLP-1 drug similar to Ozempic, has been linked to a reduction of up to 60% of total weight lost.5 A 2023 study published in Diabetes Care also compared semaglutide and tirzepatide with a placebo and found lean mass reduction accounted for 15% or less in total weight loss across all groups.6
• GLP-1s help you shed fat, but cause you to lose valuable tissue, too — One clinical trial involving 140 participants with a mean age of 52 looked at the effects of semaglutide and found that during a 68-week period, they were able to lose 23 pounds of fat — but at the same time, lost about 15 pounds of lean muscle mass as well. That’s nearly 40% of their total weight loss coming from tissue the body actually needs to survive and thrive.7
• Rapid weight loss also causes you to lose important bone tissue — A 2024 study involving 195 participants found that liraglutide led to lower bone density — particularly in the spine and hip. Published in the JAMA Network Open, the study said:
“Liraglutide alone led to weight and fat loss compared with placebo; however, this was associated with decreased hip and spine BMD compared with placebo and exercise alone.”8
• This combination of reduced muscle mass and low bone mineral density poses a mortality risk, especially to older people — Having low muscle mass and fragile bones leads to a higher risk of injury from falls, particularly in older populations who struggle with mobility. It may also compromise your immune system,9 potentially reducing your body’s ability to handle infections, which is also a common health concern among the elderly.

Muscle and Bone Damage Make Up Just a Fraction of Ozempic’s Overall Impact on Health

Ozempic has become a “global sensation,” with an estimated 20 million people using it annually to help them reach their weight loss goals faster.10 But as more and more people become hooked on this trend, the more its ugly side starts to surface. That’s the thing about taking shortcuts, especially when it comes to your health — there can be serious consequences.

I’ve been sounding the alarm about GLP-1 agonists for a few years now, and if you do an in-depth search on this site, you’ll see the many articles I’ve written exposing the pitfalls of these so-called “miracle drugs.” Below, I’ve highlighted some examples of side effects associated with Ozempic and other similar medications:

• Noticeable physical changes — These include what’s called “Ozempic face,”11 which is when a person loses too much facial fat, leading to a hollowed-out, gaunt appearance, and “Ozempic breast”12 in women, wherein their breasts become “saggy” or “deflated” due to too much fat loss.
• Dental health problems — There are now increasing cases of tooth- and gum-related health issues among those who use GLP-1 medications — a phenomenon dubbed as “Ozempic teeth.” These include symptoms like tooth decay, oral infections, bad breath, and dental collapse. Even those with no prior history of dental disease are experiencing these side effects.
• Blindness — A 2024 study published by JAMA Ophthalmology found a link between semaglutide and non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) among Type 2 diabetics and overweight or obese participants.
This condition is marked by a loss of blood flow to the optic nerve, the neural pathway connecting your eyes to your brain.
According to the study findings, semaglutide was associated with a 4.28 times higher likelihood of developing NAION among diabetic participants, and a 7.64 times higher likelihood among those who were overweight or obese.13
• Suicide ideation — One JAMA Network Open analysis of World Health Organization (WHO) adverse-event reports found a 45% greater rate of suicidal ideation reports among patients taking semaglutide compared to other medications.14 This may be related to how the drug’s main component targets GLP-1 receptors, which are present not just in the digestive tract but also in brain areas involved in managing emotions.
• Kidney damage — There are reports of semaglutide users experiencing kidney issues like acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), a serious kidney inflammation, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). FSGS is associated with an increased risk of kidney failure.15
• Gastrointestinal problems — A 2023 study published in JAMA linked GLP-1 agonists to an increased risk of serious health conditions like pancreatitis, stomach paralysis, and bowel obstruction.16 There are also studies warning about the possible risk of these drugs causing fatal intestinal obstructions.17
• Thyroid tumors and other cancers — There are animal studies showing semaglutide causes thyroid C-cell tumors “at clinically relevant exposures,” a reason why this medication carries a black box warning.18 There’s also an incident in a trial wherein a patient developed metastatic pancreatic carcinoma about 65 days post-treatment.19

There’s Also the Problem with ‘Ozempic Rebound’

Another issue with taking shortcuts to lose weight is that the effects are not long-term — eventually, many patients end up gaining back the weight they lost, meaning all their efforts go down the drain. This is what’s called “Ozempic rebound.”

For example, a clinical trial conducted in 2022 found that among 327 long-term semaglutide users, many of those who stopped using the drug regained about two-thirds of their lost weight within a year.20

• Stopping Ozempic may bring back all your hunger cues and cravings — Basically, when you take Ozempic and then go cold turkey, the hunger cues it had suppressed come raging back. This leads you to revert to unhealthy eating, which causes the weight to return.
• Even the other purported “health benefits” disappear — Ozempic is said to help reduce blood pressure, but this could bounce back when you discontinue using the drug.
• Patients are advised to stop the drug after a period of use — During this time, they need to assess their cravings for carbohydrates. Benjamin Bikman, Ph.D., a metabolic scientist at Brigham Young University in Utah, said in a Daily Mail article, “Ideally, a person has learned how to eat better and control carb cravings and their weight loss can be sustained in the long run.”21

There Are Better Strategies to Help Manage Your Weight

Going back to the featured study, the researchers noted that their findings on muscle stress can provide insights to help in the production of other weight loss drugs. “There are many additional weight loss drugs that are in clinical trials and coming out in the next three to five years,” Funai says. “But with all those clinical trials, if they’re interested in measuring lean mass loss, they need to consider physical function,” Funai said.

But that is exactly what’s wrong with this picture — many have become so engrossed by these quick remedies to shed pounds and fail to realize that these are not long-term solutions.

I believe that the key to eliminating excess fat and maintaining a healthy weight lies in optimizing your cellular energy production. And while it involves a multifaceted approach that takes time and effort to implement, the payback is so much better, as it leads to safer, healthier results — something GLP-1 receptor agonists don’t offer. Here are key strategies that I recommend for healthy weight management.

1. Eliminate vegetable oils and ultraprocessed foods from your diet — These contain high amounts of linoleic acid (LA), which disrupt your metabolic pathways and alter how your body stores fat. Instead, cook your meals using tallow, grass fed butter, or ghee. Ideally, keep your LA intake around 5 grams per day; if you can get it down to 2 grams, that would be better.
2. Shift your carbohydrate sources gradually — Choose fruits, whole grains, and well-cooked vegetables as your carb sources. If your gut is compromised, start by introducing easily digestible carbohydrates like whole fruit or white rice before incorporating more complex carbs. For those with severe gut issues, sipping dextrose water will provide the cells with a steady source of easy-to-digest, healthy carbohydrates for energy.
3. Consider your protein intake — Aim for 0.8 grams of protein per pound of your ideal body weight from a mix of high-quality animal sources. This may help support muscle maintenance, tissue repair, and hormone balance. If you exercise frequently, you might need to slightly increase your intake. My suggestion is to take it slow and listen to how your body responds.
4. Support your mitochondrial health with other healthy habits — Getting daily sun exposure is one example; however, if you’re still consuming vegetable oils, make sure to avoid intense midday sun for at least six months. Research suggests vegetable oils may accumulate in skin tissue and contribute to oxidative stress under UV exposure.22 Learn more about this by reading “The Fast-Track Path to Clearing Vegetable Oils from Your Skin.”
5. Boost your GLP-1 levels naturally with Akkermansia muciniphila — This bacterium is a keystone strain in your microbiome. Having higher levels of Akkermansia is associated with lower weight, better blood sugar control, lower inflammation, and less body fat. Meanwhile, having lower levels is linked to obesity.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Ozempic and Muscle Health

Q: What is Ozempic and why are so many people using it?
A: Ozempic, or semaglutide, was originally designed to manage Type 2 diabetes by mimicking a natural hormone called GLP-1. It helps regulate blood sugar, slows digestion, and curbs appetite. Because of these effects, millions worldwide now use it as a quick solution for weight loss, making it one of the most talked-about drugs in recent years.

Q: How does Ozempic affect muscle health?
A: Animal studies show that Ozempic use may reduce muscle strength even when muscle size remains mostly stable. This could create a hidden problem — your muscles may look the same but perform worse. This decline in strength may increase the risk of frailty, falls, injuries, and loss of independence, particularly as you age.

Q: Does Ozempic impact organs and bones too?
A: Yes, it does. Research has shown that Ozempic may not only reduce fat but also shrink organ size, especially in the liver, which shrank nearly in half in animal studies. It may also lead to possible decreased bone density in the spine and hips, raising the risk of fractures, frailty, and health complications, especially in older adults.

Q: What other side effects are linked to Ozempic?
A: Beyond weight loss, Ozempic has been tied to a wide range of non-favorable side effects. These include sagging skin and facial fat loss (“Ozempic face”), dental collapse known as “Ozempic teeth,” vision damage, kidney issues, gastrointestinal paralysis, pancreatic tumors, and even higher rates of suicidal thoughts.

Q: Is weight loss from Ozempic permanent?
A: No, the results often do not last. Many users experience “Ozempic rebound,” where they regain most of the weight they have lost within a year after stopping the drug. Hunger and cravings return quickly, and even the temporary health benefits, like lower blood pressure, diminish.

These findings include results from animal models and clinical research. Results may not apply to all individuals.

This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Consult a qualified healthcare provider before making changes to your health regimen.

Test Your Knowledge with Today’s Quiz!
Take today’s quiz to see how much you’ve learned from yesterday’s Mercola.com article.

What compound was found to reduce diabetic nerve pain in rats?

Butyrate
Geranylgeraniol (GG)
Geranylgeraniol (GG) reduced pain sensitivity, supported gut barrier integrity and lowered inflammatory signaling in diabetic rats. Learn more.
Linoleic acid (LA)
Glucose

A rounded upper back in old age seems like a harmless sign of getting older, but it’s actually a red flag that your spine is starting to fail. This condition, known as kyphosis, signals that the structural support in your upper body is collapsing under the pressure of muscle weakness, poor posture, or fragile bones. And once the curve becomes fixed, it doesn’t just make movement harder — it increases your risk of falls, lung dysfunction, fractures and even early death.

Height loss of more than 3 centimeters from your peak adult height — about an inch and a quarter — is often the first visible warning. According to national guidelines from Healthy Bones Australia and the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, that type of height loss strongly points to silent spinal fractures.1

These small breaks occur without injury or pain, especially in people with undiagnosed osteoporosis, and they allow the spine to buckle forward, creating the signature hunch. Even in the absence of pain, this curve reshapes how your body moves and breathes. Once your spine tips past 50 degrees of forward bend, known as hyperkyphosis, every step and breath become more work.

The Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy confirms that this level of curvature is tied to reduced lung volume and shorter life expectancy, even in people who feel otherwise healthy.2 If you’re noticing signs like forward head posture, rounded shoulders or unexplained height loss, the time to act is now. The earlier you address the root causes — before the curvature locks in place — the greater your chances of recovery.

Poor Posture and Brittle Bones Turn a Natural Curve Into a Permanent Hump

Certain types of kyphosis are the result of a slow and silent shift that creeps up over decades and is often preventable with the right habits and interventions.3

• Age and posture both play a role, but they lead to very different outcomes — Poor posture, like hunching over your phone or slouching in a chair, is one major cause of postural kyphosis. This version is often seen in younger adults and teens and is caused by muscle imbalance and repetitive positioning.

But as you get older, the more serious version — age-related kyphosis — starts to take over. This form is usually the result of actual physical damage to the spine itself, especially from tiny spinal fractures linked to osteoporosis. Unlike postural rounding, which can usually be corrected by standing up straight, hyperkyphosis stays even when you try to straighten your back.4

• Posture-related kyphosis is usually fixable — If your curved back comes from muscle weakness or long hours sitting, you’re not stuck with it. To reverse this, try:

◦ Strengthening your upper back and core muscles

◦ Stretching tight areas like your chest and hip flexors

◦ Practicing good posture during everyday activities

• Structural kyphosis is harder to fix and linked to serious bone loss — If your kyphosis comes from tiny cracks in the spine, it becomes a structural issue. These fractures usually result from osteoporosis, where bones become fragile and compress under everyday stress. This version of kyphosis:

◦ Doesn’t correct when you stand tall

◦ Often comes with back pain or stiffness

◦ Causes a noticeable loss of height (more than 3 to 4 centimeters)

◦ Increases the risk for further spine damage and limits mobility

Two-thirds of vertebral fractures are missed entirely because they don’t cause sudden pain.5 That means your spine could be deteriorating without you realizing it. If left untreated, the resulting curve not only affects how you look but also how well you move, breathe and stay balanced.

• There are key signs you shouldn’t ignore — If you notice these issues, it’s time to take action:

◦ You’ve lost height compared to your younger adult years

◦ Your back curves forward even when you try to stand straight

◦ You experience ongoing back pain or stiffness, especially in your upper spine

◦ You find it harder to twist, bend, or stay upright for long periods

Tight Muscles and Weak Support Systems Are Driving Your Spine Out of Alignment

A detailed breakdown from Banner Health highlights the common causes, symptoms and solutions for kyphosis, particularly focusing on how lifestyle choices and body imbalances push your spine into a forward curve.6 The article centers on practical tools for identifying posture problems early and explains which interventions make the biggest difference before things get worse.

• Kyphosis doesn’t just affect the elderly — it’s happening to people of all ages — Julie Barnett, a physical therapist with Banner Physical Therapy, explained that tight muscles in your neck and chest, combined with weak upper back muscles, are the two biggest drivers of postural kyphosis. This describes what happens when you spend hours hunched over your phone or computer every day. That means if you’re constantly glued to a screen, this warning is for you.

• Simple physical therapy exercises undo early-stage kyphosis — There are easy movements to help improve posture and retrain weak muscles. These include:

◦ Chin tucks to strengthen deep neck muscles and correct forward head posture

◦ Shoulder blade squeezes to activate the mid-back and improve upper spine alignment

◦ Doorway stretches to loosen your chest and restore shoulder mobility. Each of these targets specific muscle groups that lose function when your body stays in a flexed position for too long

• Treatment outcomes depend heavily on early action and the right interventions — Barnett emphasized that the severity of your kyphosis, and how early you start targeted rehab, makes a huge difference. She recommends a multi-pronged strategy for best results:

◦ Correct posture throughout the day with ergonomic adjustments at your workstation

◦ Work with a physical therapist to balance tight and weak muscles

◦ Add resistance training for your back, shoulders, and core to build a support system for your spine

◦ Consider chiropractic care or acupuncture to reduce muscle tension and improve spine mobility

• Posture correction is a full lifestyle upgrade — The article ends with a set of posture-protective habits to start today, including:

◦ Using lumbar support and sitting tall at your desk

◦ Taking stretch breaks every 30 to 60 minutes

◦ Including strength-focused movement like yoga to restore balance

◦ Prioritizing bone-supportive foods like leafy greens, grass fed dairy, and eggs, while avoiding processed foods and excess caffeine that sap your bones

Some Spine Curves Are Harmless, Others Affect How You Walk, Breathe and Age

The Cleveland Clinic offers a clear and comprehensive guide on kyphosis, breaking down not just what causes it, but how different forms of spinal curvature impact movement, pain and even breathing.7 While many people think of it as just a cosmetic issue, there are deeper health implications, especially for those with more advanced spinal changes.

• Not all kyphosis looks the same or has the same risks — Kyphosis includes several forms: postural, Scheuermann’s, congenital, cervical (military neck) and hyperkyphosis. These are not interchangeable.

Postural kyphosis shows up most in teenagers and is caused by slouching — something that can often be corrected with exercises. Congenital kyphosis is present from birth. Scheuermann’s involves wedge-shaped vertebrae that cause a fixed curve, and hyperkyphosis is the steep, progressive curve that often appears after age 40.

• Severe cases come with real physical complications, not just a curved back — While mild kyphosis is common and usually harmless, more serious curves, especially in older adults, create real health burdens. Symptoms include:

◦ Persistent back and shoulder pain

◦ Muscle stiffness and fatigue

◦ Trouble breathing due to lung compression

◦ Loss of bladder or bowel control in extreme cases

To diagnose kyphosis, providers use a “bending test,” where you bend forward to reveal abnormal curvature. They then confirm the diagnosis with an X-ray to measure your spinal angle. Anything over 50 degrees is considered kyphotic.

• You don’t need surgery unless the condition becomes extreme — Most people with kyphosis do not need surgery. Instead, they benefit from:

◦ Physical therapy to build core and spinal strength

◦ Posture correction to retrain how the body stands and moves

◦ Pain management

◦ Supportive braces, especially for adolescents with Scheuermann’s. Bracing is most helpful for teens whose bones are still developing and may not be effective in older adults with fixed deformities

• There’s a big difference between scoliosis and kyphosis — know which one you have — One common misconception is that scoliosis and kyphosis are variations of the same problem. This isn’t true. Scoliosis involves a sideways curve, like a C or S shape when viewed from behind. Kyphosis is a front-to-back curve that creates a hunchback appearance. They can occur together, but one does not lead to the other.

• Posture habits during childhood and teen years set the foundation for lifelong spinal health — Postural and Scheuermann’s kyphosis typically develop in teens. Because their bones are still growing, this is the most effective window to intervene. That means regular screenings, awareness of slouching and consistent muscle training early in life prevents more serious problems later in life.

Why Strength Training and Posture Correction Work Better Than Medications

In a detailed review published in the Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, researchers explored hyperkyphosis’ biological causes, long-term risks and treatment options, emphasizing how physical therapy, muscle strengthening and posture correction are far more effective than medications alone.8

• People develop the same spinal curve for different reasons — The paper explained that age-related hyperkyphosis doesn’t always follow a single path. Some people develop a curved back because of vertebral fractures linked to osteoporosis.

Others develop the same posture from spinal muscle weakness, disc degeneration or abnormal spinal bone shape, completely independent of fractures. That means you might have the same outward curvature as someone else, but for entirely different reasons — and that matters when deciding what treatment will work.

• Kyphosis reduces quality of life and raises the risk of early death — People with hyperkyphosis reported lower satisfaction with life, worse health and more physical limitations than those with a straighter spine.

In fact, multiple cohort studies reviewed in the paper linked severe spinal curvature with higher rates of pulmonary death, especially in older women, regardless of whether they had osteoporosis. The study also found that women with severe kyphosis had trouble:

◦ Climbing stairs

◦ Standing from a chair without using their arms

◦ Maintaining balance

◦ Walking with normal speed and stride

• Many people with severe curvature don’t even have fractures — Only about 40% of people with extreme spinal rounding had vertebral fractures. That means medications aimed at bone density, like bisphosphonates, often miss the real issue. Most of these patients showed signs of degenerative disc disease or lost spinal mobility from stiffened ligaments and shortened muscles. It’s not a bone problem — it’s a movement problem.

Targeted Physical Therapy Changes Posture, Improves Strength and Prevents Fractures

One of the most striking findings in this paper came from a long-term study on spinal extension exercises. Women with kyphosis who performed prone (face down) back lifts wearing a weighted backpack five times per week not only improved their posture and muscle strength, but also had significantly fewer vertebral fractures over the next 10 years — even though they stopped the exercise after the study ended. That’s the power of strengthening the right muscles early on.

• Strength training is more effective than stretching or flexibility work alone — While stretching relieves tightness, researchers emphasized that spinal extension exercises — movements that open your chest and engage your back — produced the most measurable improvements. These included:

◦ Weighted back lifts

◦ Quadruped (on all fours) arm/leg raises

◦ Torso twists

◦ Chest stretching over a foam roller

When used consistently, these exercises reduced the angle of kyphosis, increased standing height and decreased pain.

• Yoga and multidimensional programs deliver lasting results, even years later — In one trial, participants over 60 who did yoga three times a week improved their posture by 4.4% in just six months.

In another study, women who did strength training, stretching and mobility work twice weekly for 12 weeks maintained their posture and strength improvements for an entire year, with no further therapy needed. Results were especially strong when participants worked on both spine mobility and sensory feedback (like vision and balance), not just muscle tone.

• Posture-correcting braces and even taping methods improve body awareness — Researchers tested lightweight braces and found they helped older women reduce their spine angle by 11% when worn for just two hours daily. This wasn’t because the brace held them up; it gave them feedback, triggering postural muscles to activate more naturally.

Similarly, physical therapists applied therapeutic tape across the upper back, which helped correct posture during movement by giving the brain feedback through the skin. These strategies gave people more awareness of how they were holding themselves.

• Not all exercise is helpful — some moves make it worse — The authors warned that forward-bending movements like sit-ups, crunches or curling forward during daily activities increased the risk of vertebral fractures, especially in women with osteoporosis.

In one study, 68% of women who did only forward-bending exercises developed new fractures within six months, compared to just 16% in the back-extension group. That’s a massive difference, and a reminder that spine-safe movement patterns are key.

How to Retrain Your Spine and Prevent Dangerous Forward Curvature

If your shoulders are starting to round forward, or if you’re already seeing a curve in your upper spine, you’re not stuck with it. Kyphosis doesn’t have to be a permanent sentence, especially when you catch it early.

The most important thing is to stop what’s causing the problem in the first place: weak back muscles, limited mobility and posture habits that make the curve worse over time. Here’s what I recommend to get real results and keep your spine strong, upright and supported:

1. Strengthen your spinal extensor muscles every week — If you want to reverse the curve, you have to activate the muscles that hold you up against gravity. The most effective movement is a prone back lift with added weight — lie on your stomach, place a light backpack or small weight across your upper back and slowly lift your chest while keeping your head neutral.

Start with three sets of 10 reps, five times a week. This one move alone lowered fracture risk in older women and kept their posture straighter 10 years after they stopped doing it.9

2. Focus on your posture all day — and all night — How you stand, sit and sleep matters more than you think. Start by adjusting your workstation so your monitor is eye level and your feet are flat on the floor. When walking, imagine a string pulling the crown of your head upward while your shoulders stay relaxed and back.

But don’t stop there. Your sleep posture also influences spinal health. I recommend a cervical pillow that supports your neck’s natural curve without elevating your head too high. This helps prevent that forward-head shift that reinforces upper spine curvature.

3. Avoid exercises that bend your spine forward — Sit-ups, crunches, toe touches and any move that curls your spine forward are the worst choices if you’re trying to avoid vertebral fractures. Women who only did forward-bending exercises were four times more likely to develop a fracture in six months. Swap these for extension-based moves like bird-dogs, upper back stretches using a foam roller, and chest-opening stretches.10

4. Use biofeedback tools to rewire your posture habits — If you find yourself slouching throughout the day, try simple tools that bring your attention back to how you’re holding yourself. Try a posture trainer brace or even use posture tape across your upper back.

These don’t prop you up — they wake up the muscles you’re not using and retrain your brain to stand tall. Just wearing them for a couple of hours a day made a measurable difference in spinal angle.11

5. Build a routine that includes Foundation Training, balance and mobility — To get long-term results, your routine should train your whole body to support upright posture, not just individual muscles. That’s where Foundation Training comes in. Developed specifically to strengthen your posterior chain and restore natural alignment, these movements teach your core and back muscles to work together in integrated chains of motion.

Even just 10 minutes a day of Foundation Training helps decompress your spine, reduce low back pain and retrain your body to move with better posture. Pair Foundation Training with a few short sessions per week that also target:

◦ Spinal extension and back strength (weighted lifts, bird-dogs)

◦ Chest and shoulder mobility (foam rolling, wall angels)

◦ Core and pelvic stability (dead bugs, glute bridges)

◦ Balance and sensory feedback (heel-to-toe walks, single-leg stands)

FAQs About a Curved Back

Q: What causes a curved upper back as you age?
A: The most common reason is poor posture and muscle weakness in your upper back and neck, especially if you spend hours hunched over a desk or phone. As you get older, bone loss and spinal degeneration, like osteoporosis and vertebral fractures, lead to a more permanent curve known as hyperkyphosis.12,13,14

Q: Is it possible to reverse a curved spine or dowager’s hump?
A: Yes, if the curvature is caused by posture issues and not permanent bone changes. Exercises that target spinal extensor muscles, improve mobility and reduce forward-flexion stress reduce or even reverse the curve. However, if you already have compression fractures, the goal shifts to reducing pain and preventing it from getting worse.15,16

Q: What are the best exercises to fix or prevent kyphosis?
A: The best exercises help you straighten and strengthen your upper back. Try gentle moves like lying on your stomach and lifting your chest (prone back lifts), bird-dogs, foam roller stretches for your upper back and shoulder blade squeezes.

One of the most effective ways to improve posture is Foundation Training, a simple method that teaches your core and back muscles to work together to hold you upright. Avoid exercises that bend your spine forward, like crunches or toe touches, especially if you have low bone density or osteoporosis.17

Q: How does sleep posture affect spine health?
A: Sleeping with your head too high or unsupported reinforces poor posture. I recommend using a cervical pillow that maintains the natural curve of your neck without pushing your head forward. This keeps your spine aligned while you sleep and prevents the forward head posture that often contributes to a hunched upper back.18

Q: Do posture braces or taping help?
A: Yes, but only if they’re used the right way. Tools like posture braces or therapeutic taping don’t do the work for you. They give your body feedback to stay aligned and engage the right muscles. Just a couple of hours per day with a brace helped reduce spinal curvature in older adults.19

Diabetic neuropathy affects up to 75% of adults with diabetes, yet most people understand it only as a complication of high blood sugar. Researchers from Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center argue in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences that framing neuropathy as a blood sugar problem misses most of what’s actually driving the pain.1

The condition involves a cascade of interconnected failures — nerve damage, yes, but also gut barrier breakdown, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic inflammation — and treating it may require addressing all of them together. This distinction changes what solutions are even worth considering.

That’s where a naturally occurring compound called geranylgeraniol, or GG, enters the picture. It’s already present in your body, it’s found in common foods like fruits, vegetables, and grains, and it appears to work on the parts of this problem that glucose control doesn’t reach.

Your body converts GG into a compound called geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate — think of it as a molecular building block your cells use to assemble energy machinery, repair membranes, and keep insulin signaling running smoothly. Without enough of it, those systems degrade quietly in the background.

Researchers tested whether supplementing with it could reduce nerve pain and restore cellular function through pathways that have nothing to do with glucose control, and what they found challenges some long-held assumptions about what diabetic neuropathy actually is.

Gut Repair Changed Nerve Pain Even When Blood Sugar Stayed High

For the study, researchers investigated whether GG could reduce nerve pain, inflammation, and intestinal damage in diabetic rats.2 GG helps support the systems your cells use to create energy and maintain healthy tissue function. The study examined whether improving mitochondrial function and gut integrity with GG could reduce diabetic neuropathy symptoms even without major changes in glucose control.

Researchers fed rats a high-fat diet, induced diabetes, and then supplemented one group with GG for six weeks. Instead of measuring only pain levels, they also tracked gut bacteria, inflammatory markers, mitochondrial repair systems, and anxiety-like behaviors.

• The diabetic rats developed widespread metabolic dysfunction — Compared to healthy controls, the diabetic rats showed insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, gut microbiome disruption, and signs of mitochondrial breakdown inside the colon. The researchers also observed anxiety-like behaviors, reduced movement confidence, and heightened sensitivity to touch, showing how deeply metabolic dysfunction affects the nervous system.
• Pain sensitivity dropped by 35% after GG supplementation — One of the biggest findings involved mechanosensitive pain, meaning pain triggered by touch or pressure. Researchers used the von Frey test, which measures how strongly an animal reacts to physical stimulation. Rats given GG showed a 35% reduction in pain sensitivity compared to untreated diabetic rats. In practical terms, the nerves became less reactive and less irritated.
• The rats also behaved less fearful and anxious — Chronic nerve pain affects emotional regulation alongside physical sensation. Untreated diabetic rats avoided open spaces and displayed behaviors tied to fear and anxiety. After GG supplementation, the rats explored open areas more often and spent more time there. That shift suggests GG improved neurological stress responses alongside pain sensitivity.
• Blood sugar remained impaired despite the pain improvements — The GG supplement did not significantly improve insulin resistance, glucose tolerance, or pancreatic beta-cell damage. Beta cells are the insulin-producing cells inside your pancreas. Even though glucose metabolism stayed impaired, pain levels, inflammatory markers, and mitochondrial function improved anyway.

Most diabetic neuropathy discussions focus almost entirely on glucose levels. This study showed that restoring mitochondrial function and intestinal integrity improved pain outcomes even while metabolic dysfunction remained present.

Gut Bacteria and Mitochondrial Repair Reshaped the Pain Response

As part of the study, researchers measured claudin-3, a tight junction protein that helps seal the intestinal lining. Tight junctions work like protective seals between intestinal cells. Once those seals weaken, bacterial toxins leak into circulation and trigger immune activation throughout the body. Diabetic rats showed lower claudin-3 levels, while GG supplementation significantly increased them.

• Lower gut permeability reduced inflammatory overload — Once the gut barrier weakens, the immune system stays trapped in a chronic inflammatory state that worsens mitochondrial stress and nerve irritation. By improving tight junction integrity, GG reduced one of the upstream triggers driving the inflammatory cycle. That matters because many people with metabolic disease live in a constant low-grade inflammatory state without realizing the gut often sits at the center of the problem.
• Several beneficial gut bacteria declined in diabetic rats — The diabetic animals showed reduced levels of Eubacterium coprostanoligenes, Lachnospiraceae, and Oscillospiraceae. These bacteria help support the intestinal mucus layer and regulate anti-inflammatory signaling. At the same time, inflammatory-associated bacteria like Clostridium sensu stricto increased.
• GG improved microbial diversity even without fully correcting dysbiosis — The supplement didn’t completely restore the gut microbiome, but it increased alpha diversity. Alpha diversity refers to the variety of microbes living inside the gut. Higher diversity usually reflects a more resilient and stable microbial environment. Think of it like strengthening the ecosystem inside your digestive tract so harmful organisms have a harder time dominating the environment.
• The strongest improvements appeared inside the mitochondria — Researchers measured markers tied to mitochondrial fusion, fission, repair, and turnover. Healthy mitochondria constantly merge, divide, and recycle damaged components to maintain stable energy production. In the diabetic rats, this repair system became severely disrupted.
The GG supplement raised levels of two markers involved in mitochondrial fusion and the production of new mitochondria. More mitochondrial repair and renewal translates into stronger cellular energy production, which directly affects nerve stability and inflammation control.
• Markers of mitochondrial breakdown dropped sharply — Before supplementation, the diabetic rats showed elevated levels of markers that reflect excessive mitochondrial fragmentation and stress-driven recycling of damaged mitochondria. GG lowered these markers. That shift indicates the cells moved away from a breakdown state and back toward more stable energy production.

The researchers also found lower TNF-alpha levels after GG supplementation. TNF-alpha acts like a cellular alarm signal that amplifies inflammation and pain sensitivity. Once TNF-alpha stays elevated, nerves become more reactive and irritated. Lowering that inflammatory pressure helps calm the nervous system and reduce hypersensitivity.

Support Mitochondrial Repair and Gut Integrity to Calm Diabetic Nerve Pain

The findings from this study point toward a clear direction. GG worked not by fixing blood sugar, but by restoring the two systems that keep nerve pain locked in place — mitochondrial function and gut barrier integrity. When those systems stabilized, pain signals dropped, inflammatory overload eased, and the nervous system became less reactive. That gives you a practical framework for what to address next.

GG helps your cells maintain the machinery required to produce energy and repair damaged tissue. The steps below build on that same logic — starting with GG itself, then targeting the mitochondrial and gut conditions the research identified as central to the pain cycle.

1. Increase your intake of GG and use the right form — GG naturally occurs in foods like tomatoes, carrots, olives, and some grains, but supplemental forms provide far more concentrated support. Most commercial GG supplements contain 150 milligrams (mg) to 300 mg per softgel.
Look for supplements containing “GG-Gold” or similar branded forms of trans-geranylgeraniol derived from annatto seeds because these are the most studied forms. GG can be taken with or without food. GG has an excellent safety profile. That said, always consult with a health care provider familiar with your medical history before starting any new supplement.
2. Feed your cells the raw materials required for nerve repair — Your nerves don’t heal in a low-energy environment. Every repair process inside your body depends on stable adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, and ATP production drops sharply when your metabolism stays trapped in chronic stress mode. Carbohydrate restriction and ultraprocessed diets often worsen metabolic dysfunction because they suppress mitochondrial energy production instead of restoring it.
Most adults do best with roughly 250 grams of healthy carbohydrates daily, and active individuals often require more. The key is choosing carbohydrates your gut tolerates well while rebuilding metabolic flexibility. Start with easier-to-digest options like whole fruit and white rice. As digestion and gut function improve, gradually add more root vegetables and well-tolerated higher-fiber carbohydrates.
Protein intake also matters. Aim for about 0.8 grams per pound (or 1.76 grams per kilogram) of lean body mass, with one-third coming from collagen-rich sources like slow-cooked meats or bone broth. Collagen provides glycine and other amino acids tied to connective tissue repair, gut barrier support, and nervous system stability.
3. Repair the gut environment that keeps inflammation switched on — Diabetic neuropathy often overlaps with bloating, unstable digestion, food sensitivities, and fluctuating energy because the gut barrier and microbiome become disrupted alongside the nervous system. Once your intestinal lining weakens, bacterial toxins leak into circulation and trigger chronic inflammatory stress that aggravates nerve irritation.
One of the most important goals is restoring the bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids like butyrate. Butyrate serves as a primary fuel source for colon cells and helps maintain the oxygen-free environment beneficial gut bacteria require to survive. Once butyrate production drops, harmful oxygen-tolerant bacteria gain ground, gut permeability worsens, and inflammatory stress increases throughout the body.
That is where carbohydrates and fiber become important. Beneficial gut bacteria rely on carbohydrates and fermentable fibers to produce butyrate. Without enough properly tolerated carbohydrates, your microbiome struggles to rebuild itself and colon cells lose an important fuel source needed to maintain the gut barrier. The problem is that many people with metabolic dysfunction and gut damage tolerate large amounts of fiber very poorly in the beginning.
The rebuilding process works best gradually. As mentioned, start with easy-to-digest carbohydrates such as fruit and white rice. After tolerance improves, slowly introduce additional root vegetables and higher-fiber foods so beneficial bacteria have more material to produce butyrate without overwhelming digestion.
Aggressive high-fiber diets too early often backfire because excessive fermentation increases endotoxin production and intestinal irritation in already damaged guts. Seed oils deserve special attention as well because excess linoleic acid (LA) damages mitochondrial membranes and intensifies oxidative stress throughout the gut and nervous system.
Removing soybean oil, canola oil, sunflower oil, and other vegetable oils helps improve mitochondrial function for increased cellular energy. Replace them with stable fats like tallow, ghee, or grass fed butter.
4. Use light exposure and targeted nutrients to improve nerve resilience — Your nervous system depends on nutrients that support electrical signaling, tissue repair, and mitochondrial energy production. Vitamins B1, B6, and B12 play direct roles in maintaining healthy nerve communication and protecting the myelin sheath surrounding nerves. Deficiencies in these nutrients strongly correlate with chronic nerve pain.
Vitamin D also influences nerve function, insulin sensitivity, and inflammatory regulation.3 Regular sunlight exposure supports healthy vitamin D levels while improving circadian rhythm signaling and mitochondrial energy production. Morning outdoor light exposure helps reset your biological clock, while gradual midday sun exposure supports deeper metabolic repair.
Avoid intense sun exposure from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. until you’ve reduced seed oil intake for at least six months, since high LA levels increase your skin’s sensitivity to the sun.
Red light therapy, also called photobiomodulation, works through a similar energy-supportive mechanism. Specific red and near-infrared wavelengths stimulate mitochondrial function directly inside tissues, improving circulation and lowering inflammatory stress within damaged nerves. Consistent exposure often improves pain sensitivity, recovery, and mobility because healthier mitochondria produce more cellular energy for tissue repair.
5. Lower the daily inflammatory signals that keep nerves hypersensitive — When inflammatory signaling stays elevated long term, nerves become overly reactive and pain thresholds drop sharply. Daily habits either calm or amplify those signals. Walking after meals improves glucose handling and circulation. Strength training twice a week improves mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity.
Sleep quality also plays a major role because poor sleep raises stress hormones and inflammatory signaling that keep your nervous system stuck in a hyperreactive state. Alcohol also deserves attention because it damages mitochondria, worsens gut permeability, and intensifies inflammatory stress throughout the nervous system.
The goal of each of these steps is the same: reduce the inflammatory load your nervous system is carrying, restore the cellular energy it needs to repair itself, and give your gut the conditions it needs to stop feeding the fire. When all three stabilize together, the pain signals that once seemed permanent often quiet down, sometimes significantly.

FAQs About GG and Diabetic Neuropathy

Q: What is GG, and why does it matter for diabetic nerve pain?
A: GG is a naturally occurring compound found in foods like tomatoes, carrots, olives, and certain grains. Your body uses it to produce compounds involved in mitochondrial energy production, cellular repair, and insulin signaling. In the study, GG reduced pain sensitivity, improved gut barrier integrity, and lowered inflammatory signaling in diabetic rats, even though blood sugar control stayed impaired.

Q: How does gut health affect diabetic neuropathy?
A: The study showed that diabetic neuropathy involves more than damaged nerves. Gut barrier dysfunction and microbiome imbalance also play major roles. Once the intestinal lining weakens, bacterial toxins leak into circulation and trigger chronic inflammation that aggravates nerve irritation. Researchers found that GG improved tight junction integrity and increased microbial diversity, which helped calm inflammatory stress linked to nerve pain.

Q: Why are mitochondria important in diabetic neuropathy?
A: Mitochondria are the energy-producing structures inside your cells. Your nerves require enormous amounts of energy to maintain healthy signaling and repair tissue damage. The researchers found that diabetic rats showed major signs of mitochondrial breakdown, while GG improved markers tied to mitochondrial repair, fusion, and biogenesis. Healthier mitochondria produce more ATP, which helps stabilize nerves and lower inflammatory stress.

Q: Why does the article recommend carbohydrates if gut health is damaged?
A: Beneficial gut bacteria rely on carbohydrates and fermentable fibers to produce butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid that fuels colon cells and helps maintain the gut barrier. The key is introducing carbohydrates gradually and choosing easier-to-digest options first. Whole fruit and white rice often work better early on because many people with gut dysfunction tolerate high-fiber diets very poorly at first.

Q: What daily habits help calm hypersensitive nerves?
A: Daily habits strongly influence inflammatory signaling and mitochondrial function. Walking after meals improves circulation and glucose handling. Strength training supports mitochondrial energy production and insulin sensitivity. Sleep quality also matters because poor sleep raises inflammatory stress hormones.
Sunlight exposure, red light therapy, and removing seed oils help support healthier mitochondrial function, while alcohol worsens gut permeability, mitochondrial damage, and nerve irritation.

Test Your Knowledge with Today’s Quiz!
Take today’s quiz to see how much you’ve learned from yesterday’s Mercola.com article.

What therapy focuses on body sensations to help retrain the nervous system?

Sauna therapy
Vibration plate therapy
Somatic therapy
Somatic therapy uses sensations like tightness, tension, or shallow breathing to help calm and retrain the nervous system. Learn more.
Music therapy

DMSO is a remarkable naturally occurring substance that (provided it’s used correctly1) safely and rapidly improves a variety of conditions medicine struggles with — particularly chronic pain. For example, thousands of studies show DMSO treats a wide range of:

• Injuries such as sprains, concussions, burns, surgical incisions, and spinal cord injuries (discussed here).

• Strokes, paralysis, many neurological disorders (e.g., Down syndrome and dementia), and numerous circulatory disorders (e.g., Raynaud’s, varicose veins, or hemorrhoids), which were discussed here.

• Chronic pain (e.g., from a bad disc, bursitis, arthritis, or complex regional pain syndrome), which was discussed here.

• Many autoimmune, protein, and contractile disorders, such as scleroderma, amyloidosis, and interstitial cystitis (discussed here).

• Head conditions, such as tinnitus, vision loss, dental problems, and sinusitis (discussed here).

• Internal organ diseases such as pancreatitis, infertility, liver cirrhosis, and endometriosis (discussed here).

• A wide range of skin conditions, such as burns, varicose veins, acne, hair loss, ulcers, skin cancer, and many autoimmune dermatologic diseases (discussed here).

• Many challenging infections, such as shingles, herpes, chronic ear or dental infections, and osteomyelitis (discussed here).

• Cancers and many complications from the illness and its treatments (discussed here).

In turn, since I started this series, it struck a chord, and I have received over 2,000 reports of remarkable responses to DMSO, and many readers have had for a variety of “incurable conditions.”

This begs an obvious question — if a substance capable of doing all of that exists, why does almost no one know about it? Simply put, like many other promising therapies, it fell victim to a pernicious campaign by the FDA, which kept it away from America despite decades of scientific research, congressional protest, and thousands of people pleading for the FDA to reconsider its actions. Consider for example, this 60 Minutes program about DMSO that aired on March 23, 1980:

In the 1960s a miraculous treatment for chronic pain, traumatic injury, strokes and spinal cord paralysis was discovered that spread across America like wildfire—until the FDA buried it.Here, 60 Minutes exposed the FDA using the same playbook they used throughout COVID-19. A🧵 pic.twitter.com/Bh0dcjNk5w— A Midwestern Doctor (@MidwesternDoc) October 14, 2024
Video Link

Understanding DMSO’s Combination Potential

DMSO’s effectiveness in treating a wide range of illnesses stems from its unique and diverse properties, many of which appear to target the root causes of disease — such as enhancing parasympathetic activity, improving circulation, regenerating senescent cells, providing potent anti-inflammatory effects, and blocking pain conduction. Sadly, despite hundreds of studies demonstrating these promising characteristics, the FDA has refused to recognize all but one property of DMSO.

In pharmacology, DMSO is often referred to as a “vehicle” that helps other drugs get into the body. Because of this, while DMSO only has one approved (intravesical) use in the United States, a variety of drugs are on the market that use DMSO as a “vehicle” to transport them in the body.

In short, when DMSO is given alone, it is “unsafe” and “unproven” but when combined with a patentable drug, it suddenly becomes “safe and effective.” Likewise, in package inserts, DMSO is typically described as a safe and inert ingredient (despite it often being the primary “active ingredient”).

DMSO’s ability to serve as a drug delivery system is due to its being a potent solvent with a variety of unique properties.

• Membrane permeability — DMSO will pass through biological membranes without damaging them, which is extremely unusual.2 This property is believed to be due to its exchange and interchange with water in biological membranes.3 In addition to not harming the skin, when tested with other substances that could enter the brain, DMSO was not observed to alter the cells lining the blood-brain barrier or the brain tissue.4

• Rapid distribution — Once it contacts the skin, DMSO rapidly spreads throughout the body. Within an hour of being applied to the skin, it can be found within the bones and teeth.5 Interestingly, DMSO does not penetrate tooth enamel or nails, which may explain why certain conditions affecting these structures require different approaches.6

• Solvent properties — DMSO is a highly potent solvent that can dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar substances (and hence is sometimes used to solubilize other drug products). If a substance is dissolved within DMSO, DMSO can typically bring it into the body. While a few other substances can also serve as vehicles, DMSO is the most potent in pharmacology (e.g., DMSO is more effective than propylene glycol at delivering topical steroids into the body7).

• Enhanced circulation and cellular transport — Beyond simply transporting substances into the body, DMSO also greatly increases circulation. By taking the place of water (as it is small, can form hydrogen bonds, and is relatively polar) while being both fat and water soluble, it changes the permeability of the cell membrane, allowing new things to enter the cell and waste products to leave the cells.

As a result, DMSO is able to both spread what it transports throughout the body and significantly enhance the body’s innate ability to circulate what has already been absorbed (including to previously inaccessible areas).

This combination of properties enables the topical administration of drugs that would normally require injection, and in many cases, can significantly increase their potency because it penetrates deep regions of the body that pharmaceuticals typically have difficulty entering, or because it bypasses the cellular barriers that normally exclude foreign substances.

In turn, lower doses of drugs can frequently be used (reducing their toxicity) because they become more potent, and because DMSO combinations can be locally applied to bring a drug to a target region, rather than taking a standard oral dose that raises the entire body’s target concentration.

• Specialized DMSO pharmaceuticals — These properties allow well established drugs to be combined with DMSO. For example, NSAIDs (which are also used to treat pain and musculoskeletal injuries) have a variety of side effects when consumed orally (e.g., fatal NSAIDs gastric bleeds killed over 16,000 Americans in 19998). However, when combined with DMSO, NSAIDs can be applied topically to the site of injury, thereby avoiding the risks of oral NSAID consumption.

One FDA-approved drug (Pennsaid) does just that, and in clinical trials, it was found to have minimal systemic toxicity. DMSO significantly enhances the efficacy of diclofenac (Pennsaid’s NSAID) while exhibiting much lower toxicity compared to oral diclofenac.9,10,11,12

Many other FDA approved pharmaceutical products utilizing DMSO further demonstrate its therapeutic versatility:

◦ Mekinist, a targeted cancer therapy, uses DMSO to stabilize the drug and enhance its water solubility, possibly increasing tumor penetration.13

◦ Prochymal, a stem cell product for preventing tissue rejection, uses 10% DMSO to preserve stem cells, as do many other stem cell products.14

◦ Onyx, a liquid injected into blood vessels to seal leaks, uses DMSO to dissolve the polymer so it remains liquid until reaching problem areas. DMSO is chosen because it’s a uniquely safe substance capable of this function.15

◦ Viadur is a non-degradable implant for prostate cancer containing Lupron dissolved in DMSO, designed to slowly release Lupron over a year.16 DMSO is essential because Lupron is otherwise difficult to dissolve, and DMSO preserves its stability while being nontoxic.

Note: Lupron is an incredibly toxic hormone eliminating drug used for prostate cancer which was adopted by urologists due to it being incredibly lucrative (which then led to it being repurposed for many other areas of medicine such as gynecology and blocking puberty in transgender children).

Critical Considerations

DMSO’s function as a vehicle and potentiator has enabled a variety of innovations for common medical therapies (e.g., pain-killers, antibiotics, and chemotherapy), which has inspired many others to experiment with these combinations. However, for anyone planning to do this, it is critical to understand the safety precautions that need to accompany using DMSO in this manner.

• Contamination risk — One of the major risks of DMSO is its potential to exacerbate the effects of a toxic substance already present in the skin, so it is crucial to clean the skin thoroughly before applying DMSO. The original investigator of DMSO learned this lesson the hard way when researching toxic pesticides.17

[Herschler] wanted to investigate whether certain highly toxic pesticides were soluble in DMSO. The researcher felt how soluble they were when he sprayed some of the solution onto his skin. DMSO transported the poison into the body within minutes. The poison worked: Herschler temporarily suffered from impaired consciousness and shortness of breath.

Remarkably, despite the immense potential harm, serious incidents are extremely rare, suggesting either that users are consistently careful about cleaning skin prior to DMSO applications or that the actual risk is limited to highly toxic substances.

• Potentiation effects — Many agents become significantly more potent when mixed with DMSO, and in a few reports made rare side effects typically seen at higher doses manifest (something which has occasionally been reported with the more toxic antibiotics like fluoroquinolones or certain chemotherapy drugs).

With natural substances, this is generally not problematic (as their potency and toxicity are typically much less than pharmaceuticals). Still, it remains a real consideration (although I have not come across any reports of this injuring someone).

• Size limitations — While DMSO can draw things inside the body, it can only do so for smaller molecules, with the size limit thought to be around 500 daltons (although there are numerous examples of larger drugs also being transported).

For this reason, DMSO tends to work well as a vehicle for individual drugs or chemicals but not larger proteins (e.g., peptides). Likewise, pathogenic organisms are far too big for DMSO to transport, so areas of application do not need to be disinfected prior to application.

Note: Below the skin, the transportation limit is much higher (e.g., evidence suggests DMSO can bring molecules larger than 70,000 Da through the blood-brain barrier, opening even wider possibilities for intravenous applications).18

• Purity requirements — When making DMSO combinations, it’s essential to obtain pure ingredients, as many pharmaceutical and supplement preparations contain multiple ingredients beyond the primary active compound.

Note: One of DMSO’s most promising combinations is with a common dye (hematoxylin) as this combination selectively targets tumors with no toxicity to normal tissue and has remarkable efficacy against a wide range of cancers. Unfortunately, hematoxylin is often mixed with heavy metals (to better stain tissues), illustrating the need to ensure pure substances with DMSO.

• Leaching — As a solvent, DMSO can leach toxic chemicals (e.g., those added to the surfaces of plastics) and hence later bring them into the body. For this reason, it is advisable to avoid storing DMSO in plastic that is not DMSO resistant and to avoid mixing or preparing DMSO with plastic tools.

In most cases, DMSO only leaches plastic at concentrations about 20%, so if DMSO is diluted before putting it in contact with plastic many of these issues can be avoided. Likewise, many DMSO compatible materials exist for preparing DMSO combinations — all of which is discussed further here.

Note: Most implanted medical devices are not at risk of DMSO leaching them as it dilutes far below 20% by the time it reaches them and can contact their plastic components. The one exception are within dental implants, and for that reason, DMSO mouthwashes should always be sufficiently diluted.

DMSO Drug Interactions

Given DMSO’s ability to potentiate pharmaceuticals, a critical question arises: is it safe to take alongside other drugs? The answer is nuanced:

• What we know — Most pharmaceutical interactions, unfortunately, have not been studied. Fortunately (particularly since over 61% of Americans are on at least one medication19), significant reactions are rarely reported.

Generally speaking, the risk for potentiation is stronger the closer they are taken together (particularly when mixed together in an IV infusion) so it is generally advised to space DMSO and a pharmaceutical by at least two hours, and in the case of more toxic ones (e.g., fluoroquinolones and certain chemotherapies) by at least two days.

Note: DMSO can also mitigate many pharmaceutical toxicities, such as gentamicin’s kidney toxicity20 or many injuries caused by chemotherapy.

Most of the research into DMSO’s interactions was conducted during the initial trials in the 1960s, where it was discovered DMSO significantly potentiated alcohol and also potentiated barbiturates, corticosteroids, insulin, digitalis, nitroglycerin, quinidine sulfate, and chemotherapy21 (leading to lower doses sometimes being needed).

Since then, DMSO has also been observed to potentiate certain opioids (e.g., morphine patches), NSAIDs, anticonvulsants (e.g., gabapentin), and certain sedatives (e.g., trazodone). Users typically do not report potentiation of anticoagulants; however, as a serious risk might exist, it is advisable to monitor your coagulation parameters when using both concurrently.

Note: Insulin potentiation is hypothesized to result from DMSO’s protein refolding capacity restoring the functionality of insulin receptors.22

Conversely, DMSO has also been observed to reverse the effects of Botox, likely by neutralizing the toxin induced paralysis.

Therapeutic Synergies

Over the years, many remarkable pharmaceutical DMSO combinations have been developed for a wide range of medical applications. These include:

• Antibiotics — Antibiotic resistance is a major problem in medicine. However, when combined with DMSO, many organisms that are chronic and debilitating or life threatening (e.g., tuberculosis) lose their resistance to antibiotics.

DMSO also makes it possible to reach infections such as those within the bones that are normally difficult to reach and otherwise require maintaining very high blood concentrations of the drugs to ensure this result. Finally, in many cases (both for cost and to protect the gut microbiome) being able to topically apply an oral or IV antibiotic can be immensely advantageous (e.g., for mastitis or Lyme disease).

• Antifungals — Fungal infections are often located in areas that topical and oral antibiotics have difficulty penetrating. However, research shows combining an antifungal with topical DMSO can reach those infections and there are many reports of multiyear fungal infections quickly resolving from this combination.

• Herpes and shingles — Some of the most potent antiviral medications have difficulty penetrating through a lesion to where the virus resides. However, once combined with DMSO they do, and many clinical trials have proven the efficacy of these antiviral combinations.

• Corticosteroids — For issues within the body, steroids (which have significant systemic toxicity) have to be injected or taken orally. When combined with DMSO, this is often no longer needed, and as DMSO potentiates steroids, much lower and far less toxic doses can be taken to address an autoimmune or musculoskeletal issue.

• Chemotherapy — By potentiating chemotherapy, DMSO has been proven to cure chemotherapy resistant cancers, and in many cases does so with much lower doses being needed.

Owing to the emerging popularity of using ivermectin for treating cancer (which sometimes produces spectacular results but typically fits best as a complementary therapy), physicians have begun combining ivermectin with DMSO into a paste and topically applying it over tumors. While data is limited, this appears to consistently work, and sometimes produces dramatic responses like this one James Miller MD shared with me:

“I had a patient with a thoracic sarcoma that was debilitatingly painful with growth through a couple of ribs and metastases to his skull base that became basically pain free after 2 days of topical DMSO-ivermectin. At his 2.5 week follow up, he was completely pain free and had returned to playing racketball.”

Note: Nothing comparable to do this can be done with conventional cancer options (and given the severity of that situation, what would be used is also fairly toxic).

Conclusion

As so many things can be combined with DMSO, the incredible things we’ve seen so far are only the tip of the iceberg, and only the most preliminary (but highly encouraging) data exists on many of them, as there is so much to research. For example, DMSO combinations have been shown to effectively treat a wide range of eye issues (e.g., eye strain, macular degeneration, glaucoma, and cataracts), traumatic injuries (e.g., whiplash), tinnitus, uncomfortable scars, neuropathic pain, and Lyme disease.

Likewise, DMSO combination therapies are not restricted to pharmaceuticals, and as such, over the years, the DMSO community has discovered hundreds of incredible natural DMSO combinations that revolutionize natural medicine.

Stanley Jacob, the father of DMSO who devoted his career to advancing the science of it, was driven by the recognition DMSO was not a new drug, but rather, like penicillin, a new therapeutic principle which redefined how medicine could be practiced. Fortunately, due to an extraordinary confluence of circumstances, we have now arrived in an era where it is at last (after more than a century) no longer possible to suppress natural healing methods.

People around the world are at last awakening to the Forgotten Sides of Medicine and the realization that the ways to find the cures we need is not “more research” but rather rediscovering what was already found (but not possible to profit off of). This is an incredibly exciting time and I am immensely grateful to be part of it with you.

Author’s Note: This is an abridged version of a longer article about DMSO combination therapies which goes into greater detail on the points mentioned here, many of the other combinations not covered (e.g., for tinnitus or vision loss), and provides guidance for preparing the combination therapies. That article, along with resources and protocols for obtaining and using DMSO can be read here.

A Note from Dr. Mercola About the Author
A Midwestern Doctor (AMD) is a board-certified physician from the Midwest and a longtime reader of Mercola.com. I appreciate AMD’s exceptional insight on a wide range of topics and am grateful to share it. I also respect AMD’s desire to remain anonymous since AMD is still on the front lines treating patients. To find more of AMD’s work, be sure to check out The Forgotten Side of Medicine on Substack.